Classification of Guizhou Aspidistra Plants by Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of Guizhou Aspidistra plants. [Method] Twenty three batch- es of Guizhou Aspidistra plants including A. chishuiensis, A. spinula, A. Caespitosa, A. sichuanensis, A. ebianensis, A. retusa, A. guizhouensis and A. liboensis were subjected to drying, pulverization and sieving and then directly determined for near- infrared reflectance spectrums; and the plants in this genus were classified by clus- ter analysis and principal component analysis （PCA）. [Result] The near-infrared re- flectance spectrums of the 23 batches of Guizhou Aspidistra plants showed very high similarity. The spectrums were processed by first derivative method, and the spectral range of 4 000-7 500 cm-1 was selected as the analytical range. Cluster analysis and PCA were employed to mass spectrum variables of plants in Aspidis- tra, fewer new variables became the linear combination of primary variables, and small differences between different varieties were enlarged, thereby facilitating intu- itive classification of plants in this genus. [Conclusion] Near-infrared diffuse re- flectance spectroscopy is nondestructive and rapid for determination of solid sam- pies, and provides a new method for the classification of Guizhou Aspidistra plants combined by information processing techniques.

Comparison of polysaccharides from 10 species of genera Paris,Trillium,Aspidistra,and Polygonatum

Background:The genera Paris,Trillium,Aspidistra,and Polygonatum originally belonged to the family Liliaceae;however,recently,in the APG system,the genera Polygonatum and Aspidistra were placed in the family Asparagaceae and the genera Paris and Trillium were placed in the family Melanthiaceae.Methods:To study the application of polysaccharide chemotaxonomy in Asparagaceae and Melanthiaceae,we extracted polysaccharides from the rhizomes of plants,including Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis,Paris daliensis,Paris polyphylla var.chinensis,Trillium tschonoskii,Aspidistra elatior,Aspidistra sichuanensis,Aspidistra caespitosa,Polygonatum sibiricum,Polygonatum cyrtonema,and Polygonatum kingianum.Physicochemical and structural characterization of these polysaccharides was performed using molecular weight,monosaccharide composition,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.The immunomodulatory activities were evaluated using the macrophage cell line,RAW264.7.Results:In this study,we found that the polysaccharides from the genus Polygonatum and Aspidistra were mainly comprised of fructose and glucose;the molecular weights were mostly concentrated between 4.6-6.2 kDa.The polysaccharides from species of genus Polygonatum differed in that they contained acetyl groups,while polysaccharides from species of genus Aspidistra did not.Paris and Trillium species polysaccharides mainly consisted of glucose and mannose;the molecular weights of the two major peaks were 6.3-13 kDa and 1-1.5 kDa,respectively;the main differences between polysaccharides were the ratio of glucose and mannose and the degree of branching.These results suggest that fructans might be the main feature of the family Asparagaceae and fructans with acetyl groups might be the main feature of the genus Polygonatum which is consistent with the results of previous studies.Additionally,all polysaccharides from the 10 plants promoted phagocytic activity.Some of them exhibited strong activity,including nitrogen monoxide release and TNF-αsecretion by RAW264.7 macrophages,indicating that they could be used as potential immunomodulatory agents.Conclusion:The molecular weight distribution,monosaccharide composition,and surface morphology of the polysaccharides of the Polygonatum and Aspidistra plants were similar,while those of Paris and Trillium plants were similar.These results support the APG classification system,which placed the genera Polygonatum and Aspidistra in the Asparagaceae family and placed the genera Paris and Trillium in the Melanthiaceae family.

