Identification and Functional Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes of Ascaris suum Goeze,1782 from Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758

In order to provide further evidence to prove that Ascaris suum Goeze,1782 and Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus,1758 are really different species in taxonomy,and to identity A.suum larval migrans-related genes for diagnosis and prevention use,A.suum genes that were differentialy expressed from the same gender of A.lumbricoides were enriched by subtracting the same expressed genes using suppression subtractive hybridization （SSH） assay.Specificity of the selectively enriched cDNA was verified by Southern blot analysis.The female A.suum specific cDNA library was then constructed and sequenced.Basic local alignment search tool （BLAST） analysis of female A.suum specific cDNA identified 6 specific ESTs with tentative functions related to larva migrans.This study provided further evidence for differentiating A.suum from A.lumbricoides.Mining for the detailed information and application of the 6 ESTs are worth being done in the future studies.

Assessment of albendazole efficacy against Ascaris lumbricoides at three sites of Andhra Pradesh,Odisha,and Kerala in India

Objective:To assess efficacy of albendazole against Ascaris(A.)lumbricoides among school-children at three sites of Rajahmundry,Sundergarh and Wayanad.Methods:Sites were selected based on soil-transmitted helminths prevalence,different sociocultural-geographical characteristics and operational feasibility.9-12 Years old children from 14 schools were included.The study was conducted in two rounds:baseline&follow up survey.All eligible children found positive for A.lumbricoides at baseline were administered supervised single tablet albendazole 400 mg under the National Deworming Day Initiative.During post-treatment follow-up survey,eligible children who provided second stool sample were included in the final analysis.Stool samples were examined using WHO recommended Kato-Katz technique.Efficacy was estimated based on cure rate(CR)and Fecal Egg Count Reduction Rate(FECRR)among children found positive in baseline and follow-up surveys.Results:328 Out of 625(52.5%)were found positive for A.lumbricoides in the baseline survey and 85 out of 178 samples(47.8%)during post-treatment follow-up survey.Overall,the estimated CR was 52.2%.FECRR(95%CI)for albendazole was 72.6%(79.2%-66.0%).The FECRR was highest in East Godaveri[89.7%(96.8%-82.6%)],followed by Sundergarh[86.4%(95.3%-77.5%)]and Wayanad[69%(81.7%-56.4%)].Conclusions:Our study confirmed overall reduction in FEC although with varying albendazole efficacy for A.lumbricoides infection at three different locations in India.However,these finding may be assessed in context of ongoing MDA under Filaria control program and further studies by in vivo as well as in vitro methods are required to reach to a conclusion on possible resistance if any.

Diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides infection using capsule endoscopy

Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides ) is the most common intestinal roundworm parasite, infecting approximately one quarter of the world's population. Infection can lead to various complications because it can spread along the gastrointestinal tract. Although A. lumbricoides infection is a serious healthcare issue in developing countries, it now also has a worldwide distribution as a result of increased immigration and travel. Intestinal obstruction is the most common complication of A. lumbricoides infection, potentially leading to even more serious consequences such as small bowel perforation and peritonitis. Diagnosis is based primarily on stool samples and the patient's history. Early diagnosis, aided in part by knowledge of the local prevalence, can result in early treatment, thereby preventing surgical complications associated with intestinal obstruction. Further, delay in diagnosis may have fatal consequences. Capsule endoscopy can serve as a crucial, non-invasive diagnostic toolfor A. lumbricoides infection, especially when other diagnostic methods have failed to detect the parasite. We report a case of A. lumbricoides infection that resulted in intestinal obstruction at the level of the ileum. Both stool sample examination and open surgery failed to indicate the presence of A. lumbricoides, and the cause of the obstruction was only revealed by capsule endoscopy. The patient was treated with anthelmintics.

