Private banking development in China under two organizational structures:Economic analysis from an organizational innovation perspective

This paper investigates optimal decisions for private banking development in China under two innovative organizational structures—the big retail mode(BRM)and the independent development mode(IDM).Under the BRM,the retail and private banking divisions form a cooperative relationship wherein the former transfers highnet-worth customers to the latter.In addition,retail banking receives a share of private banking revenues.We investigate the optimal revenue-sharing ratio between the two divisions and the optimal effort by private banking to serve transferred customers within the cooperative relationship.The analytical results show that as the private banking division becomes more developed,the optimal revenue-sharing ratio decreases,and the private banking division’s optimal effort to serve transferred customers decreases because it puts more effort into acquiring new customers.Under the IDM,the two divisions form a competitive relationship since they compete to acquire customers independently.We investigate customer acquisition efforts in this interdivisional competition.Optimal customer acquisition efforts by both divisions increase in potential assets and rates of return.This paper contributes to the literature by(1)analyzing financial innovation by private banks from an organizational perspective;(2)providing an economic analysis for private banking development in China.

Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Bangladesh： A Statistical Analysis on State-Owned ＆ Private Commercial Banks

Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） is integral and inseparable part of the long term business and sustainable growth and success, which plays an important role in promoting values both locally and internationally and usually is noticed as a developed-country sensation. As such, a great figure of literature on social arrangement of organizations has appeared in the perspective of developed states. CSR is an assurance of the organizations to action morally and add to financial progress of the people while improving the worth of the life of the employees and the local public in general. All over the world, CSR is essential for the organizations to confirm its sustainability. Though, CSR is a worldwide issue and all organizations practice it to some degree. In this paper, the authors made a determination to explain CSR and the related matter, and scrutinize the well-being performances of some State-Owned Commercial and Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh. As the central bank of Bangladesh, ＂Bangladesh Bank＂ has advised the commercial banks to play an effective part in the well-being of people. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to discover the degree to which the mentioned banks in Bangladesh accomplish their CSR activities and to search the level of revelation for CSR in their annual reports. The research has been directed with secondary data collected from the annual reports of the mentioned banks of more than a few years. Against this backdrop, this paper debates the situation prevailing practices of CSR in mentioned banks. The paper presented here in the three fold continuingly reviews the literature concerning CSR in the context of the contemporary world; inspects the well-being practices and presents the data of CSR practices of the mentioned banks and lastly presents the limitations and recommendations for better CSR practices of the mentioned banks in Bangladesh.

Soft Information,Core Competitive Edge and Private Relationship Lending——A Case of Village Banks

In view of the development problems of village banks,through introducing the concept of private relationship lending,the functions of soft information,the channels of village banks for collecting soft information,and the private relationship lending of village banks under Chinese rural human environment of highlighting relationship while despising rationality are proved.According to the recognition standard of core competitive edge,it can be concluded that the core competitive edge of village banks is private relationship lending.In the first place,these kinds of small and medium-sized quarter banks have competitive advantages in launching private relationship lending;in the second place,the lending businesses of village banks based on soft information attracts small and medium clients;in the third place,the private relationship lending has realized the scale economy.Furthermore,the reasons why village banks can not display the core competitive edge have been analyzed:firstly,village banks have not found that private relationship lending is their core competitive edge;secondly,the internal motivation on establishing private relationship lending of village banks is insufficient;thirdly,village banks have not prepared well in developing private relationship lending;The relevant policies and countermeasures are put forward,including transforming idea and vigorously developing private relationship lending;intensifying training and improving the quality of personnel involved;strengthening supervision and avoiding the violation behaviors of personnel involved;emulating experiences and perfecting the private relationship lending mechanism of village banks.

How Could Private Financing Be “Brought into Sunlight” ?

According to the sample survey among 38,000 small and micro industrial businesses by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC),only 15.5% of these enterprises have access to bank loans.As banks and financial institutions have raised the

数字货币强制执行的问题与化解

我国法院迈向切实解决执行难的进程也是执行制度迈向适配数字金融治理的进程,强制执行的法定性、非抗辩性、要求协助性及惩防措施的准确性,与制度和技术之中的数字货币之隔阂是对数字货币强制执行的问题所在。作为金融创新的产物,私人数字货币为特定的虚拟财产,实体法应当明确,法院应依履行基础有无分别判决交付返还原物和返还财产性权益。此后强制执行中的执行标的是非金钱债权,为解决判决返还原物后的执行难,法院应建立与数字货币平台的联动执行机制。作为金融普惠的产物,央行数字货币是特殊种类物,此后强制执行中的执行标的是金钱债权,央行数字货币的执行查控和执行惩防机制应当得到完善。法院在对两类数字货币的强制执行中都应实现强制性和灵活性相结合、微观面向和宏观面向相统一。

