Terrorism Attack Classification Using Machine Learning: The Effectiveness of Using Textual Features Extracted from GTD Dataset

One of the biggest dangers to society today is terrorism, where attacks have become one of the most significantrisks to international peace and national security. Big data, information analysis, and artificial intelligence (AI) havebecome the basis for making strategic decisions in many sensitive areas, such as fraud detection, risk management,medical diagnosis, and counter-terrorism. However, there is still a need to assess how terrorist attacks are related,initiated, and detected. For this purpose, we propose a novel framework for classifying and predicting terroristattacks. The proposed framework posits that neglected text attributes included in the Global Terrorism Database(GTD) can influence the accuracy of the model’s classification of terrorist attacks, where each part of the datacan provide vital information to enrich the ability of classifier learning. Each data point in a multiclass taxonomyhas one or more tags attached to it, referred as “related tags.” We applied machine learning classifiers to classifyterrorist attack incidents obtained from the GTD. A transformer-based technique called DistilBERT extracts andlearns contextual features from text attributes to acquiremore information from text data. The extracted contextualfeatures are combined with the “key features” of the dataset and used to perform the final classification. Thestudy explored different experimental setups with various classifiers to evaluate the model’s performance. Theexperimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms the latest techniques for classifying terroristattacks with an accuracy of 98.7% using a combined feature set and extreme gradient boosting classifier.

Cybersecurity and Domestic Terrorism: Purpose and Future

The increasing utilization of digital technologies presents risks to critical systems due to exploitation by terrorists. Cybersecurity entails proactive and reactive measures designed to protect software and electronic devices from any threats. However, the rising cases of cyber threats are carried out by domestic terrorists who share particular ideologies or grievances. This paper analyzes the increasing cyber-attack instances and mechanisms to counter these threats. Additionally, it addresses the growing concern of domestic terrorism and its impact on national security. Finally, it provides an overview of gaps and possible areas of future research to promote cybersecurity.

Disaster preparedness, pediatric considerations in primary blast injury, chemical, and biological terrorism

Both domestic and foreign terror incidents are an unfortunate outgrowth of our modern times from the Oklahoma City bombings, Sarin gas attacks in Japan, the Madrid train bombing, anthrax spores in the mail, to the World Trade Center on September 11 th, 2001. The modalities used to perpetrate these terrorist acts range from conventional weapons to high explosives, chemical weapons, and biological weapons all of which have been used in the recent past. While these weapons platforms can cause significant injury requiring critical care the mechanism of injury, pathophysiology and treatment of these injuries are unfamiliar to many critical care providers. Additionally the pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to these types of attacks. In the event of a mass casualty incident both adult and pediatric critical care practitioners will likely be called upon to care for children and adults alike. We will review the presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of victims of blast injury, chemical weapons, and biological weapons. The focus will be on those injuries not commonly encountered in critical care practice, primary blast injuries, category A pathogens likely to be used in terrorist incidents, and chemical weapons including nerve agents, vesicants, pulmonary agents, cyanide, and riot control agents with special attention paid to pediatric specific considerations.

Media Coverage of Terrorism and Mental Health Concerns among Youth: Testing Moderated Mediation by Spirituality and Resilience

Previous research on media coverage of terrorism and its associated psychological consequences was explored internationally particularly after 9/11 attacks in the US.Also,the constructive role of resilience in this traumatic era has also been explored internationally.However,some studies have been conducted on the effect of media coverage of national terrorism on people that have endured a nearby terrorist attack.Moreover,knowledge about how the media coverage of terrorism,as a secondary source of evidence,can have devastated effects on native’s mental health and how resilience work in this relationship is rather limited.For example,it is possible that different cultures have their own coping strategies(resilience&spirituality)to be adopted as they perceive and respond to terrorism coverage on media differently.Hence,this study examines the moderated role of spirituality as an adaptive mechanism along with resilience as a mediating factor in the relationship between media coverage of terrorists’incidents and mental health concerns such as perceived stress,generalized anxiety and perceived fear among Pakistani youth.Thefindings show significant results as expected,people having high level of spirituality effectively cope with the media coverage of terrorist incidents by facing the situation with more resilient personality and therefore experience less mental health concerns compared to those with low level of spirituality.

