Transient response of doubly-curved bio-inspired composite shells resting on viscoelastic foundation subject to blast load using improved first-order shear theory and isogeometric approach

Investigating natural-inspired applications is a perennially appealing subject for scientists. The current increase in the speed of natural-origin structure growth may be linked to their superior mechanical properties and environmental resilience. Biological composite structures with helicoidal schemes and designs have remarkable capacities to absorb impact energy and withstand damage. However, there is a dearth of extensive study on the influence of fiber redirection and reorientation inside the matrix of a helicoid structure on its mechanical performance and reactivity. The present study aimed to explore the static and transient responses of a bio-inspired helicoid laminated composite(B-iHLC) shell under the influence of an explosive load using an isomorphic method. The structural integrity of the shell is maintained by a viscoelastic basis known as the Pasternak foundation, which encompasses two coefficients of stiffness and one coefficient of damping. The equilibrium equations governing shell dynamics are obtained by using Hamilton's principle and including the modified first-order shear theory,therefore obviating the need to employ a shear correction factor. The paper's model and approach are validated by doing numerical comparisons with respected publications. The findings of this study may be used in the construction of military and civilian infrastructure in situations when the structure is subjected to severe stresses that might potentially result in catastrophic collapse. The findings of this paper serve as the foundation for several other issues, including geometric optimization and the dynamic response of similar mechanical structures.

A Modified approach for calculating dynamic shear modulus of stiff specimens by resonant column tests

An error analysis of the dynamic shear modulus of stiff specimens from tests performed by a new resonant column device developed by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China was conducted. A modified approach for calculating the dynamic shear modulus of the stiff specimens is presented. The error formula of the tests was deduced and parameters that impact the accuracy of the test were identified. Using six steel specimens with known standard stiffness as a base, a revised dynamic shear modulus calculation for stiff specimens was formulated by comparing three of the models. The maximum error between the test results and the calculated results shown by curves from both the free-vibration and the resonant-vibration tests is less than 6%. The free-vibration and resonant-vibration tests for three types of stiff samples with a known modulus indicate that the maximum deviation between the actual and the tested value using the modified approach were less than 10%. As a result, the modified approach presented here is shown to be reliable and the new device can be used for testing dynamic shear modulus of any stiff materials at low shear strain levels

Size-dependent thermomechanical vibration characteristics of rotating pre-twisted functionally graded shear deformable microbeams

A three-dimensional(3D)thermomechanical vibration model is developed for rotating pre-twisted functionally graded(FG)microbeams according to the refined shear deformation theory(RSDT)and the modified couple stress theory(MCST).The material properties are assumed to follow a power-law distribution along the chordwise direction.The model introduces one axial stretching variable and four transverse deflection variables including two pure bending components and two pure shear ones.The complex modal analysis and assumed mode methods are used to solve the governing equations of motion under different boundary conditions(BCs).Several examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of the developed model.By coupling the slenderness ratio,gradient index,rotation speed,and size effect with the pre-twisted angle,the effects of these factors on the thermomechanical vibration of the microbeam with different BCs are investigated.It is found that with the increase in the pre-twisted angle,the critical slenderness ratio and gradient index corresponding to the thermal instability of the microbeam increase,while the critical material length scale parameter(MLSP)and rotation speed decrease.The sensitivity of the fundamental frequency to temperature increases with the increasing slenderness ratio and gradient index,and decreases with the other increasing parameters.Moreover,the size effect can suppress the dynamic stiffening effect and enhance the Coriolis effect.Finally,the mode transition is quantitatively demonstrated by a modal assurance criterion(MAC).

Three-dimensional analysis of the modified sloping cooling/shearing process

A self-designed setup of modified sloping cooling/shearing process was made to prepare the semisolid Al-3wt%Mg alloy. A three-dimensional simulation model was established for the analysis of preparing the semisolid Al-3wt%Mg alloy. Through simulation and experiment, it is shown that the sloping angle of the plate greatly affects temperature and velocity distributions, and the temperature and velocity of the alloy at the exit of the sloping plate increase with the increase of the sloping angle. The alloy temperature decreases linearly from the pouring mouth to the exit. The alloy temperature at the exit increases obviously with the increase of pouring temperature. To prepare the semisolid Al-3wt%Mg alloy with good quality, the sloping angle θ=45° is reasonable, and the pouring temperature is suggested to be designed above 650-660℃ but under 700℃.

