Distribution and Contamination of Arsenic in Fish, Gastropods and Bivalves in the Aby and Tendo Lagoons in East of Ivory Coast

Lagoons are ecosystems for biodiversity and the livelihoods of coastal communities. The main objective of the study was to analyze the variability of arsenic concentrations in gastropods and bivalves in the Aby and Tendo lagoons, taking into account spatial, seasonal and hydrological variations. The study was carried out in four stages spread over two successive hydroclimatic cycles, including two seasons during the rainy season and two more during the dry season. The samples were taken in two areas of the Aby and Tendo lagoons. Arsenic levels were measured by ICP-MS. The results showed that mean arsenic concentrations in the muscles of organisms in Aby Lagoon ranged from 0.01 to 1.26 μg As/g, with a mean and median of 0.17 and 0.06 μg As/g, respectively. Fish had the highest levels of arsenic, followed by crustaceans, while molluscs and plants had lower and comparable concentrations of As. Arsenic concentrations in tilapia and jawbones varied significantly between sites and seasons, with higher concentrations at Tendo and during the rainy season. Arsenic concentrations in gastropods and bivalves were significantly higher than those of other species, with averages of 0.74 and 1.03 mg As/kg, respectively.

Roles of Aqueous Extract of Marigold on Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage in Pancreatic Islet β-Cells

Roles of Marigold extracts (ME) on arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced oxidative damage to pancreatic β-cells need to be further elucidated. In this study, NIT-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of and/or ATO, following by the cell viability was detected by CCK8 assay. Then, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxide (MDA) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured with a fluorescence probe method and colorimetric assay, respectively. The apoptosis rate and morphology was detected and observed with hoechst 33,258 staining assay. The mRNA levels and protein expressions of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and protein immunoblotting assay, respectively. Our results indicated that Co-treatment with ME and ATO exacerbated the cell viability decreasing reduced by ATO, while the addition of ME after ATO treatment effectively promote the recovery of ATO reduced survival rates. The ATO group increased apoptosis (P P β-cells by modulating the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Arsenic and fluoride co-enrichment of groundwater in the loess areas and associated human health risks:A case study of Dali County in the Guanzhong Basin

This study aims to reveal the occurrence and origin of typical groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area of the Guanzhong Basin—a Neogene faulted basin.Key findings are as follows:(1)Groundwater samples with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations collected from the loess area and the terraces of the Weihe River accounted for 26%and 30%,respectively,of the total samples,with primary hydrochemical type identified as HCO_3-Na.The karst and sand areas exhibit relatively high groundwater quality,serving as preferred sources for water supply.It is recommended that local governments fully harness groundwater in these areas;(2)groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area and the alluvial plain of rivers in Dali County is primarily distributed within the Guanzhong Basin,which represents the drainage zone of groundwater;(3)arsenic and fluoride in groundwater originate principally from natural and anthropogenic sources;(4)the human health risk assessments reveal that long-term intake of groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations pose cancer or non-cancer risks,which are more serious to kids compared to adults.This study provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in loess areas.

Feasibility Evaluation of Using Biochar-based Permeable Reactive Barrier for the Remediation of Mercury and Arsenic Composite Polluted Water Bodies

This study employed a modified biochar material to construct a permeable reactive barrier(PRB)for the treatment of water bodies polluted with mercury and arsenic.The experimental results demonstrated that the addition of goethite-modified biochar significantly enhanced the remediation efficiency of As(III),achieving a maximum removal rate of 100%.Conversely,pure biochar exhibited high efficiency in the removal of Hg(II),with a maximum removal rate approaching 100%.Furthermore,the pH level of the water significantly influenced the adsorption efficiency of heavy metal ions,with the optimal removal performance observed at a pH of 6.0.The PRB system demonstrated excellent removal rates under low concentrations of heavy metals.However,as the concentration increased,the remediation efficiency exhibited a slight decrease.In summary,the findings of this study provide compelling evidence for the use of modified biochar in the construction of PRBs for the remediation of mercury and arsenic-polluted water bodies.Furthermore,the study reveals the mechanism by which pH and heavy metal concentration influence remediation efficiency.