Current status of the efficacy and effectiveness of albendazole and mebendazole for the treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides in North-Western Indonesia

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and effectiveness of albendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides(A.lumbricoides) in the North-Western Indonesia.Methods: 229 primary school children who were positive for A.lumbricoides in their stool were recruited in the study.123 children received single-dose of 400 mg albendazole and 106 children received single-dose 500 mg of mebendazole.After 1 week,their stools were examined for the cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate(ERR).Egg culture was also performed and observation was made on week-1,-3,-4.Results:have shown a non-significant difference in CR 96.7%vs.100%:and ERR of 99.3%vs.100.0%for albendazole and mebendazole groups respectively(P】0.05).In-vitro egg culture has shown trends of decrease in the percentage of the unfertilized eggs and in≥2 cell eggs in both treatment groups(P【0.05).The embryonated eggs from the albendazole groups has shown an increase from 7.3%on week-1 to 13.8%on week-4,whilst the mebendazole group has shown a constant increase during the whole 4 weeks of culture from 7.5%to 28.3%(P【0.01). Conclusions:No evidence of drug resistance is noted so far from the area of North-Western part of Indonesia.In addition,although both drugs showed incomplete ovicidal effects,single-dose albendazole is better than mebendazole in sterilizing A.lumbricoides eggs.

Esophageal space-occupying lesion caused by Ascaris lumbricoides

Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest intestinal nematode parasite of man,which can lead to various complications because of its mobility.As the esophagus is not normal habitat of Ascaris,the report of esophageal ascariasis is rare.An old female presented with dysphagia after an intake of several red bean buns and haw jellies.The barium meal examination revealed a spherical defect in the lower esophagus.Esophageal bezoar or esophageal carcinoma was considered at the beginning.The patient fasted,and received fluid replacement treatment as well as some oral drugs such as proton pump inhibitor and sodium bicarbonate.Then upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done to further confirm the diagnosis and found a live Ascaris lumbricoides in the gastric antrum and two in the duodenal bulb.The conclusive diagnosis was ascariasis.The esophageal space-occupying lesion might be the entangled worm bolus.Anthelmitnic treatment with mebendazole improved patient's clinical manifestations along with normalization of the radiological findings during a 2-wk follow-up.Authors report herein this rare case of Ascaris lumbricoides in the esophagus,emphasizing the importance of awareness of this parasitic infection as it often presents with different and unspecific symptoms.

Eosinophilic cholecystitis along with pericarditis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides: A case report

Although the etiology of eosinophilic cholecystitis is still obscure, the postulated causes include allergies, parasites, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis. It is sometimes accompanied by several complications, but a simultaneous onset with pericarditis is very rares. A 28-year-old woman complained of acute right hypocondrial pain and dyspnea associated with systemic eruption. Several imaging modalities revealed acute cholecystitis and pericarditis with massive pericardial effusion. A marked peripheral blood eosinophilia was observed, and the eruption was diagnosed as urticaria. Her serum had a high titer of antibody against Ascaris lumbricoides . Treatment with albendazole drastically improved all clinical manifestations along with normalization of the imaging features and eosinophilia. We report herein a rare case of simultaneous onset of acute cholecystitis and pericarditis associated with a marked eosinophilia caused by parasitic infection.

Eosinophilic cholecystitis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides

Eosinophilic cholecystitis is caused by the accumulation of eosinophils in the gallbladder wall and diagnosis is usually made based on histopahologic studies. The purpose of this paper is to comment on a case report published in World 3 GaslToenterol 2007 .July; 13 （27）： 3760-3762, about eosinophilic cholecystitis along with pericarditis without histopathological studies, which are considered necessary for its diagnosis.