An approximate nonlinear modified Mohr-Coulomb shear strength criterion with critical state for intact rocks

In this paper, the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength criterion is modified by mobilising the cohesion and internal friction angle with normal stress, in order to capture the nonlinearity and critical state concept for intact rocks reported in the literature. The mathematical expression for the strength is the same as the classical form, but the terms of cohesion and internal friction angle depend on the normal stress now,leading to a nonlinear relationship between the strength and normal stress. It covers both the tension and compression regions with different expressions for cohesion and internal friction angle. The strengths from the two regions join continuously at the transition of zero normal stress. The part in the compression region approximately satisfies the conditions of critical state, where the maximum shear strength is reached. Due to the nonlinearity, the classical simple relationship between the parameters of cohesion, internal friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength from the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion does not hold anymore. The equation for determining one of the three parameters in terms of the other two is supplied. This equation is nonlinear and thus a nonlinear equation solver is needed. For simplicity, the classical linear relationship is used as a local approximation. The approximate modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been implemented in a fracture mechanics based numerical code FRACOD,and an example case of deep tunnel failure is presented to demonstrate the difference between the original and modified Mohr-Coulomb criteria. It is shown that the nonlinear modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion predicts somewhat deeper and more intensive fracturing regions in the surrounding rock mass than the original linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. A more comprehensive piecewise nonlinear shear strength criterion is also included in Appendix B for those readers who are interested. It covers the tensile, compressive, brittle-ductile behaviour transition and the critical state, and gives smooth transitions.

Shear resistance properties of TPS modified bitumen binders and asphalt mixtures

Shear resistance properties of the virgin bitumen and modified bitumen binders with Tafpack Super(TPS) modifier and SBS modified bitumen were discussed.Dynamic shear rheometer(DSR) was used to measure the laboratory creep data for these binders over a wide range of constant shear stresses at 20 ℃ to characterize the shear creep behaviors of all kinds of asphalt binders,and the rutting test system was used to investigate the permanent deformation of porous asphalt mixtures using the above bitumen binders for a fixed compressive stress.The shear strain rate and shear creep modulus were used to characterize the shear creep behavior of the TPS modified bitumen,and the rutting test results were used to show the consistency of porous asphalt mixtures with the bitumen binders.Results indicate that a distinction of shear creep strain can be made among different contents of TPS modified bitumen at the same stress level,where the shear creep strain-time response curve of the SBS modified bitumen binder is between the curves of the 8% TPS and 12% TPS modified bitumen binders.The shear strain rate and the shear creep modulus of the TPS modified bitumen binders are obtained to compare with those of the SBS modified bitumen binder which results in the same trend as the shear creep strain-time response curve.Permanent deformation results of all the porous asphalt mixtures from the rutting test show reasonable agreement with the findings of the shear strain rates and shear creep modulus over the range of shear stress levels.

Size-dependent effect on biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of nonlocal isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on surface stress and modified couple stress theories using differential quadrature method

The size-dependent effect on the biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of an isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on the surface stress, the modified couple stress theory （MCST）, and the nonlocal elasticity theories using the differential quadrature method （DQM） is presented. Main advantages of the MCST over the classical theory （CT） are the inclusion of the asymmetric couple stress tensor and the consideration of only one material length scale parameter. Based on the nonlinear von Karman assumption, the governing equations of equilibrium for the micro-classical plate consid- ering midplane displacements are derived based on the minimum principle of potential energy. Using the DQM, the biaxial and shear critical buckling loads of the micro-plate for various boundary conditions are obtained. Accuracy of the obtained results is validated by comparing the solutions with those reported in the literature. A parametric study is conducted to show the effects of the aspect ratio, the side-to-thickness ratio, Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, Young＇s modulus of the surface layer, the surface residual stress, the polymer matrix coefficients, and various boundary conditions on the dimensionless uniaxial, biaxial, and shear critical buckling loads. The results indicate that the critical buckling loads are strongly sensitive to Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, and the surface residual stress effects, while the effect of Young＇s modulus of the surface layer on the critical buckling load is negligible. Also, considering the size dependent effect causes the increase in the stiffness of the orthotropic micro-plate. The results show that the critical biaxial buckling load increases with an increase in G12/E2 and vice versa for E1/E2. It is shown that the nonlinear biaxial buckling ratio decreases as the aspect ratio increases and vice versa for the buckling amplitude. Because of the most lightweight micro-composite materials with high strength/weight and stiffness/weight ratios, it is anticipated that the results of the present work are useful in experimental characterization of the mechanical properties of micro-composite plates in the aircraft industry and other engineering applications.