老年Ⅳ~Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞术中血压管理策略对预后的影响

目的:探究介入栓塞术中不同血压管理策略对老年Ⅳ~Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤患者的预后影响。方法:回顾性选取我院收治的老年Ⅳ~Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤患者110例,并纳入训练集。使用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组(55例)和对照组(55例),比较训练集两组患者的临床资料;使用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存曲线的绘制,比较不同血压管理策略患者的2年预后不良发生率;Cox单因素和多因素回归分析患者术后预后不良的影响因素;构建预测患者术后预后不良的列线图模型;通过验证集患者以受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)和校准曲线对模型效能进行评价。依据模型预测个体风险评分,构建危险分层系统。结果:观察组患者的2年预后不良发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05);高血压、手术时机为中期和晚期、平均动脉压≥65 mmHg、血压波动幅度≥16 mmHg、瘤体长径与瘤颈宽度的比值(AR)>2.0是老年Ⅳ~Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤患者介入栓塞术预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05),术中血压管理策略为控制性降压是老年Ⅳ~Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤患者介入栓塞术预后不良的保护因素(P<0.05);列线图预测模型有较好的区分度及准确度。危险分层系统将所有患者分为4个危险分组:极低风险组(总分<30分)、低风险组(30分≤总分<78分)、中风险组(78分≤总分<106分)和高风险组(总分≥106分)。该危险分层系统能区分不同术中血压管理策略患者的预后不良发生情况(P<0.05)。结论:在手术过程中应实施瑞芬太尼联合尼莫地平控制性降压的血压管理策略,可以提高患者的预后水平。

典型峡谷Ⅴ型地貌下桥址区风特性

为得到山区峡谷典型Ⅴ型地形下的桥梁抗风设计的关键风特性参数,通过“数值风洞试验”建立模型,以实桥为工程背景构建三维地形网格,基于3种典型湍流模型和流体壁面粗糙度对桥位的风场特性进行分析,选取最优湍流模型和流体壁面粗糙度对该地形桥位处的风场特性进行分析;围绕两个影响桥址区风特性的地形参数(山体高度和夹角),阐明Ⅴ型峡谷地形下风特性参数的变化规律,并与现行规范进行对比,推算桥面设计基准风速。结果表明:该Ⅴ型峡谷地形的最佳湍流模型和流体壁面粗糙度分别为RNG k-ε和20 m;随着山体高度及山体夹角两参数的变化,风速增加幅度分别为2.37%~12.56%和1.24%~6.98%;山体高度及山体夹角两变参数下,梯度风高度分别为700 m和800 m左右;实际湍流强度大于规范中四类地表规范值,在离地高度40 m范围内,湍流强度更接近于D类地表。实际Ⅴ型峡谷桥址区不能简单按规范归为C类或D类地形,在设计风参数计算时应综合考虑规范和经验公式,还可借助模拟手段来提高其准确性。

Fe(Ⅱ)非生物氧化-沉淀联合工艺对As(Ⅴ)去除的研究

由于现代化工业进程快速发展,大量砷污染物进入水体,引起水质恶化。提出了氧诱导Fe(Ⅱ)非生物氧化与As(Ⅴ)共沉淀,是一种节省成本、时间且高效的As(Ⅴ)去除方法。考察了pH、Fe(Ⅱ)/As(Ⅴ)摩尔比、溶解氧(DO)浓度、温度及共存离子对As(Ⅴ)去除的影响。结果表明,同步氧化Fe(Ⅱ)可显著提高亚铁除砷效率。随着pH从5.3增加到8.0,As(Ⅴ)去除能力先增大后减小,最佳pH为6.4;溶解氧质量浓度从0提高到4 mg/L,反应60 min后As(Ⅴ)的去除率提升了37.85%;反应体系中共存离子(Cu^(2+)、Ni^(2+)、Mn^(2+)、Cl-、NO_(3)^(-)、PO_(4)^(-))存在时,Mn^(2+)促进As(Ⅴ)的去除,Mn(Ⅱ)=0.5 mg/L,As(Ⅴ)的去除率提高了11%;提高温度和亚铁浓度均能增加As(Ⅴ)的去除率。SEM-EDS结果表明,氧气存在时固体颗粒由松散细小转化为轮廓清晰、簇团密实的球形团聚,颗粒粒径增大,增强了As(Ⅴ)的固定。以活性氧(ROS)为氧化剂,与Fe(Ⅱ)发生类Fenton反应是Fe(Ⅱ)氧化的机理,砷酸铁和含砷的铁(氢)氧化物是砷固定的主要形态。