Trojan Terrorism as a Principate of Deception, Or in the Arms of the Terracotta Locust (Ethymological Wing Cases of Virtus): Part 1

“Trojan terrorism”leaped to the place and in time as an exhalation of bewilderment at the terrorist attacks in London last year,as a challenge to political manipulation,and jumped as the continuation of the topic of migration(the fundamental problem of modernity),as a creation of an internal conflict that multiplies the external conflict,in the theme of systemic instability―theoretical reasonableness of deception,which destroys the system of contracts as a condition of the world order,leaped as a report at the University of London(Birkbeck)on Feb.9,2018,which the relevance of its problems beat real events in because the state of modern“utopianism”―the state of Utopus(USA),intended from the matrix of the British Empire,its tactics of violence―“occupy”(seizure of the“alien”)―has never changed.As in the case of Marks’s“capital”,the theory first followed,and then the practice of sabotage:a system of terrorist attacks,riots,revolutions,world and civil wars,and“Trojan terrorism”:bold attacks by international terrorists,sweeping away the principles and norms of any social treaty(Rousseau did not even dream of this sadness),the norms of law,ethics and morality,economic agreements(interstate agreements),including military demonstration of force,provocation of military conflicts,pirate antics,demarches of intimidation and blackmail,reviving the myth of the Trojan Horse and giving it the status of an“established order”:The norms that are accepted by the majority as“natural law”,as the natural course of things,contrary to common sense and universal human canons of being,legitimize treachery and deceit as the only one of possible and all probable ways of further development of human society―such are the“difficulties to the stars”:Without star wars,but by“occupy”,which allows us to conclude that“Trojan terrorism”is the sum of technologies aimed at seizure the land(habitable)by fraud,panic,and violence.

Trojan Terrorism as a Principate of Deception, Or in the Arms of the Terracotta Locust (Ethymological Wing Cases of Virtus): Part Ⅱ

“Trojan terrorism”leaped to the place and in time as an exhalation of bewilderment at the terrorist attacks in London last year,as a challenge to political manipulation,and jumped as the continuation of the topic of migration(the fundamental problem of modernity),as a creation of an internal conflict that multiplies the external conflict,in the theme of systemic instability-theoretical reasonableness of Deception,which destroys the system of contracts as a condition of the world order.My report at the University of London(Birkbeck)on Feb.9,2018,which was read in English,still not the latest direct evidence of the use of this scandalous method of“Trojan terrorism”—the defamation of the whole country(Russia),plus violation of territorial integrity,including and military attack,another country that lies on the other side of the ocean(Syria),and which is accused of not living by the rules(the“Absolute”method by Caesar),the relevance of its problems beat real events in because the state of modern“utopianism”-the state of Utopus(USA),intended from the matrix of the British Empire,its tactics of violence-“occupy”(seizure of the“alien”)-has never changed,and the March-April events in international politics are just another notch on this dead python,which is called“democratic values”.As in the case of Marks’s“Capital”,the theory first followed,and then the practice of sabotage:a system of terrorist attacks,riots,revolutions,world and civil wars,and“Trojan terrorism”:bold attacks by international terrorists,sweeping away the principles and norms of any social treaty(Rousseau did not even dream of this sadness),the norms of law,ethics and morality,economic agreements(interstate agreements),including military demonstration of force,provocation of military conflicts,pirate antics,demarches of intimidation and blackmail,reviving the myth of the Trojan Horse and giving it the status of an“established order”:the norms that are accepted by the majority as“natural law”,as the natural course of things,contrary to common sense and universal human canons of being,legitimize treachery and deceit as the only one of possible and all probable ways of further development of human society-such are the“difficulties to the stars”:without star wars,but by“occupy”,which allows us to conclude that“Trojan terrorism”is the sum of technologies aimed at seizure the land(habitable)by fraud,panic,and violence.