Screening of Effective Fractions for Antitussive and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Miao Medicine Aspidistra caespitosa

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects of Miao medicine Aspidistra caespitosa C.Pei.[Methods]A mouse cough model was made by the SO 2 cough induction method,and the antitussive effects of different extraction fractions of A.caespitosa were observed.The inflammation models of acute inflammatory ear swelling in mice caused by xylene,granuloma in mice caused by cotton balls,and footpad swelling in mice caused by carrageenan were made,and the different extraction fractions were used to observe the effects of different extraction fractions on mouse ear swelling,granuloma and footpad swelling.And the levels of interleukin 6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-a)in the serum of different groups of mice were detected to screen out the extraction fractions of A.caespitosa with good antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity.[Results]Antitussive experiments on mice showed that the water layer extraction fraction,ethyl acetate extraction fraction and petroleum ether extraction fraction of Miao medicine A.caespitosa could prolong the incubation period of cough in mice and reduce the number of coughs within 2 min to varying degrees,and its different extraction fractions all had different inhibitory effects on mouse ear swelling,granuloma and footpad swelling.Compared with the blank control group,the different extraction fractions could reduce IL-6,TNF-a and other indicators to different degrees.[Conclusions]Ethyl acetate extraction fraction of A.caespitosa has good antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects.

蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra elatior)炭疽病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为明确蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra elatior)炭疽病病原菌的种类,本研究对采集的炭疽病样本进行分离纯化培养,得到1株蜘蛛抱蛋炭疽病病原真菌YYL,采用针刺回接实验测定其致病性,并在形态学鉴定基础上,克隆其ITS、ACT、GAPDH和CAL片段进行多基因联合鉴定。结果表明,该病原菌具有较强致病性,其菌落、菌丝和分生孢子形态符合百合炭疽菌(Colletotrichum lilii)的特征,且与百合炭疽菌相似度最高,其ITS和ACT序列与百合炭疽菌完全一致。综合形态学特征和分子生物学鉴定结果,确定引起蜘蛛抱蛋炭疽病的病原菌为百合炭疽菌。

蜘蛛抱蛋属Aspidistra Ker-Gawl.植物的初步研究

自1822年Ker-Gawl.首次发表了蜘蛛抱蛋属Aspidistra广东蜘蛛抱蛋Aspidistra. lurida Ker-Gawl.以来,国内外不断有新种的发现,物种数迅速增长,目前该属植物物种数已达到157种,我国分布105种,其中16种为记载药用植物。本文综合分析了蜘蛛抱蛋属植物物种的种类与分布,理清了该属植物的药用种类及其资源价值,可为该属植物的科研及其在医药、生态园林等方面的应用提供参考。

广西蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra retusa)的传粉生物学研究

蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的花部结构丰富多样,且常常贴地表开花,但其传粉生物学研究鲜有报道。广西蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra retusa)是广西特有植物,为揭示该物种的自然传粉机制,在蜘蛛抱蛋属世界分布和分化中心的广西境内,开展了广西蜘蛛抱蛋开花物候、访花昆虫及繁育系统的野外观测研究。结果表明:广西蜘蛛抱蛋的花部结构中雄蕊高于雌蕊,但自交不亲和,为异花传粉;双翅目瘿蚊属成虫(Cecidomyia sp.,Cecidomyiidae,Diptera)为其专性传粉者,作为回报,广西蜘蛛抱蛋为瘿蚊提供理想的交配场所,同时提供大量的花粉供雌瘿蚊取食以补充生殖所需能量,并为受精卵的孵化以及幼虫的发育提供舒适的环境。该研究用实地现场观察第一手数据验证了前人有关蜘蛛抱蛋属植物瘿蚊传粉的推测,为中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物传粉生物学研究的首次报道,然而蜘蛛抱蛋属植物花部结构极具多样性,应存在更多样的传粉方式,还有待更深入的调查研究。