Mechanism of Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats Exposed to Arsenic and/or Fluoride Based on Microbiome and Metabolome

Objective Arsenic(As) and fluoride(F) are two of the most common elements contaminating groundwater resources. A growing number of studies have found that As and F can cause neurotoxicity in infants and children, leading to cognitive, learning, and memory impairments. However, early biomarkers of learning and memory impairment induced by As and/or F remain unclear. In the present study, the mechanisms by which As and/or F cause learning memory impairment are explored at the multi-omics level(microbiome and metabolome).Methods We stablished an SD rats model exposed to arsenic and/or fluoride from intrauterine to adult period.Results Arsenic and/fluoride exposed groups showed reduced neurobehavioral performance and lesions in the hippocampal CA1 region. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that As and/or F exposure significantly altered the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, featuring the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Ruminococcus_1, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, [Eubacterium]_xylanophilum_group. Metabolome analysis showed that As and/or F-induced learning and memory impairment may be related to tryptophan, lipoic acid, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic(GABAergic) synapse, and arachidonic acid(AA) metabolism. The gut microbiota, metabolites, and learning memory indicators were significantly correlated.Conclusion Learning memory impairment triggered by As and/or F exposure may be mediated by different gut microbes and their associated metabolites.

Effect of competing solutes on arsenic(Ⅴ) adsorption using iron and aluminum oxides

The study focused on the effect of several typical competing solutes on removal of arsenic with Fe2O3 and Al2O3. The test results indicate that chloride, nitrate and sulfate did not have detectable effects, and that selenium（Ⅳ） （Se（Ⅳ）） and vanadium（Ⅴ） （V（Ⅴ）） showed slight effects on the adsorption of As（Ⅴ） with Fe2O3. The results also showed that adsorption of As（Ⅴ） on A12O3 was not affected by chloride and nitrate anions, but slightly by Se（Ⅳ） and V（Ⅴ） ions. Unlike the adsorption of As（Ⅴ） with Fe2O3, that with Fe2O3 was affected by the presence of sulfate in water solutions. Both phosphate and silica have significant adverse effects on the adsorption of As（Ⅴ） adsorption with Fe2O3 and Al2O3. Compared to the other tested anions, phosphate anion was found to be the most prominent solute affecting the As（Ⅴ） adsorption with Fe2O3 and Al2O3. In general, Fe2O3 has a better performance than Al2O3 in removal of As（Ⅴ） within a water environment where multi competing solutes are present.

基于恒电容表面络合模型预测土壤中As(Ⅴ)吸附行为研究

吸附是控制As在土壤中迁移的重要过程之一,为了预测As(Ⅴ)在土壤中的吸附过程,使用恒电容表面络合模型(CCM)模拟As(Ⅴ)在土壤中的吸附行为,获取As(Ⅴ)在土壤上吸附的表面络合常数,建立土壤基本理化性质(pH、有机质、碳酸钙、无定形铁/铝/锰、总铁)与As(Ⅴ)表面络合参数的线性回归模型,以阐明As在土壤中吸附的主控因子。结果显示,As(Ⅴ)在不同类型的土壤中表现出不同的吸附特征,恒电容模型能够很好地模拟As(Ⅴ)在不同pH下的吸附特性(R^(2)为0.71~0.96),通过CCM模型拟合得到As(Ⅴ)在土壤表面的3个表面络合常数,绝大部分土壤lg K_(1)比lg K_(2)和lg K_(3)的值要大,说明As(Ⅴ)在土壤中的吸附相较于单齿络合物更偏向于形成双齿双核的络合物。As(Ⅴ)表面络合常数与土壤性质间的回归分析结果表明,As(Ⅴ)表面络合常数主要受土壤pH和无定形铁、无定形锰含量的影响。为了进一步验证上述线性模型的普适性,利用文献数据中土壤性质数据预测不同土壤上As(Ⅴ)的表面络合常数,并结合CCM模型预测了As(Ⅴ)在文献土壤中的吸附量,预测值和实测值具有很好的相关性,说明该模型具有一定的普适性。

