Cost-Effective Monitoring of the Fuel Air Equivalence-Ratio with a Lambda Sensor and a Microcontroller in a Downdraft Biomass Gasifier

The operation of biomass treatment devices such as gasifiers is based on the control of key parameters that play an important role in product formation. These include: temperature, excess oxygen, relative humidity and biomass composition. This work focuses on excess oxygen and temperature. Unfortunately, flue gas oxygen analyzers are expensive and not accessible to small industries. However, the equivalence ratio is linked to excess oxygen and has the advantage of not depending on biomass composition. This study therefore focuses on the design and development of a device for controlling this equivalence ratio by measuring oxygen concentration using a self-propelled Lambda probe, and a system for monitoring this equivalence ratio using an Arduino Uno 3 microcontroller. The temperature is recorded with an accuracy of ±1.5°C. For a heating time of 10 minutes, the response time to temperature change is around 3 seconds, which is sufficient for the device to function properly. This simple device is an efficient and cost-effective means of checking the equivalence ratio.

基于密封特性的弹簧金属C形环结构参数优化

C形环在密封过程中存在低应力区,这些区域难以保证密封可靠性,因此研究C形环密封特性时,需要分析有效接触应力和区域。选取外径为318 mm的C形环为研究对象,利用等效壁厚代替螺旋弹簧丝径,建立C形环等效模型,通过压缩回弹试验验证了模型的合理性。利用有限元方法研究银层厚度、包覆层厚度以及等效壁厚(弹簧丝径)对C形环密封性能的影响。结果表明:银层表面有效接触宽度随着银层厚度、包覆层厚度的增加而增大,有效接触应力随银层厚度、包覆层厚度的增加而减小,等效壁厚的增加可同时增加有效接触宽度和有效接触应力。采用正交试验对C形环的结构参数进行优化设计。结果表明:银层厚度和等效壁厚对有效接触应力和有效接触宽度影响显著。C形环最优设计方案为银层厚度0.2 mm,包覆层厚度0.5 mm,弹簧丝径3.1 mm,泄漏率试验结果表明,优化后C形环具有更好的密封性能。

EQUIVALENCES BETWEEN BLOCH TYPE SPACES AND BMO SPACES ON THE HYPERBOLIC DOmAINS IN C

For an analytic function f on the hyperbolic domain Ω in C,the following conclusions are obtained: (i)f∈B(Ω)=BMOA(Ω,m)if and only if Ref∈B(?)(Ω)=BMOH(Ω,m).(ii)QB_h(Ω)=B_h(Ω) (BMOH,(Ω,m)=BMOH(Ω,m)if and only if C(Ω)=inf{Z_o(z)·δ_o(z)·z≡Ω}>0,Also some applica- lions to automorphic function are considered.

Energy Electromagnetic Force Equivalence, <i>E = F_ex r</i>

By combing the mass energy equivalence formula, E=mc2, with the speed of light and gravity formula, , a new equation for energy is derived. The Energy Electromagnetic Force Equivalence is used to explain the rotational torque of the stars, planets, and galaxy. A greater understanding of the universe is achieved with a simple mathematical expression. Nuclear energy from the Sun is converted to an electrical force which pervades the universe and gives the bodies within it, rotational motion. It is a macro equation for action at a distance. The equation suggests that nuclear energy and electromagnetic force is one of the most basic equations of the universe. It is proposed that there is only one all-encompassing force of the universe, the electromagnetic force.

制粒工艺对AgWC(12)C(3)电触头材料性能的影响

采用化学包覆法制备AgWC(12)C(3)混合粉,再分别采用烧粉制粒、掺胶制粒和干法制粒将混合粉制粒,使粉体获得一定的流动性,通过初压—烧结—复压—退火—再复压制备出AgWC(12)C(3)电触头材料。测试材料的电阻率、抗弯强度等关键特性,研究了制粒工艺对AgWC(12)C(3)电触头材料力学物理性能以及使用寿命的影响。研究结果表明:干法制粒能明显降低材料的电阻率,提高材料的抗弯强度和使用寿命;与烧粉制粒相比,电阻率降低9.7%,抗弯强度提高了23%,电寿命提高了78%以上。

基于COMSOL的钢结构连接板接触面积的检测

借助COMSOL有限元仿真软件建模,通过改变接触面的接触半径,将接触面积率作为设计参数,并在瞬时激励下激发应力波,使结构表面的压电片产生电压信号。通过分析电压信号得到应力波在不同接触面积率下的透射系数R,采用最小二乘法拟合得到接触面积率与等效刚度的关系,并结合应力波通过接触面的透射系数的解析解,测定真实接触面积。将此方法应用于钢结构柱节点连接板接触面积检测中,接触面积率检测的绝对误差在0.06%~4.75%,证明了此方法的有效性。

An Analysis of Problematic C-E Translations of Signs in Light of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory

Based on Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory,this article makes an analysis of the problems in C-E translations ofsigns in China.The author will discuss respectively the problematic C-E translations from two respects:1)not being equivalent tosource-language message,and 2)not being natural for target language.If translators work hard with the help of Nida’s functionalequivalence theory,the defects and imperfections will be discovered,and standard signs in English will be read more and more inpublic places.