Awareness of the Potential Threat of Cyberterrorism to the National Security

The revolution of computing and networks could revolutionise terrorism in the same way that it has brought about changes in other aspects of life. The modern technological era has faced countries with a new set of security challenges. There are many states and potential adversaries, who have the potential and capacity in cyberspace, which makes them able to carry out cyber-attacks in the future. Some of them are currently conducting surveillance, gathering and analysis of technical information, and mapping of networks and nodes and infrastructure of opponents, which may be exploited in future conflicts. This paper uses qualitative data to develop a conceptual framework for awareness of cyberterrorism threat from the viewpoint of experts and security officials in critical infrastructure. Empirical data collected from in-depth interviews were analysed using grounded theory approach. This study applied to Saudi Arabia as a case study.

The Origins of the War on Terrorism Paradigm

It is now widely accepted among scholars that a new national security paradigm emerged in the United States after 9/11.This paradigm shift accompanied the George W.Bush administration’s declaration of a“global war on terror”and consisted of new interpretations of domestic and international law,new recognition of the threats posed by non-state actors,and a stated determination to eradicate threats everywhere before they emerged.Yet most scholarship has neglected examination of this paradigm’s origins.It became dominant after 9/11,but it did not originate then.Examination of these origins and the original context shows that the war on terrorism paradigm was not created in response to a catastrophic attack on the American“homeland”;rather it arose out of anxieties about U.S.capacity exert its will in the Third World.Its foundations were established long before its post-9/11 revival.This paper places these origins within the context of U.S.-Middle East relations in the 1980s.It reads together the public discourses of Lebanese Hizbullah and of U.S.Secretary of State George P.Shultz who,more than any other U.S.official,promulgated the justifications for the war on terrorism,to show that the notion of a jihad aimed at American power and of a war on terrorism had a basis in anxieties about the capacity of American power in the Middle East.The article uses the author’s original translation of the Hizbullah’s 1985“Open Letter to the Oppressed”alongside George Shultz’s public pronouncements between the start of the U.S.intervention in Lebanon in 1982 and the climax of the Iran-Contra scandal.It argues that provocations of the war on terrorism and the war on terrorism itself emerged out of emotions connected to the efficacy of American power in the Middle East.

The Counterterrorism Mechanism Integrated into Human Rights

Through investigation and analysis of the counterterrorism operations carried out both at home and abroad,we can draw some initial conclusions on their effectiveness.By its very nature,counterterrorism should be recognized as an integral part of human rights rather than a legal or political mechanism apart from human rights.The serious conflict between the counterterrorism measures and other human rights protection measures results from the scarcity of resources,to which different countries and international community should pay serious attention.Counterterrorism measures should both advance with the times and fully leverage modern technological means.The development idea of a community with a shared future for human beings helps us identify the development direction and fundamental principles of the counterterrorism system.

Epidemiology of civilian blast injuries inflicted by terrorist bombings from 1970-2016

An upsurge of terrorist activity has occurred in the past two decades. As part of this, explosive devices continue to be extensively deployed against civilians in wide-ranging environments. Bombings remain the leading worldwide cause of civilian fatalities due to terrorism. This demands an understanding of modern terrorist bombing trends to inform mitigation strategy. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence and severity of bombings against civilian targets in diverse attack settings, and to establish corresponding blast injury profiles. Data was obtained from analysis of the Global Terrorism Database(GTD) and a meta-analysis of blast injury data derived from the PubMed database. Closed environment explosions were associated with significantly greater(p<0.05) mortality than in open spaces. The injury profiles were found to be influenced by attack setting, with higher rates of primary injury on trains and buses, and secondary injury in open space.