Plant-derived natural compounds in the treatment of arsenic-induced toxicity

Arsenic toxicity,imposed mainly by arsenic-contaminated groundwater,is considered a critical threat to global communal health,as there is no specific and proven conventional therapy for chronic arsenic toxicity,i.e.,arsenicosis,which is an insidious global public health menace affecting 50 countries.Alternative options should,therefore,be explored for the mitigation of arsenicosis.Literature survey reveals several natural compounds from plants possess significant protective efficacy against arsenic toxicity in chiefly preclinical and few clinical investigations.The studies on the ameliorative effects of plant-derived natural compounds against arsenic toxicity published in the last 25 years are collated.Forty-eight plant-based natural compounds possess alleviative effects on experimental arsenic-induced toxicity in animals,six of which have been reported to be clinically effective in humans.A potential nutraceutical or therapeutic candidate against arsenicosis for humans may thus be developed with the help of recent advancements in research in this area,along with the currently available treatments.

双洞八车道特大跨度隧道Ⅴ级石质围岩开挖工法

为减小双洞八车道特大跨度隧道洞口Ⅴ级石质围岩后行导坑爆破对已完成支护结构的不利影响,该文以平潭牛寨山隧道工程为例,针对原设计双侧壁导坑法在后行的临近导坑爆破时,易将原先已施工完成的临时钢支撑震塌,提出取消临时横向支撑的变更方案1,以及带竖向支撑的上下台阶法(变更方案2),再利用有限元法计算,模拟3种不同开挖工法对隧道变形及受力的影响。计算结果表明:3种方案引起的拱顶沉降相差较小,最大相差约11.8%;变更方案2引起的围岩应力最大,但变更方案2同时取消了左右侧壁导坑的横向支撑以及左右侧壁导坑下台阶的竖向支撑,大大简化了施工工序。最后,结合监测数据进行分析,隧道结构安全稳定,变更方案2不仅合理可靠,而且加快了施工进度,节约了造价。

Hesperidin attenuates arsenic trioxide-induced cardiac toxicity in rats

Objective:To explore the cardioprotective effect of hesperidin against arsenic trioxide-induced cardiac toxicity in rats.Methods:Cardiac toxicity was induced by oral administration of 4 mg/kg arsenic trioxide for 30 days.Hematological,biochemical,electrocardiography,echocardiography,and histopathological examinations were performed.Results:Hesperidin decreased the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,calcium,creatine kinase-myoglobin binding,lactate dehydrogenase,IL-6,and lipid peroxidation,as well as increased sodium and potassium concentration and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in arsenic trioxide-intoxicated rats.Moreover,it reduced peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity while increasing heart rate.Arsenic trioxide-induced histopathological damage to cardiac tissue was prominently alleviated by hesperidin treatment.Conclusions:Hesperidin attenuates arsenic trioxide-induced cardiac toxicity in rats.Therefore,it can be further explored as a cardioprotective agent.

Arsenic removal from acidic industrial wastewater by ultrasonic activated phosphorus pentasulfide

