Background: The Air Force Health Study collected reproductive outcomes for live-born children of male Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Methods: Dioxin values for participants were obtained from blood samples. An...Background: The Air Force Health Study collected reproductive outcomes for live-born children of male Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Methods: Dioxin values for participants were obtained from blood samples. Analyses were conducted of occurrence of 16 specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities. Children were categorized as conceived before and after the start of participants’ Vietnam War service. Children conceived before the start of Vietnam War service were treated as being conceived when their fathers had unquantifiable dioxin values. Children conceived after the start of Vietnam War service for participants with missing dioxin values were excluded from primary analyses, but were used to assess the impact of their exclusion on conclusions. Correlation between values for specific categories for multiple children fathered by the same participant was accounted for. The dose-response relationship was treated as a step function increasing for dioxin values larger than adaptively identified individual thresholds changing with the specific category. Results: For 15 of 16 specific categories, the probability of occurrence increased substantially for a sufficiently high dioxin level above identified thresholds. Exclusion of children due to missing dioxin likely did not affect these results. Conclusions: Results supported the conclusion of substantial adverse effects on a wide variety of specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities due to sufficiently high exposures to dioxin, a toxic contaminant of Agent Orange used for herbicide spraying in the Vietnam War. Results may hold more generally, but might also have been affected by a variety of limitations.展开更多
Quality of Life (QOL) is a multiphase conception, including physical, mental and social factors, and can overall reflect health status of the human. At present, QOL has become a relevant measure of efficacy of treatme...Quality of Life (QOL) is a multiphase conception, including physical, mental and social factors, and can overall reflect health status of the human. At present, QOL has become a relevant measure of efficacy of treatment in clinical trials. Its use is spreading, and its importance is growing as a valid indicator of whether or not a medical treatment is展开更多
September 2017 Contents Preface Ensuring People’s Right to Health Based on China’s Conditions Continuous Improvement of Health Environment and Conditions Public Health Service Capability Improving Steadily Great Imp...September 2017 Contents Preface Ensuring People’s Right to Health Based on China’s Conditions Continuous Improvement of Health Environment and Conditions Public Health Service Capability Improving Steadily Great Improvement in the Quality of Medical and Health Services Improvement of the National Medical Security System展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship and experiences of occupational health nurses (OHNs) and related departments in project development of mental health care for primary treatment in the...Purpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship and experiences of occupational health nurses (OHNs) and related departments in project development of mental health care for primary treatment in the Japanese occupational health setting. Method: A total of 235 OHNs who are members of the Japan Academy of Occupational Health Nursing were sent an anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included items on the following: the OHN’s background, whether the OHN had experience in project development, the communication between the associated departments, the Japanese version of the Work Engagement Scale (UWES-J), occupational assessments, workplace assessments, and the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) for health promotion in companies and the OHN’s working environment. We performed logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between experience and these harmonious relationships with other associated departments. Result: Responses from 61 OHNs (valid response rate: 25.9%) were analyzed. The mean number of years of service as an OHN was 18.9, and 82% of respondents had experience in project development. The logistic analysis further revealed that OHNs who had experience in project development of mental health care usually had a harmonious relationship with other associated departments. Conclusion: To promote mental health care for workers, OHNs have the capability to create individual and workplace assessments, enhance their work engagement, and make further improvements to their working environment. .展开更多