Using the Haddon matrix to explore medical response strategies for terrorist subway bombings

Background:Since the 1970 s,terrorist bombings in subways have been frequently occurring worldwide.To cope with this threat and to provide medical response countermeasures,we analyzed the characteristics of subway bombing terrorist attacks and used the Haddon matrix to explore medical response strategies.Methods:First,we analyzed 111 subway bombings from 1970 to 2017 recorded in the Global Terrorism Database to provide a reference for the strategy exploration.Then,we convened an expert panel to use the Haddon matrix to explore the medical response strategies to subway bombings.Results:In recent decades,at least one bombing attack occurs every 3 years.Summarized by the Haddon matrix,the influencing factors of medical responses to conventional subway bombings include the adequacy of first-aid kits and the medical evacuation equipment,the traffic conditions affecting the evacuation,the continuity and stability of communication,as well as the factors exclusively attributed to dirty bomb attacks in subways,such as ionizing radiation protection capabilities,the structure of the radiation sickness treatment network based on the subway lines,and the disposal of radioactive sewage.These factors form the basis of the strategy discussion.Conclusions:Since subway bombings are long-term threats,it is necessary to have proper medical response preparation.Based on the Haddon matrix,we explored the medical response strategies for terrorist subway bombings,especially dirty bomb attacks.Haddon matrix can help policymakers systematically find the most important factors,which makes the preparations of the response more efficient.

Terrorist Networks, Network Energy and Node Removal: A New Measure of Centrality Based on Laplacian Energy

In this work we propose a centrality measure for networks, which we refer to as Laplacian centrality, that provides a general framework for the centrality of a vertex based on the idea that the importance (or centrality) of a vertex is related to the ability of the network to respond to the deactivation or removal of that vertex from the network. In particular, the Laplacian centrality of a vertex is defined as the relative drop of Laplacian energy caused by the deactivation of this vertex. The Laplacian energy of network G with?n?vertices is defined as , where ?is the eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix of G. Other dynamics based measures such as that of Masuda and Kori and PageRank compute the importance of a node by analyzing the way paths pass through a node while our measure captures this information as well as the way these paths are “redistributed” when the node is deleted. The validity and robustness of this new measure are illustrated on two different terrorist social network data sets and 84 networks in James Moody’s Add Health in school friendship nomination data, and is compared with other standard centrality measures.

Risk Acceptability and Cost-Effectiveness of Protective Measures Against Terrorist Threats to Built Infrastructure Considering Multiple Threat Scenarios

Decisions are often needed about the need and/or extent of protective measures against explosive blast loads on built infrastructure. A decision support analysis considers fatality risks and cost-effectiveness of protective measures expressed in terms of expected cost spent on risk reduction per life saved for terrorist threats to infrastructure. The analysis is applicable to any item of infrastructure, but in this paper is applied to casualties arising from building facade glazing damage. Risks may be compared with risk acceptance criteria in the form of quantitative safety goals. The risk acceptability and cost-effectiveness of protective measures includes cost of the protective measures, attack probability,reduction in risk due to protective measures,probability of fatality conditional on successful terrorist attack and number of exposed individuals.

The Impact of the Collapse of the IS on the Environment of International Terrorism

Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and its so-called capital Raqqa in Syria besieged. The visible"Caliphate"of the IS is breaking up with an obvious trend of declining, which will return to a normal terrorist group from a new-type and semi-militarized terrorist organization with an independent army, territories and administrative systems. Such a change will bring about new uncertainties to the IS itself and the environment of international terrorism. For some time to come in the future, how to cope with the impact brought about by such a change of the IS will become a major issue of the international community.