Arsenic is one of the main harmful elements in industrial wastewater.How to remove arsenic has always been one of the research hotspots in academic circles.In the process of arsenic removal by traditional sulfuration,the use of traditional sulfurizing agent will introduce new metal cations,which will affect the recycling of acid.In this study,phosphorus pentasulfide (P_(2)S_(5)) was used as sulfurizing agent,which hydrolyzed to produce H_(3)PO_(4) and H_(2)S without introducing new metal cations.The effect of ultrasound on arsenic removal by P_(2)S_(5) was studied.Under the action of ultrasound,the utilization of P_(2)S_(5) was improved and the reaction time was shortened.The effects of S/As molar ratio and reaction time on arsenic removal rate were investigated under ultrasonic conditions.Ultrasonic enhanced heat and mass transfer so that the arsenic removal rate of 94.5%could be achieved under the conditions of S/As molar ratio of 2.1:1 and reaction time of 20 min.In the first 60 min,under the same S/As molar ratio and reaction time,the ultrasonic hydrolysis efficiency of P_(2)S_(5) was higher.This is because P_(2)S_(5) forms ([(P_(2)S_(4))])^(2+)under the ultrasonic action,and the structure is damaged,which is easier to be hydrolyzed.In addition,the precipitation after arsenic removal was characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer,X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Our research avoids the introduction of metal cations in the arsenic removal process,and shortens the reaction time.

CD71-mediated liposomal arsenic-nickel complex combined with all-trans retinoic acid for the efficacy of acute promyelocytic leukemia

Clinically,arsenic trioxide(ATO)was applied to the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)as a reliable and effective frontline drug.However,the administration regimen of AsⅢwas limited due to its fast clearance,short therapeutic window and toxicity as well.Based on CD71 overexpressed on APL cells,in present study,a transferrin(Tf)-modified liposome(LP)was established firstly to encapsulate AsⅢin arsenic-nickel complex by nickel acetate gradient method.The AsⅢ-loaded liposomes(AsLP)exhibited the feature of acid-sensitive release in vitro.Tf-modified AsLP(Tf-AsLP)were specifically taken up by APL cells and the acidic intracellular environment triggered liposome to release AsⅢwhich stimulated reactive oxygen species level and caspase-3 activity.Tf-AsLP prolonged half-life of AsⅢin blood circulation,lowered systemic toxicity,and promoted apoptosis and induced cell differentiation at lesion site in vivo.Considering that ATO combined with RA is usually applied as the first choice in clinic for APL treatment to improve the therapeutic effect,accordingly,a Tf-modified RA liposome(Tf-RALP)was designed to reduce the severe side effects of free RA and assist Tf-AsLP for better efficacy.As expected,the tumor inhibition rate of Tf-AsLP was improved significantly with the combination of Tf-RALP on subcutaneous tumor model.Furthermore,APL orthotopic NOD/SCID mice model was established by 60CO irradiation and HL-60 cells intravenously injection.The effect of co-administration(Tf-AsLP+Tf-RALP)was also confirmed to conspicuous decrease the number of leukemia cells in the circulatory system and prolong the survival time of APL mice by promoting the APL cells’apoptosis and differentiation in peripheral blood and bone marrow.Collectively,Tf-modified acid-sensitive AsLP could greatly reduce the systemic toxicity of free drug.Moreover,Tf-AsLP combined with Tf-RALP could achieve better efficacy.Thus,transferrinmodified AsⅢliposome would be a novel clinical strategy to improve patient compliance,with promising translation prospects.

盐城坳陷带典型区域新近系盐城组第Ⅴ承压含水层特征方法研究

盐城市区地处苏北盐城坳陷带,境内的新近系盐城组孔隙含水层深达1000~1300m。前人对400m以下的第Ⅴ承压含水层划分、研究较为粗略。通过岩芯分析、物探、野外调查、水化学分析、数值模拟等多种方法的综合运用,重新划定了第Ⅴ承压含水层的赋存边界,深入研究了区域该含水层的赋存特征,同时计算了其可持续利用资源量。研究成果可为盐城坳陷带其他区域该含水层的研究提供科学的借鉴。

Preparation of Biomanganese Oxide-biochar Composite and Its Remediation of Arsenic Contamination

[Objectives]To prepare biomanganese oxide/biochar composite(BMO-BC)and examine its remediation performance on arsenic contamination.[Methods]The BMO-BC was prepared by cultivating Pseudomonas putida MnB1 in the presence of Mn 2+and biochar.[Results]The initial concentration of Mn 2+in the culture system had no significant effect on the growth rate and domestication cycle of Pseudomonas putida MnB1.The results of SEM-EDS and XRD analysis confirm that the adsorbent prepared in this experiment was a composite of biomanganese oxide and biochar particles.The results of arsenic pollution removal test in simulated environment showed that the in-situ formed BMO-BC composite had certain removal effect on As(III)and the presence of biochar particles and manganese dioxide in the reaction system and the manganese oxidation ability of microbial strain MnB1 affect its remediation performance to As(III).[Conclusions]When the initial concentration is in the range of 0-10.0 mg/L,the isothermal adsorption data of BMO-BC on As(III)conforms to the Langmuir model.