Serum cytokines profiles in Nigerian children with Ascaris lumbricoides infection

Objective:To investigate the cytokines pr of ile in the serum of some Nigerian children with Ascaris lumbricoides(A.lumbricoides) infection and relations between the intensity of infection, age and the concentration of these cytokines.Methods:Feacal samples from consenting children were examined using formol ether concentration techniques and Kato-Katz thick smear technique.Sera of 96 children comprising 76 A.lumbricoides infection and 20 controls were subjected to enzymes-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:The mean sera concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-5(IL-5),interleukin- 10(IL-10) were(16.7±7.6) pg/mL,(4.6±0.8)pg/mL,(391.6±52.0) pg/mL and(181.2±30.4) pg/mL,respectively.The control subjects had the following mean serum cytokines:TNF-α(2.9±1.8) pg/m,IL-4(4.0±0.1) pg/mL,IL-5(125.1±50.1) pg/mL,IL-10(74.5±54.2) pg/ mL,respectively.The difference between the sera cytokines concentration of the A.lumbricoides infected children and their controls were statistically significant for TNF-α,IL- 5 and IL-10(χ~2= 9.99,P【 0.05;χ~2 = 137.24,P 【 0.05;χ~2 = 44.30,P 【 0.05,respectively). The intensity of infection correlated positively with TNF-α,and IL-5(r = 0.93 and 0.98, respectively) while IL-4 and IL- 10 correlated negatively with the intensity of infection(r = -0.62 and 0.99,respectively).TNF-α,IL-4 and IL-5 correlated positively with age(r = 0.19,0.33 and 0.66,respectively).The mean cytokines between those with mild and moderate infections were statistically significant for TNF-α,IL-5 and IL-10(χ~2 = 3.60,4.52 and 5.30, respectively).The ratio of TNF-α:IL-10 was 0.092.Conclusions:Elevated IL-5,IL-10 and TNF-αfound in the sera of the volunteers with Ascariasis implicates these cytokines as key mediators in the host responses to A.lumbriocoides infection in our studied area.

THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF MEBENDAZOLE ON TREATING ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES AND TRICHURIS TRICHURA INFECTION WITH TWO KINDS OF THERAPY

A total of 309 cases infected with ascariasis and trichuriasis were selected as subjects, of whom 177 cases received mebendazole tablet 500mg/d for the treatment of ascariasis and trichuriais,132 cases received mebendazole tablet 200mg/d for three days, Before and after the treatment, all the patients' feces were examined with Kato's technique, the results indicated that the cure rate of ascariasis was 71. 4% (70/98) in the experiment group and 78. 6% (66/84) in the control group respectively; There was no difference between the two groups (P > 0. 05 ). The cure rate of trichuriasis infection was 87. 5% (14/16 ) in the experimental group and 93. 3% (14/15 ) in the control group;There was also no difference between the two groups (P= 0. 401 ). But the cure rate of mixed infection of ascariasis and trichuriasis was 54. 0% (34/63) and 75. 8% (25/33) respectively; The cure rate of the experimental group was apparently lower than the that of the control group (P < 0. 05 ). The average reduced rate of egg count in per gram feces (E,P, G ) for ascariasis infection was 63. 6% (14/22) in the experimental group and 93. 8% (15/16) in the control group. In conclusion, to treat ascariasis and trichuriasis infection with mebendazole tablet should be used the three-day therapy with a total dose of 600mg or 1200mg.

Investigation on Low Hemoglobin and Ascaris Infection among Primary and Secondary School Students in Hohhot

Introduction: Anemia and Ascaris infection are important indicators to reflect the health status of students. In this study, by investigating the current situation of low hemoglobin and positive rate of Ascaris eggs of primary and secondary school students in Hohhot, the health status of local primary and secondary school students is actually reflected. Objectives: To understand the prevalence of Low Hemoglobin and Ascaris infection among primary and secondary school students in Hohhot in 2015 and to give some suggestions on the health status of primary and secondary school students in Hohhot. Study Design: This project uses a cross-sectional study to investigate the distribution of disease and health status of primary and middle school students in Hohhot at a specific time, and to provide a clue to the cause of the hypothesis test. Methods: A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 4 districts, 4 counties and 1 flag in Hohhot, a total of 36 primary and secondary schools for sample survey. Cyanine HiCN and smear method is to detect hemoglobin and ascaris eggs positive. Results: In 2015, the positive rate of low hemoglobin in primary and secondary school students was 21.45% in urban and rural areas, 33.17% in urban and rural areas, 43.69% in rural areas, 13.59% in ascaris eggs, 10.69% in urban and rural areas, 7.81% in rural areas. There are geographical differences and gender differences between cities, urban-rural junctions and rural areas (p Conclusion: The prevalence of low hemoglobin in primary and secondary school students in Hohhot is high in rural areas. The detection rate of ascaris egg positive rate in the city is high. Monitoring, publicity and education should continue to be strengthened.

Serum malondialdehyde level in patients infected with Ascaris lumbricoides

AIM:The aim of the study was to investigate the changes of serum malondialdehyde level, I.e; the oxidative stress hypothesis in patients infected with Ascaris lumbricoides.METHODS: Serum malondialdehyde activity was measured in 43 patients who were positive for intestinal parasite of Ascaris lumbricoides. Scores were obtained for the positives and their age-and sex-matched 60 Ascaris lumbricoides negative healthy controls.RESULTS: The difference between malondialdehyde levels of patients infected with Ascaris lumbricoides and control group was statistically significant both for females (P＜0.05)and for males (P＜0.05). In the patient and control groups,no correlation was found between age and malondialdehyde levels (P＞0.05) both in females and in males. In addition,no significant correlation could be found between malondialdehyde levels of both females and males for patients and control groups (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION: Malondialdehyde levels clearly increase in patients infected with Ascaris lumbricoides.

Ascaris-mimicking common bile duct stone: A case report

BACKGROUND In most cases,it is not difficult to differentiate common bile duct(CBD)stone from Ascaris infection because they are different disease entities and have different imaging findings.The two diseases usually demonstrate unique characteristic findings on computed tomography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.However,we report a rare case from our experience in which a CBD stone mimicked and was misdiagnosed as Ascaris.CASE SUMMARY A 72-year-old male presented with elevated serum liver enzymes.Computed tomography showed a hyper-attenuated,elongated lesion in the CBD lumen and associated biliary inflammation.Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed a linear filling defect in the bile duct.Moreover,elongated echogenic material with a central hypoechogenic area was seen on endoscopic ultrasound.Although the imaging findings caused us to suspect infection with the nematode Ascaris,the lesion was revealed to be a dark-brown-colored CBD stone through endoscopic extraction.CONCLUSION We report a rare case of a CBD stone that mimicked Ascaris.We also review the literature for side-by-side comparisons of the imaging features of CBD stones and ascariasis.

牡丹江市三道关林区野生鼠总科动物感染绦虫和蛔虫的情况调查

为调查牡丹江市三道关林区野生鼠总科(Muroidea)动物组成情况以及鼠总科动物感染绦虫和蛔虫的情况,采用铗日法,于2023年3—10月在牡丹江市三道关林区利用捕鼠笼捕捉野生鼠总科动物。将捕捉到的野生鼠总科动物根据形态学特征进行分类并解刨,将小肠用生理盐水冲洗,取出虫体后,在显微镜下进行形态学分析并判断其种属,分析并记录各种野生鼠总科动物感染绦虫和蛔虫的情况。结果表明:在牡丹江市三道关林区不同生境共捕获野生鼠总科动物247只,隶属于1目2科3属5种,其中包括大林姬鼠(Apodemus peninsulae)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)、棕背鼠平(Myodes rufocanus)、东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)、大仓鼠(Tscherskia triton),种类组成以大林姬鼠和黑线姬鼠为主,分别占40.89%和34.01%;经形态学鉴定,感染的绦虫均为缩小膜壳绦虫(Hymenolepis dimimula),三道关林区野生鼠类感染缩小膜壳绦虫和蛔虫的概率分别为2.43%、1.62%。其中,大林姬鼠感染缩小膜壳绦虫的概率为2.97%,黑线姬鼠感染缩小膜壳绦虫的概率为4.76%,黑线姬鼠感染蛔虫的概率为4.76%,其余鼠未见有感染。综上所述,三道关野生鼠总科动物感染缩小膜壳绦虫的概率较全国其他省份低,但出现蛔虫感染现象,对人类健康构成一定威胁,相关部门应加强鼠患和寄生虫的防治工作。

14株苏云金芽孢杆菌伴胞晶体蛋白对猪蛔虫第3期幼虫的毒性比较

14株苏云金芽孢杆菌经培养提取伴胞晶体蛋白并测定其蛋白含量。感染性蛔虫卵经胃感染小鼠 ,3d后宰杀并从小鼠肝脏内分离蛔虫第 3期幼虫 (L 3)。设置空白对照 ,将不同剂量的 Bt伴胞晶体蛋白与 L 3置于培养孔在 37℃的二氧化碳培养箱中 (含 5 % CO2 )培养 ,间隔 12 h检查幼虫活性 ,计算死亡率、校正死亡率及半数致死量。L D50 随着作用时间的延长而逐渐减小。14株细菌伴胞晶体蛋白对 L 3的毒力差异很大。 0 17株对 L 3的杀虫作用快速而持久、毒力最强 ,其 L D50 是所有 14个菌株中最小的 ,作用 12、2 4和 36 h时分别为 1.135 7、0 .2 32 2和 0 .15 32 g/ L。

利用抑制消减杂交技术筛选猪蛔虫性别差异表达基因

为了筛选线虫的性别特异性基因,为线虫乃至寄生虫的性别控制提供新的工具,本研究选择猪蛔虫(Ascarissuum)为模型,分别提取雌性和雄性成虫的mRNA后,采用Clontech公司的PCR-selectTM试剂盒进行反转录合成cDNA并进行抑制消减杂交(SSH),构建猪蛔虫雌、雄虫性别差异表达的消减cDNA文库,并采用地高辛(DIG)标记的cDNA探针进行Southern杂交检验所构建文库的消减效率。结果表明,雌、雄虫性别差异表达的消减cDNA文库均具有很强的性别特异性。随机从各库中各抽取25个克隆进行测序及在线BLAST分析,发现在25个雄虫ESTs中有20个已知ESTs,5个新的ESTs;25个雌虫ESTs中有11个已知ESTs,还有8个可能为新基因。猪蛔虫性别差异表达的消减cDNA文库的成功构建,为进一步研究性别特异基因的功能奠定了基础。

用SMART技术构建猪蛔虫雌虫cDNA文库

为克隆出与猪蛔虫产卵或发育相关基因的全长序列,本研究根据SMART(Switching mechanism at5'end of RNA transcript)技术,采用Clontech公司的CreatorTM SMARTTM cDNA Library Construction Kit构建了猪蛔虫雌虫的全长cDNA文库。用TriPure Isolation Reagent和Poly(A)PuristTM试剂盒提取mRNA后,以逆转录酶PowerScriptTM反转录合成第一链cDNA,然后通过LD-PCR合成并扩增ds cDNA。扩增产物经纯化、SfiⅠ酶切、过CHROMA SPIN-400TM柱去除小片段后,连接到SfiⅠ消化过的pDNR-LIB(带有SfiⅠA和B两个位点)质粒载体中,最后用电转化法将重组质粒转化到E.coli DH5α内得到原始文库,扩增后的文库保存在96孔细胞培养板中。经测定,构建的cDNA文库约含有1.6×106个重组子,重组效率达100%,插入片段多在0.4kb～2kb之间,平均插入片段长度约1.2kb,扩增后文库滴度为3×109CFU/mL。结果表明猪蛔虫雌虫的全长cDNA文库已构建成功,从而为筛选猪蛔虫雌虫的功能基因全长序列奠定了基础。

人蛔虫和猪蛔虫差异的比较研究

人蛔虫和猪蛔虫的分类地位一直存在争议。本文就人蛔虫和猪蛔虫的形态学、宿主感染特异性、免疫学、生化学和核型进行比较研究,对近年来分子遗传学方面的有关进展进行了综述。