U.S. Financial War on Terrorism vs. International Financial System

After September 11 events, America has launched a worldwide financial war against terrorism with a series of farreaching measures. It is not only confined to combating international terrorist activities, but will also exert great

Trojan Terrorism:Revenge Colonists or Condition of Evolution？ （To the Problem ＂Your/Alien＂）

Thinking about the problem of terrorism, the author finds its origins in the myth of the Trojan War, treating it as a battle for space, which was the primary basis for the civilizational leap--the expansion of the Greek world to the east, which led to the flourishing of Greek culture, creating a precedent of justified colonialism, provided strategy and tactics-the causal apology of violence-all subsequent wars, colonial campaigns, which was no exception for the migratory flows of the XX century, as a result of which the word ＂terrorism＂ sounded with by force of the song of B. Brecht. The theme of ＂space＂-chucked away, lost, taken away, destroyed, compressed, anarchic, empty, boundless, virtual-remains vital in our time, when the limitless possibilities lead to the limitation of man himself, his emptiness, and ＂complete shortuess＂ （Platonov）, when the treaty as the basis of human existence is rejected, and when you become the Other yourself. The metaphysics of ＂violence＂ is buried in anthropology-in ignorance of one＇s limits by man, in denying the boundaries of ＂another＇s,＂ in unwillingness to ask a question mad find the answer, in laziness and, in fact, in the loss of oneself.

Culturally sanctioned suicide:Euthanasia,seppuku,and terrorist martyrdom

Suicide is one of the greatest concerns in psychiatric practice, with considerable efforts devoted to prevention. The psychiatric view of suicide tends to equate it with depression or other forms of mental illness. However, some forms of suicide occur independently of mental illness and within a framework of cultural sanctioning such that they aren't regarded as suicide at all. Despitepersistent taboos against suicide, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the context of terminal illness is increasingly accepted as a way to preserve autonomy and dignity in the West. Seppuku, the ancient samurai ritual of suicide by self-stabbing, was long considered an honorable act of self-resolve such that despite the removal of cultural sanctioning, the rate of suicide in Japan remains high with suicide masquerading as seppuku still carried out both there and abroad. Suicide as an act of murder and terrorism is a practice currently popular with Islamic militants who regard it as martyrdom in the context of war. The absence of mental illness and the presence of cultural sanctioning do not mean that suicide should not be prevented. Culturally sanctioned suicide must be understood in terms of the specific motivations that underlie the choice of death over life. Efforts to prevent culturally sanctioned suicide must focus on alternatives to achieve similar ends and must ultimately be implemented within cultures to remove the sanctioning of self-destructive acts.

Prediction of Extremist Behaviour and Suicide Bombing from Terrorism Contents Using Supervised Learning

This study proposes an architecture for the prediction of extremist human behaviour from projected suicide bombings.By linking‘dots’of police data comprising scattered information of people,groups,logistics,locations,communication,and spatiotemporal characters on different social media groups,the proposed architecture will spawn beneficial information.This useful information will,in turn,help the police both in predicting potential terrorist events and in investigating previous events.Furthermore,this architecture will aid in the identification of criminals and their associates and handlers.Terrorism is psychological warfare,which,in the broadest sense,can be defined as the utilisation of deliberate violence for economic,political or religious purposes.In this study,a supervised learning-based approach was adopted to develop the proposed architecture.The dataset was prepared from the suicide bomb blast data of Pakistan obtained from the South Asia Terrorism Portal(SATP).As the proposed architecture was simulated,the supervised learning-based classifiers na飗e Bayes and Hoeffding Tree reached 72.17%accuracy.One of the additional benefits this study offers is the ability to predict the target audience of potential suicide bomb blasts,which may be used to eliminate future threats or,at least,minimise the number of casualties and other property losses.

On Uzbekistan's Experience Countering Religious Extremism and Terrorism

Since the first years of independence,Uzbekistan began to develop and implement a policy of countering religious extremism and addressing the ideological basis of terrorism.Taking into consideration the complexity of this problem,Uzbekistan is comprehensively combating expressions of extremism and terrorism.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM:NEW TRENDS

New trends have surfaced in a variety of international struggles and contradic-tions coupled with marked alternations in their manifestations since the end ofthe Cold War.Similarly.international terrorism as a peculiar phenomenon in con-temporary world politics has also been spreading with some new characteristicsmainly in the following aspects.