Chemical constituents and antibacterial activities of Aspidistra typica

In the present investigation, we carried a phytochemical study of an ethanol-soluble extract from the root barks of Aspidistra typica Baill., a traditional food and herb medicine, leading to the isolation of four different kinds of compounds, including one benzene substituted coumarin, two organic phosphonic compounds, and one xanthone. The novel benzene substituted coumarin typicacoumarin A(1) was a new type of coumarin, and the two new organic phosphonic compounds, typicalphosphine A(2) and typicalphosphine B(3) were isolated for the first time, and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques, viz.1 D, 2 D NMR spectra and HR-ESI-MS. The xanthone compound typicaxanthone A(4) was discovered from nature for the first time. The two new organic phosphonic chlorides(2, 3) showed stronger antibacterial activities, which were comparable to berberine hydrochloride. And typicaxanthone A(4) showed much stronger antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC-25922 bacterial strain, while typicacoumarin A(1) showed moderate antibacterial activities, weaker than berberine hydrochloride.

A new homoisoflavone compound as a potent antibacterial agent from Aspidistra typica Baill.

A novel homoisoflavone typicalvone A （1）, together with two known compounds, n-heneicosane and p-hydroxy benzoic acid, were isolated from Aspidistra typica Baill. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by sepctral techniques, viz. 1D, 2D NMR spectra and HR-ESI-MS. Compared with berberine hydrochloride, typicalvone A showed moderate anti-bacterial activities, especially against the Gram-negative Paeudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-9027 and Escherichia coli ATCC-25922, with MBC values of 1000 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, it exhibited weak inhibitory activities against the tumour cells.

蜘蛛抱蛋凝集素(Aspidistra elatior Bulme Lectin)的基因克隆及序列分析

运用同源克隆的方法设计简并引物,通过3'和5'RACE技术,从蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistraelatior Bulme)中克隆了编码甘露糖结合集素(Aspidistra elatior Bulme Lectin,AEL)的全长cDNA序列.其cDNA全长为1149 bp,包含930 bp的开放阅读框,编码309个氨基酸的前体蛋白.前体蛋白经翻译后剪切成分子量分别为12.31 kD和12.26 kD两个成熟蛋白亚基(AEL-DOM1,AEL-DOM2).AEL-DOM1和AEL-DOM2分别具有两个和一个典型的甘露糖专一结合位点(QDNY).

竹节伸筋饮片质量标准研究

目的:基于2010年版《湖南省中药饮片炮制规范》优化竹节伸筋饮片质量标准。方法:以收集的样本复核原标准中性状和理化鉴别;采用电子显微镜观察横截面和粉末鉴别特征;参照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》标准测定水分、总灰分和醇溶性浸出物的含量。结果:性状鉴别和理化鉴别均沿用原标准。横截面鉴别中,未见原标准所述“外韧型维管束”。新增粉末鉴别,特征结构含针晶束、非腺毛、网纹导管等。新增水分、灰分及醇浸出物限量值,并推荐限量值分别为不得过12%、不得过7.0%及不得少于28.0%。结论:该质量标准在原标准上有较大提升,能够更为全面地控制竹节伸筋饮片的质量。

基于流式细胞术的蜘蛛抱蛋属植物倍性检测和核DNA含量测定体系的建立

为建立适用于蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的倍性检测及其核DNA含量的流式细胞术方法,以蜘蛛抱蛋属植物成熟叶片为材料,比较了WPB解离液、LB01解离液、Galbraith’s解离液以及改良Galbraith’s解离液制备的细胞核悬液的效果。结果表明:改良Galbraith’s解离液能够更广泛地适用于蜘蛛抱蛋属植物成熟叶片的细胞核悬液的制备且效果较好。利用改良Galbraith’s解离液对12种13个居群的蜘蛛抱蛋属植物进行倍性检测,并通过染色体制片计数法进行验证。结果表明:12种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的DNA含量的荧光强度峰值范围为1753078.81~5817826.99。其中,11种二倍体植物的峰值范围为1753078.81~2937690.80,四倍体辐花蜘蛛抱蛋的峰值为3892503.69,六倍体泰国蜘蛛抱蛋的峰值为5817826.99。此外,以葱为内标,对以上蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的核DNA含量进行测定和估算,首次估测了11种蜘蛛抱蛋植物的核DNA含量,蜘蛛抱蛋的DNA含量与已有报道的结果相近。其中,二倍体植物的核DNA含量为14.16~18.73 Gb;四倍体辐花蜘蛛抱蛋的核DNA含量为28.33 Gb;六倍体泰国蜘蛛抱蛋的核DNA含量为43.03 Gb。结果可为蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的遗传育种研究、全基因组研究以及喀斯特植物的起源与演化研究提供重要科学依据。