我国民营银行的发展现状、问题与对策建议

进入新时代以来,基于解决我国金融业发展不平衡不充分问题与优化金融市场结构体系的现实需要,国家出台了一系列政策支持民营银行的发展,民营银行由试点阶段进入到常态化经营阶段,资产负债规模和盈利能力大幅提升,逐渐成为服务中小企业的主力军。然而,由于战略定位不清晰、公司治理机制待完善、资本金支撑不足、抗风险能力较弱等问题,目前民营银行正面临严峻的挑战。因此,在未来的发展中,民营银行应坚定差异化经营,注重小微、民营、普惠等领域;完善公司治理机制,拓展资本金来源渠道;加强人才队伍建设,提高金融服务质量;借助金融科技,加快数字化转型,提升风险识别、防控和化解能力。同时,政府部门要强化政策引导,完善监管措施,助力民营银行更好地服务于实体经济。

金融分权影响民营企业融资约束的途径:一个补充讨论

从中国金融分权实施形式出发,分析地方银行作为金融分权的具体机构对民营企业融资约束的影响。首先,地方银行的建立确实会增加民营企业的信贷比率,但存在显著的地区差异,在经济发达、地方国有企业积极推进产业升级的地区这种促进作用更为显著。进一步研究发现,在切实缓解民营企业融资约束方面,重要的不是地方银行规模增加而是银行控制权结构优化,由地方政府向市场控制分权越多,越有利于缓解民营企业融资约束。从城市商业银行入手详细探讨银行控制权变化对其信贷倾向的影响,发现随着地方政府的退出和民营股权的增加,城市商业银行信贷中的民营企业信贷占比会显著增加。但是,并非地方政府退出程度越高越好,在发达地区地方政府过度退出反而不利;相反,在欠发达地区地方政府需要更大程度地退出才能有效促进城市商业银行为民营企业融资。因此,在适当扩大地方银行规模的基础上,优化其控制权结构和加快地方产业升级是缓解民营企业融资约束的关键之举。

民营企业融资结构与创新决策——来自世界银行企业调查数据的证据

论文利用世界银行提供的企业调查数据分析了民营企业融资结构与创新决策之间的关系。研究发现,多元化的外部融资从总体上能提升企业创新强度、促进企业创新决策,即从集约边际和扩展边际两个维度提高企业创新;外部融资对不同类型创新的影响存在差异,与发明等突破创新相比,外部融资对采用和传播等渐进创新具有更显著的促进作用。异质性分析发现,技术水平较低的企业不仅更偏向于采用等渐进创新而且依赖银行融资,而技术水平较高的企业更偏向于发明等突破创新、更依赖非银行金融机构融资的支持;在金融发展水平较高的国家中,市场渠道的外部融资更能够促进企业创新,在金融发展相对滞后的国家中,中介渠道的外部融资则是企业创新的主要资金来源。鉴于此,论文为各国企业、金融机构和政府提供建议,以期调整民营融资结构、促进创新。

政企关系与小微企业融资可得性研究--基于中国小微企业调查(CMES)的经验证据

基于小微企业融资约束背景,以中国家庭金融调查与研究中心发布的2015年中国小微企业的调研数据为样本数据,实证检验政企关系对小微企业融资可得性的影响。研究发现:良好的政企关系能够显著提高小微企业银行信贷融资可获得性,但不能显著提高小微企业民间信贷融资可获得性。因此,小微企业融资约束影响因素的确认,可为小微企业与政府机构建立新型政商关系提供事实依据。

民间金融地理聚集与银行信贷风险缓释——来自机构地理分布数据的微观证据

基于银行网点分布数据和民间金融机构的工商注册登记数据,构建地理结构层面的民间金融发展指标体系,并以此研究民间金融机构围绕银行的聚集分布会如何影响银行信贷风险。研究发现,民间金融机构的地理聚集能够缓释银行信贷风险,即银行周围分布的民间金融机构数量越多、资本规模越大,银行信贷风险会越小;银行信贷风险缓释的有效性依赖于银行贷款结构和地理距离,银行贷款业务中更多的小微贷款占比、民间金融机构和银行之间更近的地理距离能够疏通民间金融对银行信贷风险的影响路径。异质性检验结果表明,当银行竞争力较弱且金融监管更严格时,民间金融能发挥更有效的风险缓释作用。基于此,应加大对民间金融的政策支持,鼓励民间金融与银行共生发展;制定监管条例以严格约束民间金融的业务边界;建立民间金融机构的信息披露制度。

民营银行股东加重责任的界定与进路——金融稳定法、商业银行法与公司法的三重维度

股东加重责任本质上是为主要股东设置的一种保护公共资金的资本补充责任和促进民营经济发展的增信责任。民营银行股东“剩余风险责任”的规定效力位阶不足,且现有政策框架内缺乏对加重责任适用阶段、主体范围和法律后果等问题的规定。股东加重责任对有限责任制度的冲突,体现了金融监管的不断强化与风险预防折射到金融商法上的公法益与私法益之间的冲突。从金融稳定法角度为股东加重责任提供宏观性、基础性规定,从商业银行法角度进一步细化民营银行股东加重责任的具体制度内容,从公司法角度创设私法基础,三法合力完善加重责任制度体系框架。

普惠金融支持徐州民营企业的研究

为解析徐州地区民营企业的融资难题并推进普惠金融有效实施,文章探讨了徐州民营企业在资金筹措过程中所面临的诸多挑战,诸如信息不对称性、融资需求的特殊性(即“短、频、快、急”特点)及银行服务的不充分性。并从政策制定者、金融机构及企业管理的角度出发,提出了一系列综合性策略,旨在促进普惠金融体系完善,激发实体经济活力,构建一个健全信用生态系统,从而惠及更广的社会经济环境。研究结果表明,通过这些多维度的整合策略,可以有效地缓解民营企业的融资约束,为徐州乃至更广域的民营企业发展提供有力支持。

银行竞争有助于化解系统性风险吗——基于僵尸企业贷款、同业业务及私人部门存款渠道

银行业的稳定直接关系到新发展格局下中国金融业全局安全。本文从僵尸企业贷款、同业业务及私人部门存款视角对银行竞争对银行系统性风险的影响进行了理论诠释,在此基础上,选取2011—2020年中国32家A股上市银行季度数据,采用面板回归模型进行实证分析。研究发现,银行竞争会通过缩减僵尸企业贷款规模、同业业务规模及降低私人部门存款占比而降低不良贷款率和流动性错配水平并提升资本充足率,由此控制了银行系统性风险,但这种控制作用仅存在于非国有银行部门。进一步研究发现,银行数字化转型力度提高与实施存款保险制度能够增强银行竞争对银行系统性风险的抑制作用,但经济政策不确定性程度上升会减弱银行竞争对银行系统性风险的抑制作用。该成果为“竞争-稳定”理论提供了证据支持,并对防范和化解中国银行业系统性风险具有一定政策价值。

BRICS Bank Could Change the World

THE New Development Bank（NDB）,popularly known as the＂BRICS bank,＂established by Brazil,Russia,India,China and South Africa,should open for business before the end of the year.The bank will be based in Shanghai,but its first chairman is India＇s Kundapur Vaman Kamath.The importance India attaches to this post is shown by Kamath being,prior to his appointment,chairman of ICICI Bank,India＇s largest private lender.

民营资本控股与城市商业银行杠杆分化:民营资本扩张的金融边界

以我国126家城商行为样本,实证检验民营资本控股对城商行杠杆的影响,并以经济政策不确定性和地方国有经济占比为机制,探讨了民营资本控股影响城商行杠杆的调节效应。实证研究结果表明:第一,民营资本控股提高了城商行的杠杆;第二,当经济政策不确定性和地方国有经济占比上升时,民营资本控股将进一步加剧城商行杠杆分化。相关研究结论为民营资本控股引发城商行系统性风险提供了微观证据。

中国银行业开放、融资方式选择与民营企业出口

本文以不断开放的金融服务业为契机,从银行信贷和商业信贷两种融资方式选择的视角,研究中国银行业开放如何影响民营企业出口。首先,本文在Manova(2013)理论模型的基础上,将企业的融资方式进行区分,从理论上证明了银行业的开放可以促使生产率较高的民营企业使用银行信贷替代商业信贷,从而缓解企业面临的融资约束,促进出口增长。在实证研究方面,本文利用中国入世承诺中银行业开放的地区时间表,结合企业所有制特征构造三重差分模型。研究发现:相对于国有企业,银行业开放政策对于民营企业的出口影响更大,可以显著提高民营企业的出口概率和规模,促进民营企业出口产品多样性与市场多元化。然而,中国银行业开放对民营出口的促进作用存在“撇脂”效应。

从监管视角分析中央银行数字货币与私人加密货币的竞争均衡

This paper constructs a searching model to study the impact of monetary policy,fiscal policy,transaction costs of private cryptocurrency and regulatory uncertainty on the competitive equilibrium between Central Bank Digital Currency and private cryptocurrency.The results show:(1)Central Bank Digital Currency and private crypto-currency can conditionally coexist.(2)The level of economic welfare is related to monetary policy and fiscal policy but independent from the issuance and transaction of private cryptocurrency.(3)Under complete competition of private cryptocurrency mining,the mining cost becomes deadweight loss for whole society.

青岛市民营医院输血科(血库)现状调查

目的了解青岛市民营医院输血科(血库)发展现状,探索民营医院输血学科发展方向。方法通过调查问卷及管理平台收集青岛市34家民营医院输血科(血库)发展现状数据,采用Excel软件汇总,使用百分比进行描述性统计分析。结果13家(38.24%)医院设置独立输血科(血库);4家医院输血科(血库)房屋使用面积达标;部分二级民营医院人力资源未达到标准要求;4家医院开展自体输血;红细胞、血浆、血小板、冷沉淀均使用较少;30家二级及以下民营医院室间质评出现错误较多。结论青岛市民营医院在输血科(血库)的基础设施、人力配置、输血技术与管理水平等方面存在明显不足,建议通过提升管理水平、完善行业标准、实现患者血液管理等措施持续改进。

Banking on The Private Sector

The China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission(CBIRC)'s nod to the Jiangxi Yumin Bank makes it the first private bank in eastern Jiangxi Province and the 18th private bank in China.