两种生态卫生厕所对猪蛔虫卵的灭活效果比较

目的 :了解粪尿分集式厕所及水压式双管道自动排渣沼气池两种生态卫生厕所对猪蛔卵的灭活效果并进行比较。方法 :采用 Tea袋法定期定量进行虫卵存活率观察。在监测点观察 5个粪尿分集式厕所和 5个沼气池 ,每厕粪坑放入 2 4个 Tea袋 ,每月对监测厕所采样一次 ,每次 (月 )抽取两袋进行虫卵存活率观察。采集回来的虫卵在实验室常温下培养 3周后再进行检查 ,并设对照组虫卵进行对比观察。结果 :存放于 5个粪尿分集式厕所粪坑内的猪蛔虫卵 ,1、2和 3个月后平均虫卵存活率分别为 89.6 6 %、6 3.5 7%和 19.4 2 % ,6个月后存活率仅为 1.4 9% ,11个月后虫卵存活率为 0 ;存放于沼气池发酵池内的猪蛔虫卵 ,1、2和 3个月后虫卵存活率分别为 10 0 %、84 .89%和 70 .6 4 % ,6个月后存活率为 5 7.4 9% ,活卵数量逐月减少 ,11个月后虫卵存活率为 0 ;而对照组的虫卵 1年后存活率为 85 .39%。结论 :两种生态卫生厕所对寄生虫卵均有较好的杀灭作用 。

猪蛔虫不同发育期幼虫的收集方法研究

目的研究猪蛔虫不同发育期幼虫的收集方法。方法采用7.5%次氯酸钠氧化感染期蛔虫卵,37℃过夜后,用灭菌生理盐水离心数次,充分洗去次氯酸钠,将沉淀用玻璃珠在振荡器上振荡至全部卵壳破裂,幼虫孵出。用淋巴细胞分离液通过密度梯度离心法将幼虫与卵壳分离,最后收集底层的脱鞘第三期(L3)幼虫。在贝尔曼原理的基础上,在漏斗中加入低浓度(0.4%)琼脂凝胶,分别将绞碎的含幼虫的猪肝、肺和小肠内容物及其肠粘膜平均分装在数个漏斗中,放入40℃温箱中孵育3h,待大部分幼虫游离到管底,最后用400目分样筛过滤分离肝中的L3,用300目分样筛过滤分离肺中的L3,用200目分样筛过滤分离肠内容物及其粘膜上的第四期幼虫(L4)。结果次氯酸钠氧化加玻璃珠震荡法能够使感染期蛔虫卵几乎完全脱壳,配合淋巴细胞分离液的密度梯度离心法能收集到纯度较高且活力较强的体外脱鞘幼虫。与传统贝尔曼氏分离法相比,采用低浓度琼脂糖凝胶液能获得杂质少、高纯度的猪内脏中的不同发育期幼虫。结论次氯酸钠氧化加玻璃珠震荡法是体外脱鞘分离感染期幼虫的一种较为理想的方法,通过在漏斗内加低浓度的琼脂凝胶的方法是从猪内脏中获得高纯度的不同发育期幼虫的一种有效的方法。本方法不仅适用于猪蛔虫,而且对其它动物和人的寄生线虫幼虫的收集也有参考价值。

猪蛔虫雄虫cDNA文库的构建

采用Tripure Isolation Reagent抽提猪蛔虫雄虫成虫的总RNA,用poly(A)PuristTM纯化试剂盒分离mR-NA。分离mRNA后,用Clontech公司的CreatorTMSMARTTMcDNA文库构建试剂盒构建了猪蛔虫雄虫成虫的cDNA文库。结果获得了7.26×105独立克隆,重组率达96.7%,插入片段的平均长度约为1 kb。猪蛔虫雄虫cDNA文库的成功构建为利用文库筛选雄虫差异表达基因提供了材料来源,为研究猪蛔虫性别发育的分子机制奠定了基础。