Assessment of Soil Contamination and Human Health Risk around an Industrial Gold Mine in Côte d’Ivoire: The Case of Arsenic

The Tongon mine generates millions of tons of waste rock and tailings, which are stored in landfills in the vicinity of the mine. These tailings contain arsenic. The risk of soil contamination in this area is evident. This study assesses the arsenic contamination of soils around the mine and the health risks to the local population. Soil samples were taken from plastic bags and other materials used as working tools. Arsenic concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, after the soil samples had been concentrated and digested. Metal contamination indices were used to assess the degree of soil contamination. The results obtained indicate that soils in the industrial zone of the Tongon gold mine have very high average concentrations, well above the world average for uncontaminated soils of 6 mg/kg arsenic. Geoaccumulation index values range from 1.28 to 3.40. These values highlight severe arsenic soil contamination. The human health risk assessment revealed that exposure risks are well above the critical limit of 1 and are, in descending order, children > adult women > adult men. These results indicate an ecological risk, requiring environmental monitoring, underpinned by the development of an effective remediation strategy to reduce local pollution and contamination.

浅埋超大跨四线隧道Ⅴ级围岩开挖关键参数研究

为适应城市地形及高铁选线需求,部分线路需以四线超大跨度隧道的形式面临浅埋、Ⅴ级围岩等客观条件,目前缺乏对此类隧道的规范指导,应重点关注其开挖安全。以杭台高铁下北山隧道为工程依托,采用现场测试方法研究其围岩变形、初期支护受力特征,通过三维数值模拟方法对多组工法进行开挖模拟,总结得出浅埋四线高铁隧道Ⅴ级围岩的开挖关键参数。结果表明,采用双侧壁导坑法的拱顶沉降主要发生在各导洞上台阶开挖阶段,中部岩柱开挖对拱顶沉降的贡献为62.2%;依托工程喷射混凝土结构和型钢拱架的安全性均满足施工要求,当前初期支护的安全富余较多;双侧壁导坑法对围岩变形控制效果较好,但三台阶法的围岩应力分布均匀,初期支护的安全系数也满足要求;考虑到原设计双侧壁导坑法存在较多临时支护,为提升施工效率,宜在保障围岩稳定的前提下减少开挖分部数量,探索将双侧壁导坑法优化为少临时支护的三台阶法。

Review and Analysis: Fate of Arsenic Applied to Canal Shipping Lane Vegetation and United States Military Base Grounds in the Panama Canal Zone

The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 increased the availability of internationally traded goods and transformed ocean-shipping by shortening travel time between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. The canal sparked the growth of port authorities and increased ship tonnage on both coasts of Panama. Since the construction of the Panama Canal, in the 1910s, pesticides, herbicides and chemicals, including arsenic, have been essential for controlling wetland vegetation, including hyacinth, which blocked rivers, lakes, and the canal as well as managing mosquitoes. Pesticides and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun (reservoir) either attached to sediment or in solution during the monsoon season. Lake Gatun was the drinking water source for most of the people living in the Panama Canal Zone. The United States military base commanders had the ability to order and use cacodylic acid (arsenic based) from the Naval Depot Supply Federal and Stock Catalog and the later Federal Supply Catalog on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. Cacodylic acid was shipped to Panama Canal Zone ports, including Balboa and Cristobal, and distributed to the military bases by rail or truck. The objective of this study is to determine the fate of arsenic: 1) applied between 1914 and 1935 to Panama Canal shipping lane hyacinth and other wetland vegetation and 2) cacodylic acid (arsenic) sprayed from 1948 to 1999 on the US military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone.