Soil erosion control based on county scale Soil and Water Conservation Regionalization(SWCR)is an essential component of China's ecological civilization construction.In SWCR,the quantitative analysis of the spatia...Soil erosion control based on county scale Soil and Water Conservation Regionalization(SWCR)is an essential component of China's ecological civilization construction.In SWCR,the quantitative analysis of the spatial heterogeneity and driving factors of soil erosion among different regions is still lacking.It is of great significance for soil erosion control to deeply examine the factors contributing to soil erosion(natural,land use,and socioeconomic factors)and their interaction at the county and regional levels.This study focused on a highly cultivated area,Hechuan District of Chongqing in the Sichuan Basin.The district(with 30 townships)was divided into four soil and water conservation regions(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)using principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis.The driving factors of soil erosion were identified using the geographical detector model.The results showed thatⅰ)the high cultivation rate was a prominent factor of soil erosion,and the sloping farmland accounted for 78.4%of the soil erosion in the study area;ⅱ)land use factors demonstrated the highest explanatory power in soil erosion,and the average interaction of land use factors explained 60.1%of soil erosion in the study area;ⅲ)the interaction between natural factors,socioeconomic factors,and land use factors greatly contributes to regional soil erosion through nonlinear-enhancement of double-factor enhancement.This study highlights the importance of giving special attention to the effects of land use factors on soil erosion at the county scale,particularly in mountainous and hilly areas with extensive sloping farmland and a high cultivation rate.展开更多
Since water and soil conservation monitoring in the Yellow River Basin entered a new stage at the end of the 20th century,the monitoring scope has been expanding,the monitoring accuracy has been improving,the monitori...Since water and soil conservation monitoring in the Yellow River Basin entered a new stage at the end of the 20th century,the monitoring scope has been expanding,the monitoring accuracy has been improving,the monitoring content and indicators have been increasing,and the monitoring technology and methods have been improving.This paper mainly analyzes the status of soil and water conservation monitoring in the Yellow River Basin,as well as the construction of the monitoring system and related research,in order to provide a reference for watershed management and development and the scientific research of water and soil conservation.展开更多
China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and wate...China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and water conservation(SWC),for which eight regions and 41 subregions have been developed to improve the environment and increase land productivity.To obtain information from the regional planning and strategies for SWC and to explore whether SWC practices simultaneously contribute to soil conservation,ecosystem functioning,and the livelihoods of local farmers,and to summarize the successful experiences of various SWC paradigms with distinct characteristics and mechanisms of soil erosion,this paper systematically presents seven SWC regions(excluding the Tibetan Plateau region)and 14 typical SWC paradigms,focusing on erosion mechanisms and the key challenges or issues in the seven regions as well as on the core problems,main objectives,key technologies,and the performance of the 14 typical paradigms.In summary,the 14 typical SWC paradigms successfully prevent and control local soil erosion,and have largely enhanced,or at least do not harm,the livelihoods of local farmers.However,there remain many challenges and issues on SWC and socioeconomic development that need to be addressed in the seven SWC regions.China,thus,still has a long way to go in successfully gaining the win-win objective of SWC and human aspects of development.展开更多
Conservation agriculture has been practised for three decades and has been spread widely. There are many nomenclatures surrounding conservation agriculture and differ to each other lightly. Conservation agriculture ...Conservation agriculture has been practised for three decades and has been spread widely. There are many nomenclatures surrounding conservation agriculture and differ to each other lightly. Conservation agriculture (CA) is a system approach to soil and water conservation, high crop productivity and profitability, in one word, it is a system approach to sustainable agriculture. Yet, because conservation agriculture is a knowledge-intensive and a complex system to learn and implement, and also because of traditions of intensive cultivation, adoption rates have been low, since to date, only about seven percent of the world's arable and permanent cropland area is farmed under conservation agriculture. The practice and wider extention of conservation agriculture thus requires a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings in order to manage its various elements for sustainable intensification, where the aim is to conserve soil and water and improve sustainability over the long term. This paper described terms related to conservation agriculture, presented the effects of conservation agriculture on soil and water conservation, crop productivity, progress and adoption of CA worldwide, emphasized obstacles and possible ways to increase CA adoption to accelerate sustainable development of China agriculture.展开更多
Water resources are precious in arid and semi-arid areas such as the Wadis of Iran. To sustainably manage these limited water resources, the residents of the Iranian Wadis have been traditionally using several water u...Water resources are precious in arid and semi-arid areas such as the Wadis of Iran. To sustainably manage these limited water resources, the residents of the Iranian Wadis have been traditionally using several water use systems(WUSs) which affect natural hydrological processes. In this study, WUSs and soil and water conservation measures(SWCMs) were integrated in a hydrological model of the Halilrood Basin in Iran. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model was used to simulate the hydrological processes between 1993 and 2009 at daily time scale. To assess the importance of WUSs and SWCMs, we compared a model setup without WUSs and SWCMs(Default model) with a model setup with WUSs and SWCMs(WUS-SWCM model). When compared to the observed daily stream flow, the number of acceptable calibration runs as defined by the performance thresholds(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE)≥0.68, –25%≤percent bias(PBIAS)≤25% and ratio of standard deviation(RSR)≤0.56) is 177 for the Default model and 1945 for the WUS-SWCM model. Also, the average Kling–Gupta efficiency(KGE) of acceptable calibration runs for the WUS-SWCM model is higher in both calibration and validation periods. When WUSs and SWCMs are implemented, surface runoff(between 30% and 99%) and water yield(between 0 and 18%) decreased in all sub-basins. Moreover, SWCMs lead to a higher contribution of groundwater flow to the channel and compensate for the extracted water by WUSs from the shallow aquifer. In summary, implementing WUSs and SWCMs in the SWAT model enhances model plausibility significantly.展开更多
Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the...Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.展开更多
According to the strategic position of ecological environment in building ecological province of Anhui, we discussed the position and role of soil and water conservation in ecological environment construction and ecol...According to the strategic position of ecological environment in building ecological province of Anhui, we discussed the position and role of soil and water conservation in ecological environment construction and ecological province, and put forward development suggestion of soil and water conservation under new situation.展开更多
The increasing of highway engineering construction makes soil and water loss surrounding highway and also influences the growth of crops around, To control soil and water loss, new engineering measures are put forward...The increasing of highway engineering construction makes soil and water loss surrounding highway and also influences the growth of crops around, To control soil and water loss, new engineering measures are put forward to protect soil and water and prevent crops from being damaged.展开更多
Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At l...Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.展开更多
This study was meant to ensure that there is proper and efficient conservation of soil and water using geospatial tools to enable us identify priority areas to carry out conservation. Over the past years, various fiel...This study was meant to ensure that there is proper and efficient conservation of soil and water using geospatial tools to enable us identify priority areas to carry out conservation. Over the past years, various fields of study have established how critical it is to conserve these natural resources in the ecosystem and to ensure sustainability in not only green livelihoods but also to enhance living conditions of the life on earth. The aim of this research was to generate high priority sites for establishing soil and water conservation techniques in the Lower Bogoria Landscapes in Baringo, Kenya using GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis. Various criteria were analyzed to generate the final conservation priority sites, such as land use land cover, rainfall runoff, soil erosion and slope. The criteria were assigned weights using the AHP technique and overlayed using the weighted overlay tools to produce the final outputs. Land use land cover maps were generated using supervised maximum likelihood technique, rainfall run-off maps were generated using the SCS-CN method and soil erosion maps were generated using RUSLE model. The final soil and water conservation maps showed that high and moderate priority areas requiring the establishment of techniques and mechanisms to control soil erosion and conserve water increased from 1990 to 2020. In 2020, more than 50% of the total study area was classified as moderate to high priority for water and soil conservation. Soil and water conservation structures such as water pans, percolation tanks, farm ponds and stop dams should be constructed in such areas.展开更多
Regionalization of soil and water conservation is a base for the planning of soil and water conservation in China. It can provide scientific basis for constructing healthy eco-environment and regional management and d...Regionalization of soil and water conservation is a base for the planning of soil and water conservation in China. It can provide scientific basis for constructing healthy eco-environment and regional management and development. It makes a brief review of related regionalization of study and makes clear the concept of regionalization of soil and water conservation. In this paper, based on synthetical analysis of the characteristics of eco-environments of China, the principles, indices and nomenclature of the regionalization of soil and water conservation are proposed. Through the construction of the regionalization of soil and water conservation collaboration platform and data reporting system, combined with existing soil and water conservation research, this paper uses the top-down and bottom-up and the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to build soil and water conservation regionalization preliminary scheme, with 8 regions, 41 sub-regions and 117 sections divided in China.展开更多
The Loess Plateau is the core area in the Yellow River basin for implementing environmental protection and high-quality development strategies. A series of ecological projects has implemented aimed at soil and water c...The Loess Plateau is the core area in the Yellow River basin for implementing environmental protection and high-quality development strategies. A series of ecological projects has implemented aimed at soil and water conservation and ecological management on the Loess Plateau over the past 70 years. The effects of the ecological projects are apparent mainly through a marked increase in vegetation cover, controlled soil erosion and reduced flow of sediment into the Yellow River, continual optimization of the industrial structure and increased production from arable land, poverty alleviation and greater prosperity, and optimal allocation of space for biological organisms.Major problems have also been analyzed in ecological management including the fragile ecosystem of the region, maintaining the stability of vegetation,lower agricultural productivity and continued risk from natural disasters. Some suitable schemes and models have been developed for the coordinated development of the region through research and demonstration, striking the optimum balance between rural industry and ecology, and increased regionalcapacity to supply high-quality ecological products. Countermeasures to address the problems are suggested to guide ecological management and high-quality development in the future.展开更多
Background:Soil erosion is among the foremost causes of declining soil resources in Ethiopia,which in turn affect agricultural productivity.To limit this problem,for the last two decades in Gumara watershed,soil and w...Background:Soil erosion is among the foremost causes of declining soil resources in Ethiopia,which in turn affect agricultural productivity.To limit this problem,for the last two decades in Gumara watershed,soil and water conservation measures have been practiced through free labor community mass-mobilization.However,their effect on soil fertility has not been evaluated.This study investigated the impact of implemented soil and water conservation measures on fertility improvement in the Gumara watershed.Both composite and core soil samples were taken from upstream,midstream,and downstream adjacent conserved and non-conserved cultivated and grazing plots.Selected soil fertility indicators were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures.Results:Soil and water conservation practices have resulted in a statistically significantly higher mean values of total nitrogen,exchangeable Na+and Mg2+at p<0.01,and of soil organic carbon and organic matter at p<0.05 in the watershed.The clay content,soil reaction,cation exchange capacity,and exchangeable K+showed nonsignificant,but higher mean values in conserved plots.Furthermore,the effects of conservation practices on soil properties were found more effective in cultivated land uses as compared to that of grazing land uses.This is because conservation treatments had significant effects on organic carbon,total nitrogen,exchangeable Na+and Mg2+in cultivated land uses but only on exchangeable Na+in grazing land uses.The interaction effect of treatments and land uses did not reach a statistically significant result for any of the soil properties considered in this study.Conclusion:Conservation measures have important implications for improving soil fertility in the Gumara watershed.Therefore,proper guidance and follow-up,use of agro-forestry and grass strips,and maintenance are required for the watershed’s sustainability and good soil conditions.展开更多
Soil erosion by water is a severe and continuous ecological problem in the north-western Highlands of Ethiopia.Limited perception of farmers to practice soil and water conservation(SWC)technologies is one of the major...Soil erosion by water is a severe and continuous ecological problem in the north-western Highlands of Ethiopia.Limited perception of farmers to practice soil and water conservation(SWC)technologies is one of the major causes that have resulted accelerated soil erosion.Therefore,this paper examines the major determinants of farmers’perception to use and invest in SWC technologies in Ankasha District,north-western highlands of Ethiopia.A detailed field survey was carried out among 338 households,randomly selected from two rural sample kebeles(called villages here after).Descriptive statistics and logistic regression model were used to analyse the effects of multiple variables on farmers’perception.The results indicate that educational level of the respondents and their access to trainings were found to have a positive and very significant association(P<0.01)with farmers’perception.Likewise,land ownership,plot size,slope type,and extension contact positively and significantly influenced farmers’perception at 5%level of significance.On the other hand,the influence of respondents’age and plot distance from the homestead was found to be negative and significant(P<0.05).The overall results of this study indicate that the perception of farmers to invest in SWC technologies was highly determined by socioeconomic,institutional,attitudinal and biophysical factors.Thus,a better understanding of constrains that influence farmers'perception is very important while designing and implementing SWC technologies.Frequent contacts between farmers and extension agents and continues agricultural trainings are also needed to increase awareness of the impacts of SWC benefits.展开更多
Community-based Soil and Water Conservation(SWC)practices have been adopted in the Tigray region since 1991 for restoration of the degraded landscape.The effects of those conservation measures on physico-chemical prop...Community-based Soil and Water Conservation(SWC)practices have been adopted in the Tigray region since 1991 for restoration of the degraded landscape.The effects of those conservation measures on physico-chemical properties of soil were limitedly studied.Thus,this study evaluated the effects of SWC on selected soil properties in the Middle Silluh Valley,Tigray region,Northern Ethiopia.The study considered conserved landscapes(terraced hillside,terraced farmland and exclosure area)and non-conserved landscapes(non-terraced hillside,non-terraced farmland and open grazing land)for comparison using a one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA).A total of 24 samples were collected from each landscape at a depth of 10–30 cm.The results indicated that mean bulk density(BD)was low on terraced hillside,non-terraced hillside and exclosure area.Sand and clay content were significantly different at P<0.05 for the six landscape categories.Higher mean organic matter was observed in the conserved landscape,as compared with the corresponding non-conserved landscape.Pearson's correlation between Soil Organic Matter(SOM)and clay content,SOM and Total Nitrogen(TN)showed strong positive relationships.Overall,the results show that SWC had significantly positive effects on soil's physical and chemical properties in the study area.展开更多
Rain-fed(dryland)farming is an ancient agricultural production system in China.It occurs widely across almost the whole country,especially in the Northwest and North China.The semi-arid Loess Plateau is the most impor...Rain-fed(dryland)farming is an ancient agricultural production system in China.It occurs widely across almost the whole country,especially in the Northwest and North China.The semi-arid Loess Plateau is the most important region of rain-fed farming in China,but unfortunately,soil erosion on the Loess Plateau area is the highest in China,and indeed amongst the highest in the world.This highlights the necessity for developing practices that can reduce soil and water erosion,improve soil water use efficiency,improve crop productivity,and reduce rural poverty in the region.Many techniques of soil and water conservation are being used in rain-fed areas of China,including such systems as mulch,ridge and furrow systems.The Appendix describes a unique system of soil and water conservation,called Shatian.Modern research on conservation tillage(No Till),although essential for reducing erosion,increasing crop productivity,and ameliorating poverty,is just beginning in China.Modern conservation tillage research started in the1990s’with support from Australia and other countries.The procedures,however,were modified to be in accord with local conditions and prevailing farmer experiences.With 10 years of experimentation,results show that the most successful conservation practice on the Western Loess Plateau is no till with stubble retention.This technique helps to conserve soil water,increases soil organic carbon,improves soil structure and water infiltration,reduces soil and water erosion,and improves crop productivity and sustainability of rain-fed farming systems.However,its adoption rate remains low due to barriers such as traditional attitude,insufficient rural extension,and so forth.展开更多
Background:Land degradation is an urgent agenda that requires great effort and resources to ameliorate.It worsens soil components through disrupting ecological functions and threatens agriculture production.To overcom...Background:Land degradation is an urgent agenda that requires great effort and resources to ameliorate.It worsens soil components through disrupting ecological functions and threatens agriculture production.To overcome it,different soil and water conservation(SWC)practices have been undertaken in numerous parts of Ethiopia.This paper aims to review the effects of SWC practices on soil physicochemical properties and crop yield.Data were collected from secondary sources via a computer library using various databases based on developed criteria.The collected data were organized,categorized,and analyzed through descriptive statistics.The mean difference of selected soil physicochemical properties obtained from treated and untreated farmland was tested using paired t-test.Factors influencing crop yield on treated farmland were determined by a multiple linear regression model.Results:SWC practices influenced the soil physicochemical properties and crop yield either positively or negatively.The mean values of available phosphorus(10.6 ppm,8.7 ppm),total nitrogen(0.5%,0.4%),soil pH(6.0%,5.8%),soil organic matter(4.4%,3.8%),and soil organic carbon(2.2%,1.8%)were on treated and untreated farmland under physical SWC practices,respectively.Similarly,the mean values of these variables were higher on treated farmland than untreated farmland under both biological and integrated SWC practices.The mean value of bulk density was higher on untreated farmland than treated one and statistically significant under all SWC practices.Fanya juu and stone-faced soil bund constantly increased crop yield,whereas soil bund and stone bund did not.Conclusion:Proper implementation of SWC technologies through integrating physical and biological measures will boost the effectiveness of the practice in restoring soil physicochemical properties and improving crop yield.Meanwhile,government due attention paid for land resources management in Ethiopia,whereby the annual SWC and tree planting campaign underwent for a couple of decades,entails further scientific support for its efficacy.展开更多
The soil physical properties,its water characteristics and the benefits to soil and water conservation in mountain poplar stand were determined and studied. The results of the study show that the compaction in soil pr...The soil physical properties,its water characteristics and the benefits to soil and water conservation in mountain poplar stand were determined and studied. The results of the study show that the compaction in soil profile is relatively homogeneous.the specific gravity and volume weight of soil increase with deepening of soil horizon. The water infiltration rate of soil in the stand is 17,6 times as high as in rangeland.Owing to the intense absorption of water by root system of plants,a drying layer is formed in soil horizon from 2.3 m to 2.7m,showing that the subsoil moisture is in the state of deficit. The annual water storage capacity in 2 m of soil horizon is 360 mm 370mm,or 63% 65% of annual precipitation. Compared with farmland,mountain poplar stand reduces the surface runoff and soil loss by 70% and 99%,respectively,indicating the great benefits to soil and water conservation.展开更多
This paper studies the mechanism of grassland ecosystem's soil and water conservation function on the basis of two years experiment and inspection in Jianou mountain grassland ecosystem experiment station, Fujian ...This paper studies the mechanism of grassland ecosystem's soil and water conservation function on the basis of two years experiment and inspection in Jianou mountain grassland ecosystem experiment station, Fujian province. After anaIysis on the data of soil erosion and runoff coefficient, relations between eroded soil, runoff and slope gradient. we establish soil and water conservation benefit models. According to the mode1s, experiment and inspection results, some proposals have been made to decrease the area of soil erosion in Fujian mountainous areas, e. g., optimizing land use structure in mountainous areas, taking suitable measures for local condition, closing hills for grassland development, accelerating restoration and raising quality of mountain grassland ecosystem, strengthening scientific and technological input, breeding the grass species that are suitable to local physical geographic condition.展开更多
The Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation(IISWC)and its Research Centres have developed many successful model watershed projects in India in the past and implemented many Soil and Water Conservation(SWC)tech...The Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation(IISWC)and its Research Centres have developed many successful model watershed projects in India in the past and implemented many Soil and Water Conservation(SWC)technologies for sustainable watershed management.While many evaluation studies were conducted on these projects in the past,there has been no assessment of the post-adoption status of the SWC technologies over a longer period.It was imperative to appraise the behaviour of the farmers with regard to the continuance or discontinuance of the technologies adopted,diffusion or infusion that took place and technological gaps that occurred in due course of time in the post watershed programme.Therefore,it was realized that the postadoption behaviour of beneficiary farmers who have adopted different soil and water conservation technologies for watershed management projects should be studied in detail.The research study was initiated in 2012 as a core project at Vasad as the lead Centre along with IISWC headquarter Dehradun,and Centres Agra,Bellary,Chandigarh,Datia,Kota&Ooty,with the specific objectives of the study to measure the extent of post-adoption behaviour(continued-adoption,discontinuance,technological gap,diffusion and infusion)of farmers towards the adopted SWC technologies of watershed management.In the present study various indices regarding continued adoption,dis-adoption(discontinuance),technological gap,diffusion,infusion regarding soil and water conservation technologies for watershed management were developed for measurement of post-adoption behaviour of farmers.It was revealed that a little less than three-fourth(73%)of SWC technologies continued to be adopted and more than onefourth(27%)were discontinued by farmers.Out of the total continue adopted SWC technologies by farmers,a little less than onefifth(19%)of technologies continued to be adopted with a technological gap.More than one-fourth(28%)of SWC technologies were also diffused to other farmers’fields in nearby villages and on an average 1.2 technologies were also infused into the farmers'fields from outside by their own efforts in the watersheds developed by the IISWC and its Centres.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No:42077007)the General Project of Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(No:CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0446)。
文摘Soil erosion control based on county scale Soil and Water Conservation Regionalization(SWCR)is an essential component of China's ecological civilization construction.In SWCR,the quantitative analysis of the spatial heterogeneity and driving factors of soil erosion among different regions is still lacking.It is of great significance for soil erosion control to deeply examine the factors contributing to soil erosion(natural,land use,and socioeconomic factors)and their interaction at the county and regional levels.This study focused on a highly cultivated area,Hechuan District of Chongqing in the Sichuan Basin.The district(with 30 townships)was divided into four soil and water conservation regions(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)using principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis.The driving factors of soil erosion were identified using the geographical detector model.The results showed thatⅰ)the high cultivation rate was a prominent factor of soil erosion,and the sloping farmland accounted for 78.4%of the soil erosion in the study area;ⅱ)land use factors demonstrated the highest explanatory power in soil erosion,and the average interaction of land use factors explained 60.1%of soil erosion in the study area;ⅲ)the interaction between natural factors,socioeconomic factors,and land use factors greatly contributes to regional soil erosion through nonlinear-enhancement of double-factor enhancement.This study highlights the importance of giving special attention to the effects of land use factors on soil erosion at the county scale,particularly in mountainous and hilly areas with extensive sloping farmland and a high cultivation rate.
文摘Since water and soil conservation monitoring in the Yellow River Basin entered a new stage at the end of the 20th century,the monitoring scope has been expanding,the monitoring accuracy has been improving,the monitoring content and indicators have been increasing,and the monitoring technology and methods have been improving.This paper mainly analyzes the status of soil and water conservation monitoring in the Yellow River Basin,as well as the construction of the monitoring system and related research,in order to provide a reference for watershed management and development and the scientific research of water and soil conservation.
基金Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(No.XDA20040200)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFC0501707)。
文摘China is experiencing conflicts between its large population and scarce arable land,and between a demand for high productivity and the severe soil erosion of arable land.Since 1949,China has committed to soil and water conservation(SWC),for which eight regions and 41 subregions have been developed to improve the environment and increase land productivity.To obtain information from the regional planning and strategies for SWC and to explore whether SWC practices simultaneously contribute to soil conservation,ecosystem functioning,and the livelihoods of local farmers,and to summarize the successful experiences of various SWC paradigms with distinct characteristics and mechanisms of soil erosion,this paper systematically presents seven SWC regions(excluding the Tibetan Plateau region)and 14 typical SWC paradigms,focusing on erosion mechanisms and the key challenges or issues in the seven regions as well as on the core problems,main objectives,key technologies,and the performance of the 14 typical paradigms.In summary,the 14 typical SWC paradigms successfully prevent and control local soil erosion,and have largely enhanced,or at least do not harm,the livelihoods of local farmers.However,there remain many challenges and issues on SWC and socioeconomic development that need to be addressed in the seven SWC regions.China,thus,still has a long way to go in successfully gaining the win-win objective of SWC and human aspects of development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40771132)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006BAD15B06)+3 种基金the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (CIM-1999-094)the Education Department of Gansu Province, China (0802-07)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20106202120004)the Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science
文摘Conservation agriculture has been practised for three decades and has been spread widely. There are many nomenclatures surrounding conservation agriculture and differ to each other lightly. Conservation agriculture (CA) is a system approach to soil and water conservation, high crop productivity and profitability, in one word, it is a system approach to sustainable agriculture. Yet, because conservation agriculture is a knowledge-intensive and a complex system to learn and implement, and also because of traditions of intensive cultivation, adoption rates have been low, since to date, only about seven percent of the world's arable and permanent cropland area is farmed under conservation agriculture. The practice and wider extention of conservation agriculture thus requires a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings in order to manage its various elements for sustainable intensification, where the aim is to conserve soil and water and improve sustainability over the long term. This paper described terms related to conservation agriculture, presented the effects of conservation agriculture on soil and water conservation, crop productivity, progress and adoption of CA worldwide, emphasized obstacles and possible ways to increase CA adoption to accelerate sustainable development of China agriculture.
基金The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) provided funding for the first authorThe German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) provided funding for the second author through the “GLANCE” project (Global Change Effects on River Ecosystems, 01LN1320A)。
文摘Water resources are precious in arid and semi-arid areas such as the Wadis of Iran. To sustainably manage these limited water resources, the residents of the Iranian Wadis have been traditionally using several water use systems(WUSs) which affect natural hydrological processes. In this study, WUSs and soil and water conservation measures(SWCMs) were integrated in a hydrological model of the Halilrood Basin in Iran. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model was used to simulate the hydrological processes between 1993 and 2009 at daily time scale. To assess the importance of WUSs and SWCMs, we compared a model setup without WUSs and SWCMs(Default model) with a model setup with WUSs and SWCMs(WUS-SWCM model). When compared to the observed daily stream flow, the number of acceptable calibration runs as defined by the performance thresholds(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE)≥0.68, –25%≤percent bias(PBIAS)≤25% and ratio of standard deviation(RSR)≤0.56) is 177 for the Default model and 1945 for the WUS-SWCM model. Also, the average Kling–Gupta efficiency(KGE) of acceptable calibration runs for the WUS-SWCM model is higher in both calibration and validation periods. When WUSs and SWCMs are implemented, surface runoff(between 30% and 99%) and water yield(between 0 and 18%) decreased in all sub-basins. Moreover, SWCMs lead to a higher contribution of groundwater flow to the channel and compensate for the extracted water by WUSs from the shallow aquifer. In summary, implementing WUSs and SWCMs in the SWAT model enhances model plausibility significantly.
文摘Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.
文摘According to the strategic position of ecological environment in building ecological province of Anhui, we discussed the position and role of soil and water conservation in ecological environment construction and ecological province, and put forward development suggestion of soil and water conservation under new situation.
基金Supported by the Foundation for the Excellent Academic Pacemakers in Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province(2013RFXXJ033)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(E201249)
文摘The increasing of highway engineering construction makes soil and water loss surrounding highway and also influences the growth of crops around, To control soil and water loss, new engineering measures are put forward to protect soil and water and prevent crops from being damaged.
文摘Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.
文摘This study was meant to ensure that there is proper and efficient conservation of soil and water using geospatial tools to enable us identify priority areas to carry out conservation. Over the past years, various fields of study have established how critical it is to conserve these natural resources in the ecosystem and to ensure sustainability in not only green livelihoods but also to enhance living conditions of the life on earth. The aim of this research was to generate high priority sites for establishing soil and water conservation techniques in the Lower Bogoria Landscapes in Baringo, Kenya using GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis. Various criteria were analyzed to generate the final conservation priority sites, such as land use land cover, rainfall runoff, soil erosion and slope. The criteria were assigned weights using the AHP technique and overlayed using the weighted overlay tools to produce the final outputs. Land use land cover maps were generated using supervised maximum likelihood technique, rainfall run-off maps were generated using the SCS-CN method and soil erosion maps were generated using RUSLE model. The final soil and water conservation maps showed that high and moderate priority areas requiring the establishment of techniques and mechanisms to control soil erosion and conserve water increased from 1990 to 2020. In 2020, more than 50% of the total study area was classified as moderate to high priority for water and soil conservation. Soil and water conservation structures such as water pans, percolation tanks, farm ponds and stop dams should be constructed in such areas.
基金National Forestry Public Welfare Industry Research of China,No.201004018Project of the Ministry of Water Resources
文摘Regionalization of soil and water conservation is a base for the planning of soil and water conservation in China. It can provide scientific basis for constructing healthy eco-environment and regional management and development. It makes a brief review of related regionalization of study and makes clear the concept of regionalization of soil and water conservation. In this paper, based on synthetical analysis of the characteristics of eco-environments of China, the principles, indices and nomenclature of the regionalization of soil and water conservation are proposed. Through the construction of the regionalization of soil and water conservation collaboration platform and data reporting system, combined with existing soil and water conservation research, this paper uses the top-down and bottom-up and the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to build soil and water conservation regionalization preliminary scheme, with 8 regions, 41 sub-regions and 117 sections divided in China.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shaanxi Forestry Academy of Sciences (SXLK20210206)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB40000000)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (2021ZDLSF05-02)the Funding of Special Support Plan of Young Talents Project of Shaanxi Province and National Forestry and Grassland Administration in China (20201326015)。
文摘The Loess Plateau is the core area in the Yellow River basin for implementing environmental protection and high-quality development strategies. A series of ecological projects has implemented aimed at soil and water conservation and ecological management on the Loess Plateau over the past 70 years. The effects of the ecological projects are apparent mainly through a marked increase in vegetation cover, controlled soil erosion and reduced flow of sediment into the Yellow River, continual optimization of the industrial structure and increased production from arable land, poverty alleviation and greater prosperity, and optimal allocation of space for biological organisms.Major problems have also been analyzed in ecological management including the fragile ecosystem of the region, maintaining the stability of vegetation,lower agricultural productivity and continued risk from natural disasters. Some suitable schemes and models have been developed for the coordinated development of the region through research and demonstration, striking the optimum balance between rural industry and ecology, and increased regionalcapacity to supply high-quality ecological products. Countermeasures to address the problems are suggested to guide ecological management and high-quality development in the future.
文摘Background:Soil erosion is among the foremost causes of declining soil resources in Ethiopia,which in turn affect agricultural productivity.To limit this problem,for the last two decades in Gumara watershed,soil and water conservation measures have been practiced through free labor community mass-mobilization.However,their effect on soil fertility has not been evaluated.This study investigated the impact of implemented soil and water conservation measures on fertility improvement in the Gumara watershed.Both composite and core soil samples were taken from upstream,midstream,and downstream adjacent conserved and non-conserved cultivated and grazing plots.Selected soil fertility indicators were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures.Results:Soil and water conservation practices have resulted in a statistically significantly higher mean values of total nitrogen,exchangeable Na+and Mg2+at p<0.01,and of soil organic carbon and organic matter at p<0.05 in the watershed.The clay content,soil reaction,cation exchange capacity,and exchangeable K+showed nonsignificant,but higher mean values in conserved plots.Furthermore,the effects of conservation practices on soil properties were found more effective in cultivated land uses as compared to that of grazing land uses.This is because conservation treatments had significant effects on organic carbon,total nitrogen,exchangeable Na+and Mg2+in cultivated land uses but only on exchangeable Na+in grazing land uses.The interaction effect of treatments and land uses did not reach a statistically significant result for any of the soil properties considered in this study.Conclusion:Conservation measures have important implications for improving soil fertility in the Gumara watershed.Therefore,proper guidance and follow-up,use of agro-forestry and grass strips,and maintenance are required for the watershed’s sustainability and good soil conditions.
文摘Soil erosion by water is a severe and continuous ecological problem in the north-western Highlands of Ethiopia.Limited perception of farmers to practice soil and water conservation(SWC)technologies is one of the major causes that have resulted accelerated soil erosion.Therefore,this paper examines the major determinants of farmers’perception to use and invest in SWC technologies in Ankasha District,north-western highlands of Ethiopia.A detailed field survey was carried out among 338 households,randomly selected from two rural sample kebeles(called villages here after).Descriptive statistics and logistic regression model were used to analyse the effects of multiple variables on farmers’perception.The results indicate that educational level of the respondents and their access to trainings were found to have a positive and very significant association(P<0.01)with farmers’perception.Likewise,land ownership,plot size,slope type,and extension contact positively and significantly influenced farmers’perception at 5%level of significance.On the other hand,the influence of respondents’age and plot distance from the homestead was found to be negative and significant(P<0.05).The overall results of this study indicate that the perception of farmers to invest in SWC technologies was highly determined by socioeconomic,institutional,attitudinal and biophysical factors.Thus,a better understanding of constrains that influence farmers'perception is very important while designing and implementing SWC technologies.Frequent contacts between farmers and extension agents and continues agricultural trainings are also needed to increase awareness of the impacts of SWC benefits.
文摘Community-based Soil and Water Conservation(SWC)practices have been adopted in the Tigray region since 1991 for restoration of the degraded landscape.The effects of those conservation measures on physico-chemical properties of soil were limitedly studied.Thus,this study evaluated the effects of SWC on selected soil properties in the Middle Silluh Valley,Tigray region,Northern Ethiopia.The study considered conserved landscapes(terraced hillside,terraced farmland and exclosure area)and non-conserved landscapes(non-terraced hillside,non-terraced farmland and open grazing land)for comparison using a one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA).A total of 24 samples were collected from each landscape at a depth of 10–30 cm.The results indicated that mean bulk density(BD)was low on terraced hillside,non-terraced hillside and exclosure area.Sand and clay content were significantly different at P<0.05 for the six landscape categories.Higher mean organic matter was observed in the conserved landscape,as compared with the corresponding non-conserved landscape.Pearson's correlation between Soil Organic Matter(SOM)and clay content,SOM and Total Nitrogen(TN)showed strong positive relationships.Overall,the results show that SWC had significantly positive effects on soil's physical and chemical properties in the study area.
文摘Rain-fed(dryland)farming is an ancient agricultural production system in China.It occurs widely across almost the whole country,especially in the Northwest and North China.The semi-arid Loess Plateau is the most important region of rain-fed farming in China,but unfortunately,soil erosion on the Loess Plateau area is the highest in China,and indeed amongst the highest in the world.This highlights the necessity for developing practices that can reduce soil and water erosion,improve soil water use efficiency,improve crop productivity,and reduce rural poverty in the region.Many techniques of soil and water conservation are being used in rain-fed areas of China,including such systems as mulch,ridge and furrow systems.The Appendix describes a unique system of soil and water conservation,called Shatian.Modern research on conservation tillage(No Till),although essential for reducing erosion,increasing crop productivity,and ameliorating poverty,is just beginning in China.Modern conservation tillage research started in the1990s’with support from Australia and other countries.The procedures,however,were modified to be in accord with local conditions and prevailing farmer experiences.With 10 years of experimentation,results show that the most successful conservation practice on the Western Loess Plateau is no till with stubble retention.This technique helps to conserve soil water,increases soil organic carbon,improves soil structure and water infiltration,reduces soil and water erosion,and improves crop productivity and sustainability of rain-fed farming systems.However,its adoption rate remains low due to barriers such as traditional attitude,insufficient rural extension,and so forth.
文摘Background:Land degradation is an urgent agenda that requires great effort and resources to ameliorate.It worsens soil components through disrupting ecological functions and threatens agriculture production.To overcome it,different soil and water conservation(SWC)practices have been undertaken in numerous parts of Ethiopia.This paper aims to review the effects of SWC practices on soil physicochemical properties and crop yield.Data were collected from secondary sources via a computer library using various databases based on developed criteria.The collected data were organized,categorized,and analyzed through descriptive statistics.The mean difference of selected soil physicochemical properties obtained from treated and untreated farmland was tested using paired t-test.Factors influencing crop yield on treated farmland were determined by a multiple linear regression model.Results:SWC practices influenced the soil physicochemical properties and crop yield either positively or negatively.The mean values of available phosphorus(10.6 ppm,8.7 ppm),total nitrogen(0.5%,0.4%),soil pH(6.0%,5.8%),soil organic matter(4.4%,3.8%),and soil organic carbon(2.2%,1.8%)were on treated and untreated farmland under physical SWC practices,respectively.Similarly,the mean values of these variables were higher on treated farmland than untreated farmland under both biological and integrated SWC practices.The mean value of bulk density was higher on untreated farmland than treated one and statistically significant under all SWC practices.Fanya juu and stone-faced soil bund constantly increased crop yield,whereas soil bund and stone bund did not.Conclusion:Proper implementation of SWC technologies through integrating physical and biological measures will boost the effectiveness of the practice in restoring soil physicochemical properties and improving crop yield.Meanwhile,government due attention paid for land resources management in Ethiopia,whereby the annual SWC and tree planting campaign underwent for a couple of decades,entails further scientific support for its efficacy.
文摘The soil physical properties,its water characteristics and the benefits to soil and water conservation in mountain poplar stand were determined and studied. The results of the study show that the compaction in soil profile is relatively homogeneous.the specific gravity and volume weight of soil increase with deepening of soil horizon. The water infiltration rate of soil in the stand is 17,6 times as high as in rangeland.Owing to the intense absorption of water by root system of plants,a drying layer is formed in soil horizon from 2.3 m to 2.7m,showing that the subsoil moisture is in the state of deficit. The annual water storage capacity in 2 m of soil horizon is 360 mm 370mm,or 63% 65% of annual precipitation. Compared with farmland,mountain poplar stand reduces the surface runoff and soil loss by 70% and 99%,respectively,indicating the great benefits to soil and water conservation.
基金The project is supported by Henan Province Natural Science Foundation (004070900)HenanProvince Scientific an
文摘This paper studies the mechanism of grassland ecosystem's soil and water conservation function on the basis of two years experiment and inspection in Jianou mountain grassland ecosystem experiment station, Fujian province. After anaIysis on the data of soil erosion and runoff coefficient, relations between eroded soil, runoff and slope gradient. we establish soil and water conservation benefit models. According to the mode1s, experiment and inspection results, some proposals have been made to decrease the area of soil erosion in Fujian mountainous areas, e. g., optimizing land use structure in mountainous areas, taking suitable measures for local condition, closing hills for grassland development, accelerating restoration and raising quality of mountain grassland ecosystem, strengthening scientific and technological input, breeding the grass species that are suitable to local physical geographic condition.
文摘The Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation(IISWC)and its Research Centres have developed many successful model watershed projects in India in the past and implemented many Soil and Water Conservation(SWC)technologies for sustainable watershed management.While many evaluation studies were conducted on these projects in the past,there has been no assessment of the post-adoption status of the SWC technologies over a longer period.It was imperative to appraise the behaviour of the farmers with regard to the continuance or discontinuance of the technologies adopted,diffusion or infusion that took place and technological gaps that occurred in due course of time in the post watershed programme.Therefore,it was realized that the postadoption behaviour of beneficiary farmers who have adopted different soil and water conservation technologies for watershed management projects should be studied in detail.The research study was initiated in 2012 as a core project at Vasad as the lead Centre along with IISWC headquarter Dehradun,and Centres Agra,Bellary,Chandigarh,Datia,Kota&Ooty,with the specific objectives of the study to measure the extent of post-adoption behaviour(continued-adoption,discontinuance,technological gap,diffusion and infusion)of farmers towards the adopted SWC technologies of watershed management.In the present study various indices regarding continued adoption,dis-adoption(discontinuance),technological gap,diffusion,infusion regarding soil and water conservation technologies for watershed management were developed for measurement of post-adoption behaviour of farmers.It was revealed that a little less than three-fourth(73%)of SWC technologies continued to be adopted and more than onefourth(27%)were discontinued by farmers.Out of the total continue adopted SWC technologies by farmers,a little less than onefifth(19%)of technologies continued to be adopted with a technological gap.More than one-fourth(28%)of SWC technologies were also diffused to other farmers’fields in nearby villages and on an average 1.2 technologies were also infused into the farmers'fields from outside by their own efforts in the watersheds developed by the IISWC and its Centres.