The ways in which epigenetic modifications fix the effects of early environmental events,ensuring sustained responses to transient stimuli,which result in modified gene expression patterns and phenotypes later in life...The ways in which epigenetic modifications fix the effects of early environmental events,ensuring sustained responses to transient stimuli,which result in modified gene expression patterns and phenotypes later in life,is a topic of considerable interest.This review focuses on recently discovered mechanisms and calls into question prevailing views about the dynamics,position and functions of epigenetic marks.Most epigenetic studies have addressed the long-term effects on a small number of epigenetic marks,at the global or individual gene level,of environmental stressors in humans and animal models.In parallel,increasing numbers of studies based on high-throughput technologies and focusing on humans and mice have revealed additional complexity in epigenetic processes,by highlighting the importance of crosstalk between the different epigenetic marks.A number of studies focusing on the developmental origin of health and disease and metabolic programming have identified links between early nutrition,epigenetic processes and long-term illness.The existence of a self-propagating epigenetic cycle has been demonstrated.Moreover,recent studies demonstrate an obvious sexual dimorphism both for programming trajectories and in response to the same environmental insult.Despite recent progress,we are still far from understanding how,when and where environmental stressors disturb key epigenetic mechanisms.Thus,identifying the original key marks and their changes throughout development during an individual's lifetime or over several generations remains a challenging issue.展开更多
The developmental origins of health and diseases(DOHaD)is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring.Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago,many epide...The developmental origins of health and diseases(DOHaD)is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring.Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago,many epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed that in utero exposure to environmental insults,including hyperglycemia and chemicals,increased the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases(NCDs).These NCDs include metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy.Studying the effects of different environmental insults on early embryo development would aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms by which these insults promote NCD development.Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)have also been utilized by researchers to study the DOHaD.ESCs have pluripotent characteristics and can be differentiated into almost every cell lineage;therefore,they are excellent in vitro models for studying early developmental events.More importantly,human ESCs(hESCs)are the best alternative to human embryos for research because of ethical concerns.In this review,we will discuss different maternal conditions associated with DOHaD,focusing on the complications of maternal diabetes.Next,we will review the differentiation protocols developed to generate different cell lineages from hESCs.Additionally,we will review how hESCs are utilized as a model for research into the DOHaD.The effects of environmental insults on hESC differentiation and the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation will be discussed.展开更多
Background:As an emerging donor in health related development across the world,particularly towards Africa,the People’s Republic of China(PRC)has been increasing its influence within the field of global public health...Background:As an emerging donor in health related development across the world,particularly towards Africa,the People’s Republic of China(PRC)has been increasing its influence within the field of global public health over the past few decades.Yet between the period of 2000 and 2013,little is known about the scope,scale and priority of China’s grant-making programs.Methods:Based on data sourced from the China Aid Database(version-1.2),descriptive analyses were applied to analyze the features of 531 health related projects that were undertaken between 2000 and 2013.Spearmen correlation was also performed to assess the relationship between China’s export and aid to recipient countries.Results:The total value of China’s grant-making programs in the health related sector between 2000 and 2013 was 5.67 billion USD,with 531 projects undertaken.During the five year period between 2004 and 2008,China had a contribution of 1.54 billion USD,which increased to 3.8 billion USD during the five year period between 2009 and 2013-an 146.26%increase.In terms of specific diseases,China is most concerned with building an African public health system through donations targeted towards general health(313 projects),combating Malaria(115 projects)and maternal,neonatal and child health(MNCH),(12 projects).When it comes to recipient countries,if counted in total value,Zimbabwe received the most financial assistance from China,totaling 1.08 billion USD and 19 projects,while Angola and Tanzania received more projects-30 and 29 projects respectively.In terms of the channeling of aid funding,most projects were targeted towards infrastructure,equipment and medicine(304 projects in total),followed by medical teams(189 projects).Moreover,there is a statistically significant relationship between aid to Africa and Chinese exports to Africa.Conclusion:During the past decade,Chinese aid projects played an important role in the African public health system through providing funding for infrastructure,equipment and medicine,training health professionals,as well as disease treatment.However,very limited attention was paid towards disease prevention,health promotion and awareness initiatives,and health education.Furthermore,serious questions were raised regarding the long-term financial sustainability and actual impact these projects have on health development.展开更多