Experimental investigation of high temperature thermal contact resistance with interface material

Thermal contact resistance plays a very important role in heat transfer efficiency and thermomechanical coupling response between two materials,and a common method to reduce the thermal contact resistance is to fill a soft interface material between these two materials.A testing system of high temperature thermal contact resistance based on INSTRON 8874 is established in the present paper,which can achieve 600 C at the interface.Based on this system,the thermal contact resistance between superalloy GH600 material and three-dimensional braid C/C composite material is experimentally investigated,under different interface pressures,interface roughnesses and temperatures,respectively.At the same time,the mechanism of reducing the thermal contact resistance with carbon fiber sheet as interface material is experimentally investigated.Results show that the present testing system is feasible in the experimental research of high temperature thermal contact resistance.

Annealing temperature influence on the degree of inhomogeneity of the Schottky barrier in Ti/4H–SiC contacts

Tung＇s model was used to analyze anomalies observed in Ti/Si C Schottky contacts. The degree of the inhomogeneous Schottky barrier after annealing at different temperatures is characterized by the ‘T0anomaly＇ and the difference（△Φ）between the uniformly high barrier height（Φ0B） and the effective barrier height（Φeff B）. Those two parameters of Ti Schottky contacts on 4H–Si C were deduced from I–V measurements in the temperature range of 298 K–503 K. The increase in Schottky barrier（SB） height（ΦB） and decrease in the ideality factor（n） with an increase measurement temperature indicate the presence of an inhomogeneous SB. The degree of inhomogeneity of the Schottky barrier depends on the annealing temperature, and it is at its lowest for 500-°C thermal treatment. The degree of inhomogeneity of the SB could reveal effects of thermal treatments on Schottky contacts in other aspects.

VERSAL UNFOLDING OF EQUIVARIANT BIFURCATION PROBLEMS IN MORE GENERAL CASE UNDER TWO EQUIVALENT GROUPS

For the unfolding of equivariant bifurcation problems with two types of state variables in the presence of parameter symmetry,the versal unfolding theorem with respect to left-right equivalence is obtained by using the related methods and techniques in the singularity theory of smooth map-germs.The corresponding results in[4,9]can be considered as its special cases.A relationship between the versal unfolding w.r.t.left-right equivalence and the versal deformation w.r.t.contact equivalence is established.

Influence Predictions of Contact Effects on Mesh Stiffness of Face Gear Drives with Spur Gear

Mesh stiffness is one of important base parameters of face gear dynamic studies.However,a calculation solution of mesh stiffness of face gear drives is not to be constructed due to complex geometric flakes of face gear teeth.Thus,a calculation solution of mesh stiffness of face gear drives with a spur gear,which is based on the proposed equivalent face gear teeth and Ishikawa model,is constructed,and the influence of contact effects on mesh stiffness of face gear drives is investigated.The results indicate the mesh stiffness of face gear drives is sensitive to contact effects under heavy loaded operating conditions,specially.These contributions will benefit to improve dynamic studies of face gear drives.

基于温度场的C/SiC复合材料短电弧放电加工等效热源研究

针对C/SiC复合材料放电加工仿真普遍采用高斯热源,忽略间隙弧柱热效应的问题,文章以放电过程的热效应进行两部分等效。采用椭球体热源等效电弧弧柱,高斯面热源等效工件表面热效应,从平行和垂直于碳纤维两个方向进行温度场仿真,对比传统高斯热源与等效热源,并通过实验进行验证。结果表明:运用新型等效热源仿真,得到的凹坑尺寸比传统高斯热源更加接近实验加工的尺寸,预测精确度提高20%。

MoS2-Based Photodetectors Powered by Asymmetric Contact Structure with Large Work Function Difference

Self-powered devices are widely used in the detection and sensing fields.Asymmetric metal contacts provide an effective way to obtain self-powered devices.Finding two stable metallic electrode materials with large work function differences is the key to obtain highly efficient asymmetric metal contacts structures.However,common metal electrode materials have similar and high work functions,making it difficult to form an asymmetric contacts structure with a large work function difference.Herein,Mo2C crystals with low work function(3.8 eV) was obtained by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method.The large work function difference between Mo2C and Au allowed us to synthesize an efficient Mo2C/MoS2/Au photodetector with asymmetric metal contact structure,which enables light detection without external electric power.We believe that this novel device provides a new direcfor the design of miniature self-powered photodetectors.These results also highlight the great potential of ultrathin Mo2C prepared by CVD in heterojunction device applications.

Calculating method of contact stress for non-circular gears

According to Hertz theory, the difference of contact stress for non-circular gears and equivalent gears is compared in the paper, a calculating method of contact stress for non-circular gears by using equivalent gears is researched, and computing formulas of power and rotation speed for equivalent gears are deduced. A numerical simulation of contact stress for non-circular gears has also been conducted based on the finite element method. By the comparison of fitting curves, the feasibility of using equivalent gears instead of non-circular gears to calculate the contact stress is testified.

