3D Modeling and Estimation of the Tonnage of the Granite Quarry of Linguésso (North-West of Côte d’Ivoire) by Electrical Methods

A survey and evaluation was carried out on a potential granitoid quarry site in the locality of Linguésso (North West of Ivory Coast) with the aim of identifying and estimating the quantity of exploitable granite based on the electrical resistivity methods. The combination of electrical trailing, sounding and tomography techniques allowed the determination of the characteristics of the rock deposit, namely the electrical signature (between 19,259 Ωm and 86,316 Ωm), the extension (N90°), the rooting (between 0 and 45 m) and the fracturing (between N14° and N160°) of the granitic formation sought. The modeling resulted in an estimated mineable rock volume of 2,936,250 m3 providing a production quantity of 7,927,875 tonnes.

Cavity 3D modeling and correlative techniques based on cavity monitoring

According to the mining method for Dongguashan Copper Mine and Tongkeng Mine in China, and with the help of the cavity monitoring system（CMS） and mining software Surpac, the 3D cavity models were established exactly. A series of correlative techniques for calculating stope over-excavation and under-excavation, stope dilution and ore loss rates, and the blasting design of the pillar with complicated irregular boundaries were developed. These techniques were applied in Dongguashan Copper Mine and Tongkeng Mine successfully. Using these techniques, the dilution rates of stopes 52-2^#, 52-6^#, 52-8^#and 52-10^# of Dongguashan Copper Mine are calculated to be 2.12%, 8.46%, 12-67% and 10.68%, respectively, and the ore loss rates of stopes 52-6^# and 5-8^# are 4.41% and 3.70%, severally. Furthermore, according to the design accomplished by the technique for a pillar of Tongkeng Mine with irregular boundary, the volume, total length of boreholes and the dynamite quantity of the pillar are computed to be 1.2 ×10^4 m^3, 2.98 km and 10.97 t, correspondingly.

Building Information Modeling-Based Secondary Development System for 3D Modeling of Underground Pipelines

Underground pipeline networks constitute a major component of urban infrastructure,and thus,it is imperative to have an efficient mechanism to manage them.This study introduces a secondary development system to efficiently model underground pipeline networks,using the building information modeling(BIM)-based software Revit.The system comprises separate pipe point and tubulation models.Using a Revit application programming interface(API),the spatial position and attribute data of the pipe points are extracted from a pipeline database,and the corresponding tubulation data are extracted from a tubulation database.Using the Family class in Revit API,the cluster in the self-built library of pipe point is inserted into the spatial location and the attribute data is added;in the same way,all pipeline instances in the pipeline system are created.The extension and localization of the model accelerated the modeling speed.The system was then used in a real construction project.The expansion of the model database and rapid modeling made the application of BIM technology in three-dimensional visualization of underground pipeline networks more convenient.Furthermore,it has applications in pipeline engineering construction and management.

Integrating deep learning and logging data analytics for lithofacies classification and 3D modeling of tight sandstone reservoirs

The lithofacies classification is essential for oil and gas reservoir exploration and development.The traditional method of lithofacies classification is based on"core calibration logging"and the experience of geologists.This approach has strong subjectivity,low efficiency,and high uncertainty.This uncertainty may be one of the key factors affecting the results of 3 D modeling of tight sandstone reservoirs.In recent years,deep learning,which is a cutting-edge artificial intelligence technology,has attracted attention from various fields.However,the study of deep-learning techniques in the field of lithofacies classification has not been sufficient.Therefore,this paper proposes a novel hybrid deep-learning model based on the efficient data feature-extraction ability of convolutional neural networks(CNN)and the excellent ability to describe time-dependent features of long short-term memory networks(LSTM)to conduct lithological facies-classification experiments.The results of a series of experiments show that the hybrid CNN-LSTM model had an average accuracy of 87.3%and the best classification effect compared to the CNN,LSTM or the three commonly used machine learning models(Support vector machine,random forest,and gradient boosting decision tree).In addition,the borderline synthetic minority oversampling technique(BSMOTE)is introduced to address the class-imbalance issue of raw data.The results show that processed data balance can significantly improve the accuracy of lithofacies classification.Beside that,based on the fine lithofacies constraints,the sequential indicator simulation method is used to establish a three-dimensional lithofacies model,which completes the fine description of the spatial distribution of tight sandstone reservoirs in the study area.According to this comprehensive analysis,the proposed CNN-LSTM model,which eliminates class imbalance,can be effectively applied to lithofacies classification,and is expected to improve the reality of the geological model for the tight sandstone reservoirs.

3D modeling of geological anomalies based on segmentation of multiattribute fusion

3D modeling of geological bodies based on 3D seismic data is used to define the shape and volume of the bodies, which then can be directly applied to reservoir prediction, reserve estimation, and exploration. However, multiattributes are not effectively used in 3D modeling. To solve this problem, we propose a novel method for building of 3D model of geological anomalies based on the segmentation of multiattribute fusion. First, we divide the seismic attributes into edge- and region-based seismic attributes. Then, the segmentation model incorporating the edge- and region-based models is constructed within the levelset- based framework. Finally, the marching cubes algorithm is adopted to extract the zero level set based on the segmentation results and build the 3D model of the geological anomaly. Combining the edge-and region-based attributes to build the segmentation model, we satisfy the independence requirement and avoid the problem of insufficient data of single seismic attribute in capturing the boundaries of geological anomalies. We apply the proposed method to seismic data from the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China and obtain 3D models of caves and channels. Compared with 3D models obtained based on single seismic attributes, the results are better agreement with reality.

Survey of 3D modeling using depth cameras

Three-dimensional(3D)modeling is an important topic in computer graphics and computer vision.In recent years,the introduction of consumer-grade depth cameras has resulted in profound advances in 3D modeling.Starting with the basic data structure,this survey reviews the latest developments of 3D modeling based on depth cameras,including research works on camera tracking,3D object and scene reconstruction,and high-quality texture reconstruction.We also discuss the future work and possible solutions for 3D modeling based on the depth camera.

Urban 3D modeling using mobile laser scanning:a review

Mobile laser scanning(MLS)systems mainly comprise laser scanners and mobile mapping platforms.Typical MLS systems can acquire three-dimensional point clouds with 1-10cm point spacings at a normal driving or walking speed in streets or indoor environments.The efficiency and stability of these systems make them extremely useful for application in three-dimensional urban modeling.This paper reviews the latest advances of the LiDAR-based mobile mapping system(MMS)point cloud in the field of 3D modeling,including LiDAR simultaneous localization and mapping,point cloud registration,feature extraction,object extraction,semantic segmentation,and processing using deep learning.Furthermore,typical urban modeling applications based on MMS are also discussed.

Disharmonious Ventricular Relationship and Topology for the Given Atrioventricular Connections.Contemporary Diagnostic Approach Using 3D Modeling and Printing

In the last issue,two case reports separately present examples of the extremely rare and complex congenital heart diseases that show concordant atrioventricular connections to the L-looped ventricles in the presence of situs solitus.Both cases highlight that the relationship between the two ventricles within the ventricular mass is not always harmonious with the given atrioventricular connection.Such disharmony between the connections and relationships requires careful assessment of the three basic facets of cardiac building blocks,namely their morphology,the relationship of their component parts,and their connections with the adjacent segments.3D imaging and printing can now facilitate an otherwise difficult diagnosis in such complex situations.Rotation of either the 3D images or the models permit accurate assessment of the ventricular topologic pattern by creating the right ventricular en-face septal view,thus facilitating placement of the observer’s hands.As we now emphasize,an alternative approach,which might prove more attractive to imagers,is to rotate the ventricular mass to provide the ventricular apical view,thus permitting determination of the ventricular relationship without using the hands.

Digital 3D Modeling of Whole Garment Based on Structure Illumination

With the coming of information age and the development of computer science, digitalization of whole garment is becoming more and more important. The surface of whole garment is sequent and glossy so that it is lack of the texture characteristic which is the key of digital 3D modeling. According to this reason, the structure illumination is steered into a method of this paper. The paper proposes the method by which 3D model of whole garment is created from 2D image sequences directly but not by the common techniques using general CAD model. In the paper the structure illumination is generated by the slide projector and the modeling of whole garment is based on the strict theory of the digital photogrammetry, computer vision and image processing pattern recognition. Because whole garment is lack of the applicable texture for matching, the characteristic texture generated by the structure illumination is added onto the surface of whole garment. After the characteristic texture is extracted from images and is matched well, 3D coordinates of the characteristic texture can be calculated out by the space forward intersection. Then the whole garment model is acquired by connecting all neighhour space points in the TIN and rendering the real texture of whole garment automatically. The 3D modeling method is untouched so that it is nondestructive which is just suitable for the messaline and the clothing. The method of whole garment 3D modeling proposed in the paper is flexible, effective and practical, which is confirmed by the results of the reconstructing experiments.

Underwater Recording and 3D Modeling during a Dive Training Course： A Case Study at Panormos, Skopelos, Greece

In the field of underwater survey, there is a variety of methods which differ from each other in terms of the operating environment and the purpose that each method is used. Hence, some of the state-of-the-art methods, that have many applications in the various scientific fields nowadays, are introduced in this paper. Additionally, the application of the procedures for an underwater survey in shallow depths is analyzed in accordance with the training standards of the PADI Underwater Survey Diver distinctive specialty. The main goal is to demonstrate not only the theoretical background of underwater surveys but also their operational issues, in order to facilitate the development of knowledge and skills during a training course. Finally, a case study for the recording and 3D modeling of the seabeds＇ morphology in shallow water is presented as it has been organized and accomplished by the participants of such a training course. By this way, it is expected that the reader will understand explicitly the application of the procedures prior, during and after the dive for an underwater survey in shallow depths.

Research on the Computer and 3D Modeling and Printing Technology with the Applications on Modem Civil Engineering

In this paper, we conduct research on the computer and 3D modeling technology with the applications on the modem civil engineering. Civil engineering is an important technology of the people to transform nature, the civil engineering in the actual construction technology for the human production and living provides a favorable safeguard and production needs, the human life has very important significance. After years of development and practice, in today＇ s society, civil engineering has become a comprehensive discipline, with multiple branches, played an indispensable role in all aspects. And after years of development and technological innovation, civil engineering technology not only has improved, but also spawned many other technologies have great effect on the human production and living. Our research starts from the general analysis on the corresponding issues with the general applications that are innovative.

Alternative 3D Modeling Approaches Based on Complex Multi-Source Geological Data Interpretation

Due to the complex nature of multi-source geological data, it is difficult to rebuild every geological structure through a single 3D modeling method. The multi-source data interpretation method put forward in this analysis is based on a database-driven pattern and focuses on the discrete and irregular features of geological data. The geological data from a variety of sources covering a range of accuracy, resolution, quantity and quality are classified and integrated according to their reliability and consistency for 3D modeling. The new interpolation-approximation fitting construction algorithm of geological surfaces with the non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) technique is then presented. The NURBS technique can retain the balance among the requirements for accuracy, surface continuity and data storage of geological structures. Finally, four alternative 3D modeling approaches are demonstrated with reference to some examples, which are selected according to the data quantity and accuracy specification. The proposed approaches offer flexible modeling patterns for different practical engineering demands.

The Design of Desk Lamp on 3D Modeling based on Solidworks

This paper introduces the solidworks design flow, design methods and design principles of desk lamp. And we use the ergonomics principle, analysis the function of each part of the lamp, and analyses the design of lamp components, to meet user needs in the bedroom, do practical, human nature and convenient lamp. The application shows that the use of this software can make easier the realization of the design of the parts with complex shape, raise the design efficiency, optimize the product structure and save the cost.

The Comparison of Different Degree of Convexity and 3D Modeling of Involute Hyperbolic Arch Dam

Because of good quality of compressive resistance, the hyperbolic arch dam is being increasingly applied to engineering projects. In order to satisfy the needs of compressive resistance under the conditions of high water pressure, a stress analysis is required for the dam. During the stress analysis process however, due to the complexity of the three-dimensional modeling, it is very hard to form a model. Therefore, the stress analysis process is a barrier for the arch dam. In this article, based on the research of the new line-type arch dam, a mathematical model in different degree of convexity conditions of the dam is established; using the C ＋ ＋ language program, a computer three-dimensional model simulation is realized on AutoCAD. The accurate three-dimensional model is providing a finite element optimization design of the involute hyperbolic arch dam for the next step.

Several Strategies on 3D Modeling of Manmade Objects

Several different strategies of 3D modeling are a do pted for different kinds of manmade objects. Firstly, for those manmade objects with regular structure, if 2D information is available and elevation information can be obtained conveniently, then 3D modeling of them can be executed directly . Secondly, for those manmade objects with complicated structure comparatively a nd related stereo images pair can be acquired, in the light of topology-based 3 D model we finish 3D modeling of them by integrating automatic and semi-automat ic object extraction. Thirdly, for the most complicated objects whose geometrica l information cannot be got from stereo images pair completely, we turn to topol ogical 3D model based on CAD.

Super-resolution amplification of bitmap images based on 3D modeling theory

As a general format of the image,bitmap(BMP)image has wide applications,and consequently it is an important part of image processing.By segmenting the bitmap and combining the three-dimesional(3D)model of the discrete algorithm with the scanning line compensation algorithm,a mathematical model is built.According to the topological relations between several control points on the model surface,the surface of the model is discretized,and a planar triangle sequence is used to describe 3D objects.Finally,the bitmap is enlarged by combining the borrowing compensation based on 3D modeling principle of discrete algorithm with the scanning line compensation algorithm of binary lattice image,thus getting a relatively clear enlarged BMP image.

Searching for Novel Targets to Control Wheat Head Blight Disease—I-Protein Identification, 3D Modeling and Virtual Screening

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat and other cereals. FHB occurs in Europe, North America and around the world causing significant losses in production and endangers human and animal health. In this article, we provide the strategic steps for the specific target selection for the phytopathogen system wheat-Fusarium graminearum. The economic impact of FHB leads to the need for innovation. Currently used fungicides have been shown to be effective over the years, but recently cereal infecting Fusaria have developed resistance. Our work presents a new perspective on target selection to allow the development of new fungicides. We developed an innovative approach combining both genomic analysis and molecular modeling to increase the discovery for new chemical compounds with both safety and low environmental impact. Our protein targets selection revealed 13 candidates with high specificity, essentiality and potentially assayable with a favorable accessibility to drug activity. Among them, three proteins: trichodiene synthase, endoglucanase-5 and ERG6 were selected for deeper structural analyses to identify new putative fungicides. Overall, the bioinformatics filtering for novel protein targets applied for agricultural purposes is a response to the demand for chemical crop protection. The availability of the genome, secretome and PHI-base allowed the enrichment of the search that combined experimental data in planta. The homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations allowed the acquisition of three robust and stable conformers. From this step, approximately ten thousand compounds have been virtually screened against three candidates. Forty-five top-ranked compounds were selected from docking results as presenting better interactions and energy at the binding pockets and no toxicity. These compounds may act as inhibitors and lead to the development of new fungicides.

3D Road Network Modeling and Road Structure Recognition in Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new system that enables individual vehicles to connect with nearby vehicles,people, transportation infrastructure, and networks, thereby realizing amore intelligent and efficient transportationsystem. The movement of vehicles and the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the road network cause the topologicalstructure of IoV to have the high space and time complexity.Network modeling and structure recognition for 3Droads can benefit the description of topological changes for IoV. This paper proposes a 3Dgeneral roadmodel basedon discrete points of roads obtained from GIS. First, the constraints imposed by 3D roads on moving vehicles areanalyzed. Then the effects of road curvature radius (Ra), longitudinal slope (Slo), and length (Len) on speed andacceleration are studied. Finally, a general 3D road network model based on road section features is established.This paper also presents intersection and road section recognition methods based on the structural features ofthe 3D road network model and the road features. Real GIS data from a specific region of Beijing is adopted tocreate the simulation scenario, and the simulation results validate the general 3D road network model and therecognitionmethod. Therefore, thiswork makes contributions to the field of intelligent transportation by providinga comprehensive approach tomodeling the 3Droad network and its topological changes in achieving efficient trafficflowand improved road safety.

UAV-based transient electromagnetic 3D forward modeling and inversion and analysis of exploration capability

Unmanned aerial vehicle transient electromagnetic(UAV-TEM)is a novel airborne exploration method that offers advantages such as low cost,simple operation,high exploration efficiency and suitability for near-surface exploration in complex terrain areas.To improve the accuracy of data interpretation in this method,the authors conducted a systematic three-dimensional(3D)forward modeling and inversion of the UAV-TEM.This study utilized the finite element method based on unstructured tetrahedral elements and employed the second-order backward Euler method for time discretization.This allowed for accurate 3D modeling and accounted for the effects of complex terrain.Based on these,the influence characteristics of flight altitudes and the sizes,burial depths,and resistivities of anomalies are compared and analyzed to explore the UAV-TEM systems’exploration capability.Lastly,four typical geoelectrical models of landslides are designed,and the inversion method based on the Gauss-Newton optimization method is used to image the landslide models and analyze the imaging effect of the UAV-TEM method on landslide geohazards.Numerical results showed that UAV-TEM could have better exploration resolution and fine imaging of nearsurface structures,providing important technical support for monitoring,early warning,and preventing landslides and other geological hazards.

Modeling Methods of 3D Model in Digital Twins

To understand the current application and development of 3D modeling in Digital Twins(DTs),abundant literatures on DTs and 3D modeling are investigated by means of literature review.The transition process from 3D modeling to DTs modeling is analyzed,as well as the current application of DTs modeling in various industries.The application of 3D DTs modeling in the􀀀elds of smartmanufacturing,smart ecology,smart transportation,and smart buildings in smart cities is analyzed in detail,and the current limitations are summarized.It is found that the 3D modeling technology in DTs has broad prospects for development and has a huge impact on all walks of life and even human lifestyles.At the same time,the development of DTs modeling relies on the development and support capabilities of mature technologies such as Big Data,Internet of Things,Cloud Computing,Articial Intelligence,and game technology.Therefore,although some results have been achieved,there are still limitations.This work aims to provide a good theoretical support for the further development of 3D DTs modeling.