National Nursing Developmental Project from 2016 to 2020 w as printed and published by General Office of National Health and Family Planning Commission to further accelerate the development of medical nursing so as to...National Nursing Developmental Project from 2016 to 2020 w as printed and published by General Office of National Health and Family Planning Commission to further accelerate the development of medical nursing so as to meet the healthy requirements of the masses.This paper aimed to interpret the key points of the project from the aspects of excellent achievements in medical nursing development during the 12thFive-Year Plan,opportunities and challenges in nursing development during the 13thFive-Year Plan,guiding thought and primary principles,as w ell as the developmental targets,the primary assignments,the key projects and the supporting measures in the 13thFive-Year Plan,so as to provide the latest important information for nurses and patients w ith special requirements,and to improve nurses’professional nursing quality and capacity in medical nursing profession.展开更多
基于生活环境、健康和疾病在分子水平上密切相关的核心理念,健康和疾病的发育起源(developmental origins of health and disease,DOHaD)理论为健康与疾病间的关联研究提供了全新视角。该理论通过多学科、多领域的知识互通,追溯不同的...基于生活环境、健康和疾病在分子水平上密切相关的核心理念,健康和疾病的发育起源(developmental origins of health and disease,DOHaD)理论为健康与疾病间的关联研究提供了全新视角。该理论通过多学科、多领域的知识互通,追溯不同的生活经历如何影响生命全过程中的健康和疾病风险。成人期疾病的敏感窗口期不再局限于妊娠前和妊娠期,分娩期至成年早期也成为暴露因素发挥作用的重要时段。母源性/父源性因素、环境因素、新生儿出生状况、儿童期代谢情况等能够通过影响表观遗传、代谢和免疫调控、氧化应激等,改变发育程序并对子代远期健康产生正向或负向影响。因此,为实现健康促进,需要同步推进早期生命阶段预防、后期随访及健康干预的关口前移,以期有效降低成年期疾病风险,提升生命全周期健康水平。综述DOHaD领域最新研究进展对阐明人类发展早期阶段发生的不良事件影响健康和疾病模式及发现有效干预措施具有积极意义。展开更多
The call for“Working Together to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind”requires us to improve people’s health across the globe,while global health development entails a satisfactory answer to a fundamental...The call for“Working Together to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind”requires us to improve people’s health across the globe,while global health development entails a satisfactory answer to a fundamental question:“What is global health?”To promote research,teaching,policymaking,and practice in global health,we summarize the main points on the definition of global health from the Editorial Board Meeting of Global Health Research and Policy,convened in July 2019 in Wuhan,China.The meeting functioned as a platform for free brainstorming,indepth discussion,and post-meeting synthesizing.Through the meeting,we have reached a consensus that global health can be considered as a general guiding principle,an organizing framework for thinking and action,a new branch of sciences and specialized discipline in the large family of public health and medicine.The word“global”in global health can be subjective or objective,depending on the context and setting.In addition to dual-,multicountry and global,a project or a study conducted at a local area can be global if it(1)is framed with a global perspective,(2)intends to address an issue with global impact,and/or(3)seeks global solutions to an issue,such as frameworks,strategies,policies,laws,and regulations.In this regard,global health is eventually an extension of“international health”by borrowing related knowledge,theories,technologies and methodologies from public health and medicine.Although global health is a concept that will continue to evolve,our conceptualization through group effort provides,to date,a comprehensive understanding.This report helps to inform individuals in the global health community to advance global health science and practice,and recommend to take advantage of the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China.展开更多
文摘Background: The Air Force Health Study collected reproductive outcomes for live-born children of male Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Methods: Dioxin values for participants were obtained from blood samples. Analyses were conducted of occurrence of 16 specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities. Children were categorized as conceived before and after the start of participants’ Vietnam War service. Children conceived before the start of Vietnam War service were treated as being conceived when their fathers had unquantifiable dioxin values. Children conceived after the start of Vietnam War service for participants with missing dioxin values were excluded from primary analyses, but were used to assess the impact of their exclusion on conclusions. Correlation between values for specific categories for multiple children fathered by the same participant was accounted for. The dose-response relationship was treated as a step function increasing for dioxin values larger than adaptively identified individual thresholds changing with the specific category. Results: For 15 of 16 specific categories, the probability of occurrence increased substantially for a sufficiently high dioxin level above identified thresholds. Exclusion of children due to missing dioxin likely did not affect these results. Conclusions: Results supported the conclusion of substantial adverse effects on a wide variety of specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities due to sufficiently high exposures to dioxin, a toxic contaminant of Agent Orange used for herbicide spraying in the Vietnam War. Results may hold more generally, but might also have been affected by a variety of limitations.
文摘Quality of Life (QOL) is a multiphase conception, including physical, mental and social factors, and can overall reflect health status of the human. At present, QOL has become a relevant measure of efficacy of treatment in clinical trials. Its use is spreading, and its importance is growing as a valid indicator of whether or not a medical treatment is
文摘September 2017 Contents Preface Ensuring People’s Right to Health Based on China’s Conditions Continuous Improvement of Health Environment and Conditions Public Health Service Capability Improving Steadily Great Improvement in the Quality of Medical and Health Services Improvement of the National Medical Security System
文摘Purpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship and experiences of occupational health nurses (OHNs) and related departments in project development of mental health care for primary treatment in the Japanese occupational health setting. Method: A total of 235 OHNs who are members of the Japan Academy of Occupational Health Nursing were sent an anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included items on the following: the OHN’s background, whether the OHN had experience in project development, the communication between the associated departments, the Japanese version of the Work Engagement Scale (UWES-J), occupational assessments, workplace assessments, and the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) for health promotion in companies and the OHN’s working environment. We performed logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between experience and these harmonious relationships with other associated departments. Result: Responses from 61 OHNs (valid response rate: 25.9%) were analyzed. The mean number of years of service as an OHN was 18.9, and 82% of respondents had experience in project development. The logistic analysis further revealed that OHNs who had experience in project development of mental health care usually had a harmonious relationship with other associated departments. Conclusion: To promote mental health care for workers, OHNs have the capability to create individual and workplace assessments, enhance their work engagement, and make further improvements to their working environment. .
基金Supported by Grants from INRA,INSERM (ATC-Nutrition,PRNH)Association Franaise des Diabétiques+3 种基金the Institut Benjamin Delessertthe Fondation Coeur et Artères (FCA N° 05-T4)the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR 06-PNRA-022-01)Contrat Cadre d’Aide au Projet d’Innova-tion Stratégique Industrielle "IT-Diab"OSEO-ISI (ISI IT-DIAB-18/12/2008)
文摘The ways in which epigenetic modifications fix the effects of early environmental events,ensuring sustained responses to transient stimuli,which result in modified gene expression patterns and phenotypes later in life,is a topic of considerable interest.This review focuses on recently discovered mechanisms and calls into question prevailing views about the dynamics,position and functions of epigenetic marks.Most epigenetic studies have addressed the long-term effects on a small number of epigenetic marks,at the global or individual gene level,of environmental stressors in humans and animal models.In parallel,increasing numbers of studies based on high-throughput technologies and focusing on humans and mice have revealed additional complexity in epigenetic processes,by highlighting the importance of crosstalk between the different epigenetic marks.A number of studies focusing on the developmental origin of health and disease and metabolic programming have identified links between early nutrition,epigenetic processes and long-term illness.The existence of a self-propagating epigenetic cycle has been demonstrated.Moreover,recent studies demonstrate an obvious sexual dimorphism both for programming trajectories and in response to the same environmental insult.Despite recent progress,we are still far from understanding how,when and where environmental stressors disturb key epigenetic mechanisms.Thus,identifying the original key marks and their changes throughout development during an individual's lifetime or over several generations remains a challenging issue.
文摘The developmental origins of health and diseases(DOHaD)is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring.Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago,many epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed that in utero exposure to environmental insults,including hyperglycemia and chemicals,increased the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases(NCDs).These NCDs include metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy.Studying the effects of different environmental insults on early embryo development would aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms by which these insults promote NCD development.Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)have also been utilized by researchers to study the DOHaD.ESCs have pluripotent characteristics and can be differentiated into almost every cell lineage;therefore,they are excellent in vitro models for studying early developmental events.More importantly,human ESCs(hESCs)are the best alternative to human embryos for research because of ethical concerns.In this review,we will discuss different maternal conditions associated with DOHaD,focusing on the complications of maternal diabetes.Next,we will review the differentiation protocols developed to generate different cell lineages from hESCs.Additionally,we will review how hESCs are utilized as a model for research into the DOHaD.The effects of environmental insults on hESC differentiation and the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation will be discussed.
基金supported by the Research Center for Public Health,Tsinghua University Beijingthe China and Youth of Excellence Scheme Scholarship,China.
文摘Background:As an emerging donor in health related development across the world,particularly towards Africa,the People’s Republic of China(PRC)has been increasing its influence within the field of global public health over the past few decades.Yet between the period of 2000 and 2013,little is known about the scope,scale and priority of China’s grant-making programs.Methods:Based on data sourced from the China Aid Database(version-1.2),descriptive analyses were applied to analyze the features of 531 health related projects that were undertaken between 2000 and 2013.Spearmen correlation was also performed to assess the relationship between China’s export and aid to recipient countries.Results:The total value of China’s grant-making programs in the health related sector between 2000 and 2013 was 5.67 billion USD,with 531 projects undertaken.During the five year period between 2004 and 2008,China had a contribution of 1.54 billion USD,which increased to 3.8 billion USD during the five year period between 2009 and 2013-an 146.26%increase.In terms of specific diseases,China is most concerned with building an African public health system through donations targeted towards general health(313 projects),combating Malaria(115 projects)and maternal,neonatal and child health(MNCH),(12 projects).When it comes to recipient countries,if counted in total value,Zimbabwe received the most financial assistance from China,totaling 1.08 billion USD and 19 projects,while Angola and Tanzania received more projects-30 and 29 projects respectively.In terms of the channeling of aid funding,most projects were targeted towards infrastructure,equipment and medicine(304 projects in total),followed by medical teams(189 projects).Moreover,there is a statistically significant relationship between aid to Africa and Chinese exports to Africa.Conclusion:During the past decade,Chinese aid projects played an important role in the African public health system through providing funding for infrastructure,equipment and medicine,training health professionals,as well as disease treatment.However,very limited attention was paid towards disease prevention,health promotion and awareness initiatives,and health education.Furthermore,serious questions were raised regarding the long-term financial sustainability and actual impact these projects have on health development.
文摘National Nursing Developmental Project from 2016 to 2020 w as printed and published by General Office of National Health and Family Planning Commission to further accelerate the development of medical nursing so as to meet the healthy requirements of the masses.This paper aimed to interpret the key points of the project from the aspects of excellent achievements in medical nursing development during the 12thFive-Year Plan,opportunities and challenges in nursing development during the 13thFive-Year Plan,guiding thought and primary principles,as w ell as the developmental targets,the primary assignments,the key projects and the supporting measures in the 13thFive-Year Plan,so as to provide the latest important information for nurses and patients w ith special requirements,and to improve nurses’professional nursing quality and capacity in medical nursing profession.
文摘基于生活环境、健康和疾病在分子水平上密切相关的核心理念,健康和疾病的发育起源(developmental origins of health and disease,DOHaD)理论为健康与疾病间的关联研究提供了全新视角。该理论通过多学科、多领域的知识互通,追溯不同的生活经历如何影响生命全过程中的健康和疾病风险。成人期疾病的敏感窗口期不再局限于妊娠前和妊娠期,分娩期至成年早期也成为暴露因素发挥作用的重要时段。母源性/父源性因素、环境因素、新生儿出生状况、儿童期代谢情况等能够通过影响表观遗传、代谢和免疫调控、氧化应激等,改变发育程序并对子代远期健康产生正向或负向影响。因此,为实现健康促进,需要同步推进早期生命阶段预防、后期随访及健康干预的关口前移,以期有效降低成年期疾病风险,提升生命全周期健康水平。综述DOHaD领域最新研究进展对阐明人类发展早期阶段发生的不良事件影响健康和疾病模式及发现有效干预措施具有积极意义。
文摘The call for“Working Together to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind”requires us to improve people’s health across the globe,while global health development entails a satisfactory answer to a fundamental question:“What is global health?”To promote research,teaching,policymaking,and practice in global health,we summarize the main points on the definition of global health from the Editorial Board Meeting of Global Health Research and Policy,convened in July 2019 in Wuhan,China.The meeting functioned as a platform for free brainstorming,indepth discussion,and post-meeting synthesizing.Through the meeting,we have reached a consensus that global health can be considered as a general guiding principle,an organizing framework for thinking and action,a new branch of sciences and specialized discipline in the large family of public health and medicine.The word“global”in global health can be subjective or objective,depending on the context and setting.In addition to dual-,multicountry and global,a project or a study conducted at a local area can be global if it(1)is framed with a global perspective,(2)intends to address an issue with global impact,and/or(3)seeks global solutions to an issue,such as frameworks,strategies,policies,laws,and regulations.In this regard,global health is eventually an extension of“international health”by borrowing related knowledge,theories,technologies and methodologies from public health and medicine.Although global health is a concept that will continue to evolve,our conceptualization through group effort provides,to date,a comprehensive understanding.This report helps to inform individuals in the global health community to advance global health science and practice,and recommend to take advantage of the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China.