A Modified Monte Carlo Model of Speckle Tracking of Shear Wave Induced by Acoustic Radiation Force for Acousto-Optic Elasticity Imaging

A modified Monte Carlo model of speckle tracking of shear wave propagation in scattering media is proposed. The established Monte Carlo model mainly concerns the variations of optical electric field and speckle. The two- dimensional intensity distribution and the time evolution of speckles in different probe locations are obtained. The fluctuation of speckle intensity tracks the acoustic-radiation-force shear wave propagation, and especially the reduction of speckle intensity implies attenuation of shear wave. Then, the shear wave velocity is estimated quantitatively on the basis of the time-to-peak algorithm and linear regression processing. The results reveal that a smaller sampling interval yields higher estimation precision and the shear wave velocity is estimated more efficiently by using speckle intensity difference than by using speckle contrast difference according to the estimation error. Hence, the shear wave velocity is estimated to be 2.25 m/s with relatively high accuracy for the estimation error reaches the minimum （0.071）.

Shear localization behavior in hat-shaped specimen of near-αTi−6Al−2Zr−1Mo−1V titanium alloy loaded at high strain rate

The microstructure characteristics in early stage shear localization of near-αTi−6Al−2Zr−1Mo−1V titanium alloy were investigated by split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)tests using hat-shaped specimens.The microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of hat-shaped specimens were revealed by electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)method.It is found that the nucleation and expansion of adiabatic shear band(ASB)are affected by both geometric and structural factors.The increase of dislocation density,structure fragment and temperature rise in the deformation-affected regions provide basic microstructural conditions.In addition to the dislocation slips,the extension twins detected in shear region also play a critical role in microstructural fragmentation due to twin-boundaries effect.Interestingly,the sandwich structure imposes a crucial influence on ASB,which finally becomes a mature wide ASB in the dynamic deformation.However,due to much larger width,the sandwich structure in the middle of shear region is also possible to serve as favorable nucleation sites for crack initiation.

An Application of the Modified Shear Lag Model to Study the Influence of Thermal Residual Stresses on the Stiffness and Yield Strength of Short Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

The modified shear lag model proposed recently was applied to calculate thermal residual stresses and subsequent stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings. The expressions for the elastic moduli and the yield strengths under tensile and compressive loadings were derived which take account of thermal residual stresses. The asymmetries in the elastic modulus and the yield strength were interpreted using the derived expressions and the obtained results of the stress calculations. The model predictions have exhibited good agreements with the experimental results and also with the other theoretical predictions

钢管混凝土键连接框架梁和剪力墙的受剪性能

目的 研究钢管混凝土键连接框架梁和剪力墙的受剪性能,为工程应用提供设计依据。方法 应用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对比钢管混凝土键连接与现浇连接梁墙的结构受剪性能,分析前者受剪机理及不同因素对受剪性能的影响。结果 钢管混凝土键连接梁墙的结构承载力和延性系数较现浇结构分别提高约10%和34%;钢材强度从Q235到Q390,初始刚度增加8.44%;截面高度从100 mm到120 mm,延性系数提高17.73%;截面厚度每增加2 mm,承载力提高约15%;截面长度和混凝土强度等级对承载力、初始刚度和延性系数的影响均小于15%,纵向距离对其受剪性能几乎无影响。结论 采用钢管混凝土键连接梁墙的结构总体受剪性能优于现浇结构;钢材强度和截面厚度分别是影响初始刚度和承载力的主要因素。

高模量改性沥青的零剪切黏度研究

零剪切黏度(Zero-shear Viscosity, ZSV)是表征沥青抵抗永久变形能力的高温性能评价指标。为明确不同测试方法及计算模型对高模量改性沥青的ZSV计算值的影响及适用性,以推广高模量改性剂在道路工程的应用,采用动态剪切流变仪对基质沥青(Base Asphalt, BA)和含不同质量分数改性剂的高模量改性沥青(K1-HMB)进行60℃频率扫描试验和60℃稳态流动试验,并采用Cross流变模型及Carreau流变模型分别拟合沥青的ZSV,最后采用灰色关联分析法探讨ZSV与软化点之间的关联程度。结果表明:BA及K1-HMB属于伪塑性流体,在加载频率作用下均呈现剪切变稀的特征;含0.6%改性剂的K1-HMB具有最高的弹性恢复能力,K1-HM改性剂的建议质量分数为0.4%~0.6%;60℃频率扫描试验结合Cross模型计算的ZSV拟合值具有最高的可信度,可作为高模量改性沥青高温性能的评价指标。