MoS_(2)-C异质复合薄膜的真空超滑行为及其机制研究

采用闭合场非平衡磁控溅射技术制备了MoS_(2)-C异质复合薄膜,利用多环境可控摩擦试验机测试了薄膜在真空环境中的摩擦学性能,通过拉曼光谱仪(Raman)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征手段分析了薄膜摩擦前后结构的变化,探讨了超润滑机理.结果表明:复合薄膜呈现致密的“纳米晶/非晶”结构,在真空中具有优异的摩擦学性能,保持了超低摩擦系数(0.006~0.009)和磨损率[1.026×10^(-7)mm^(3)/(N·m)],达到了超润滑状态.摩擦过程中碳选择性转移到钢球表面形成非晶碳转移层,薄膜磨痕表面形成有序的MoS_(2)(002)晶面,摩擦发生在MoS_(2)有序晶体和非晶碳转移膜之间,形成非公度异质接触,降低摩擦系数实现超润滑.钢球/MoS_(2)-Ti、a-C:H/MoS_(2)-Ti摩擦配副在相同条件下的不同摩擦行为,也证明了上述超润滑机理.

Application of Sodium Ion Sensor Based on the SnO_2/ITO Glass in the Detection of Rinsing Solution for Contact Lenses

This paper presents the studying results of the sodium ion sensor device based on the SnO_2/ITO glass structure in the detection of rinsing solution for contact lenses.The selective membrane contains poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC),bis (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS),(12-crown-4) methylmalonate (B12C4),and sodium tetrakis (4-fluoropbenyl) borate dehydrate (NaTFBD). The final weight ratios are PVC:DOS:B12C4:NaTFBD=33:66:2:2.In this condition,the sensor has performances with linear sensitivity,short response time,good repeatability and selectivity.The sensor was used to measure the rinsing solution for the contact lenses.Because the experimental results show close to the accurate value for four commercial products,this sensor can preliminary be used in detecting the rinsing solution for the contact lenses.Using this structure and sodium-sensing membrane to construct the sodium sensor is proven successfully in this application.

C型电枢-轨道初始接触特性分析

针对C型电磁发射器的结构特点,设计了基于过盈配合的电枢-轨道初始接触有限元模型,对发射装置进行装配并分别进行结构和电磁-结构分析,选取电枢臂路径a、b,探究了电枢臂不同过盈量对电枢始接触特性的影响。分析研究了发射装置通入不同电流时对电枢应力、接触压强的影响规律。结果表明,改变电枢过盈量、电流的大小只影响接触参数的大小,没有改变其变化规律,电枢-轨道装置初始阶段所需的预紧力是由电枢臂的过盈量所决定的。

Pressure-mediated contact quality improvement between monolayer MoS_2 and graphite

Two-dimensional(2D) materials and their heterostructures have attracted a lot of attention due to their unique electronic and optical properties. MoS_2 as the most typical 2D semiconductors has great application potential in thin film transistors, photodetector, hydrogen evolution reaction, memory device, etc. However, the performance of MoS_2 devices is limited by the contact resistance and the improvement of its contact quality is important. In this work, we report the experimental investigation of pressure-enhanced contact quality between monolayer MoS_2 and graphite by conductive atom force microscope(C-AFM). It was found that at high pressure, the contact quality between graphite and MoS_2 is significantly improved. This pressure-mediated contact quality improvement between MoS_2 and graphite comes from the enhanced charge transfer between MoS_2 and graphite when MoS_2 is stretched. Our results provide a new way to enhance the contact quality between MoS_2 and graphite for further applications.

大功率PEMFC装配建模及应力状态分析

大功率质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)由数百个部件层叠装配而成,特征尺度跨度大、接触界面多,难以高效准确预测内部应力分布状态。提出大功率PEMFC电堆装配等效模型,通过交替堆叠10只电池等效体和全尺寸单体电池,实现超400只电堆反应区和密封区应力分布的高效计算。与实验相比,等效模型的预测误差为5.17%。等效模型计算发现,受端板变形的影响,靠近端板的单体电池内部接触压力均匀性较差;当靠近堆心时,单体电池接触压力均匀性提升,反应区压力变大,密封区压力变小。增加端板弹性模量和流道脊槽比,可提升单体电池内部压力均匀性及电池间的应力一致性。

考虑CFRP与混凝土动态界面特性的RC柱抗爆响应动力分析

为了研究CFRP加固钢筋混凝土柱的抗爆特性,基于CFRP与混凝土界面强度细观分析方法和LS-DYNA中的接触算法,提出了能够反映CFRP与混凝土界面动态粘结破坏特性的界面接触模型参数确定方法,分析了爆炸荷载作用下CFRP加固RC柱的动力响应特征和破坏过程及模式,揭示了其失效破坏机理,结果表明:爆炸荷载作用下,单向和双向CFRP布加固可以分别降低RC柱柱中峰值水平位移11%和33%,分别降低塑性位移10%和72%,在混凝土柱塑性区包裹CFRP布,效果最为明显;与单层加固相比,双层加固RC柱的峰值位移和塑性位移分别降低了16.7%和42.8%;考虑到经济性,RC柱抗爆加固建议采用分布式加固。