钢筋混凝土板柱节点冲切性能研究进展

为提高板柱节点冲切性能从而促进其工程应用,比较了各类抗冲切元件的不同布置形式、形状尺寸、几何参数以及组合形式对节点抗冲切承载力的影响,概括了受损板柱节点修复与加固的研究现状,梳理了不同开洞尺寸、距离、数量、形状及偏心荷载作用下开洞板柱试件抗冲切性能的研究成果,归纳了有无抗冲切钢筋和配置型钢剪力架板柱节点的抗冲切承载力计算方法以及基于机器学习的板柱节点冲切承载力预测方法。结果表明:各类抗冲切元件可通过改变布置形式、形状尺寸、几何参数以及元件组合从而改善板柱节点的冲切性能;板件开洞的尺寸越大、距离越远、数量越多,对节点的抗冲切性能越不利;基于数值模拟和规范改进得出的冲切承载力计算公式仅对特定试验有较高的预测精度,尚未形成较为统一的承载力计算公式,而基于机器学习的冲切承载力预测模型是未来研究的重点;需进一步开展关于受损板柱节点修复与加固方法的研究,对完善板柱节点抗冲切性能研究理论体系具有重要意义。

弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳的自由振动分析

旨在研究热-力-电载荷下弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳的自由振动。首先,建立弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳动力学模型;然后,应用三阶剪切变形壳体理论和修正的偶应力理论,推出弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳模态频率的解析解;最后,通过数值算例分析了微圆柱壳模态频率的影响因素。结果表明:Pasternak弹性支撑比Winkler弹性支撑更有利于提高微圆柱壳的模态频率;改变弹性支撑的刚度系数、轴向力、外加电压、孔隙分布、材料体积分数指数和结构尺寸可调节微圆柱壳的模态频率;孔隙体积分数越大,温度或轴向力对模态频率的影响越大,而电压对模态频率的影响则越小;不同材料指数下,增大孔隙体积分数对模态频率的影响趋势不同;弹性支撑会减弱温度、轴向力和电压对模态频率的影响,对薄圆柱壳或短圆柱壳模态频率的影响较为显著。

基于加速加载试验的青川岩改沥青混合料疲劳性能研究

为评价青川岩改沥青混合料疲劳性能,该文设计了基于比例尺为1∶3的路面加速加载试验系统的动轮载三点弯曲加载疲劳试验装置,对双层沥青混合料复合车辙试件进行轮胎碾压下的三点弯曲重复加载疲劳试验,结合沥青混合料小梁试件MTS弯曲疲劳试验,评价青川岩改沥青及复合改性沥青等对沥青混合料疲劳性能的改善效果。结果表明:青川岩改沥青提高了沥青混合料承受重复弯拉荷载的能力,改善了沥青混合料的抗疲劳性能,其抗疲劳性能优于青川岩沥青与SBS复合改性沥青、SBS改性沥青和基质沥青;基于比例尺为1∶3的路面加速加载试验的动轮载三点弯曲重复加载疲劳试验,能更真实地模拟现场路面轮载作用,减少了小梁试件尺寸效应对疲劳寿命的影响,再现了轮载作用下路面结构的受力状况。

基于固有频率的错断式坠落危岩体稳定系数计算模型

错断式坠落危岩体的安全稳定程度受后缘裂缝深度控制,基于静力学的稳定系数计算可得到后缘裂隙深度临界值,但静力学计算方法无法得到裂隙深度的实时变化。基于修正Timoshenko梁建立岩梁动力学方程,结合动力基础半空间理论对岩梁的约束刚度及边界条件做深入分析,得到不同裂缝深度条件下危岩体固有频率理论解析。基于数值计算验证固有频率算法的正确性,并得出结论:随裂隙深度增大,固有频率不断降低,固有频率对危岩体后缘裂隙深度变化较为敏感,根据危岩体的固有频率值可反算危岩体后缘裂隙深度。基于固有频率与危岩体后缘裂隙深度之间的关系建立错断式坠落危岩体稳定系数计算模型,并采用室内试验进行验证,得出结论:危岩体固有频率与其后缘裂隙深度近似为负线性相关。基于固有频率的错断式坠落危岩体稳定系数计算模型可为危岩体自动化监测提供有益借鉴。

配置抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点受冲切承载力计算

为计算配有常用抗冲切钢筋(箍筋和栓钉)的钢筋混凝土(RC)板柱节点的受冲切承载力,结合梁斜拉破坏机理和修正压力场理论(MCFT)提出一种配有抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点的受冲切承载计算方法.首先根据MCFT推导出配有抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点的临界斜裂缝倾角计算式;然后,假定冲切破坏时临界截面周长范围内的抗冲切钢筋达到屈服强度,将临界斜裂缝倾角代入MCFT推导出板柱节点的受冲切承载力计算方法;最后,使用该方法和美国规范(ACI 318-19)方法计算62个配有抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点试验的冲切承载力,并分析了混凝土强度、板有效厚度、柱截面边长、抗弯钢筋配筋率及抗冲切钢筋配筋率对节点抗冲切承载力的影响.结果表明:由MCFT推导出的节点受冲切承载力计算值与试验值吻合较好,均值为0.96,变异系数为0.20;节点的冲切承载力与上述影响因素呈非线性正相关.该方法可用于配有抗冲切钢筋的RC板柱节点的受冲切承载力计算.

脉冲应力冲击下30CrMnMo钢的绝热剪切失效行为

为研究30CrMnMo钢在脉冲应力冲击载荷下的绝热剪切失效及演化特性,利用分离式霍普金森压杆对一种轴对称帽型试件进行冲击剪切实验,并运用LS-DYNA动力学有限元软件对不同入射脉冲应力载荷下的剪切失效演化及剪切区温度分布进行数值模拟。结果表明,帽型试件的绝热剪切失效与脉冲应力比冲量相关,对于30CrMnMo钢帽型试件,其绝热剪切失效对应的脉冲应力比冲量近似为常量。数值模拟中,当网格尺寸小于剪切带宽度时,能够有效模拟剪切带内的局部温升热点特性。绝热剪切演化表现为失稳由帽型试件剪切区拐角处启动并同时向中心传播,剪切带内外材料主要经历均匀剪切变形和失稳快速扩展2个阶段。

基于综合指数法的胶粉/SBS复合改性沥青性能评价

为了实现废旧轮胎的资源化利用、将废旧轮胎回收粉碎后用于公路工程的建设,制备了不同胶粉活化度的高掺量双螺杆挤出法(twin-screw extrusion process,TSEP)活化胶粉/SBS复合改性沥青试样,对其常规性能进行测试,采用动态剪切流变仪(dynamic shear rheometer,DSR)对复合改性沥青进行高温温度扫描、多应力蠕变恢复(multi-stress creep recovery,MSCR)试验及线性振幅扫描(linear amplitude scanning,LAS)试验,探究胶粉活化度和掺量对复合改性沥青高温流变特性、高温抗车辙性能及中温抗疲劳性能的影响,同时采用综合指数法综合评价高掺量TSEP活化胶粉复配SBS改性沥青性能。结果表明:高掺量TSEP活化胶粉复配SBS改性沥青的常规指标均得到改善,尤其是ERP-B/SBSCMA黏度最低,相较于其他5种改性沥青具有更好的施工和易性;随胶粉活化度的提高,其复合改性沥青的高温抗车辙性能有所下降。33%胶粉掺量的ERP-B/SBSCMA的高温性能优于20%胶粉掺量的ERP-B/SBSCMA-20;随着温度的升高,车辙因子提高了9%~40%;抗疲劳性能也有所提高。ERP-B的活化程度适中,其复合SBS改性沥青具有良好的常规性能、高温抗变形性能及中温抗疲劳性能。

DP780双相钢剪切修正GTN模型损伤参数确定

目的为了准确预测DP780双相钢在低应力三轴度时出现的剪切断裂,建立了损伤参数与断裂时载荷和位移的响应面模型,并根据此模型研究损伤参数变化对双相钢剪切断裂的影响,得到最佳损伤参数,以提高预测双相钢发生断裂的精确性。方法以DP780为研究对象,建立了剪切修正GTN模型,以孔洞体积分数fN、孔洞形核时平均应变εN、剪切系数kw为因素,分别以断裂时载荷和位移为响应值,基于试验设计得到对应的响应函数,并在此基础上建立误差评价函数,通过最小二乘法对误差评价函数进行求解得到最佳损伤参数。结果建立了基于断裂载荷和位移的误差评价函数,在此基础上结合试验验证,确定fN=0.025、εN=0.198、kw=2是最佳损伤参数组合。孔洞体积分数和剪切系数对断裂影响较大,随着孔洞体积分数fN的增大,发生断裂时的载荷减小,随着剪切系数kw的增大,发生断裂时的位移缩短。结论基于Abaqus软件,建立了剪切试样有限元模型并对其进行断裂仿真,断裂时平均减薄率为1.4%,与断裂试验结果吻合,表明了获得的损伤参数的准确性,为双相钢在车身结构件中的生产应用提供理论依据。