不同遮荫条件和栽培基质对蜘蛛抱蛋属植物光合作用的影响

以蜘蛛抱蛋属植物为试材,采用分光光度法测其叶绿素含量,研究了不同遮荫条件和栽培基质对蜘蛛抱蛋属植物光合作用的影响,以期为蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的栽培提供参考依据。结果表明:在遮荫率为98%条件下,采用JZ1或JZ4栽培基质(沙∶黄土∶营养土=1∶1∶1或1∶2∶1)进行种植时,有利于提高蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的光合作用,提升该属植物叶片的观赏价值。遮荫率为84%条件下,蜘蛛抱蛋属植物叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总含量以及类胡萝卜素含量的平均值分别为131.66、67.72、200.39、33.37 mg·g^(-1);遮荫率为98%条件下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总含量以及类胡萝卜素含量的平均值分别为164.81、87.88、252.41、34.08 mg·g^(-1)。在遮荫率为98%条件下,采用JZ1和JZ4栽培基质时,蜘蛛抱蛋属植物叶片叶绿素总含量最高,分别为279.13 mg·g^(-1)和277.50 mg·g^(-1);采用栽培基质JZ3和JZ5时,类胡萝卜素含量最高,分别为38.54 mg·g^(-1)和38.25 mg·g^(-1)。

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物营养器官的解剖学研究

首次对中国蜘蛛抱蛋属 9种植物的营养器官进行了解剖学研究。结果表明 :该属 9种植物的解剖结构基本相同。根和根状茎都由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成。根表皮下有单层薄壁细胞 ;内、外皮层均为一层五面加厚的厚壁细胞 ,内皮层外切向壁薄 ,呈马蹄形 ,外皮层内切向壁薄而外切向壁特别加厚 ,并栓质化 ,在横切面上形成一明显的厚壁组织环带 ;根为多原形。根状茎有明显的内皮层 ,周木维管束散生于维管柱的基本组织中 ;具有次生结构 ,次生保护组织为周皮。叶为等面叶 ,具有C4植物结构特征 ;气孔在上、下表皮均有分布 ,保卫细胞肾形 ,属四轮列型。该属植物的解剖结构与其生态环境相适应 ,体现了结构与功能的统一。

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物分布及生境特点的研究

从植物区系分布分析着手 ,重点阐述了国产蜘蛛抱蛋属植物所在各种植被类型及其生境特点。现知全世界该属植物约有 50种 ,中国产 4 7种 (占该属种数的 94 % ) ,其中特有种 4 5种 (占该属种数的 90 % )。主要分布于中国长江以南尤其广西的 5个天然植被型 8个植被亚型中 ,特别在季雨林和常绿阔叶林中的种类最为丰富 (约 2 3种 )。它们是群落组成中一个不固定的成员 ,对环境中的荫闭度、湿度和土壤条件有着严格的要求。天然林的变化直接影响到它们的生存和发展。因此 ,要保护好该属植物并使其发展 。

国产蜘蛛抱蛋属的细胞分类学研究I.四个广西特有种的核型

研究了广西特有的４种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的核型，结果如下：巨型蜘蛛抱蛋，２ｎ＝３８＝２４ｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋２ｓｍ＋１２ｓｔ；长药蜘蛛抱蛋，２ｎ＝３６＝１８ｍ＋２ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋１６ｓｔ；广西蜘蛛抱蛋，２ｎ＝３６＝１８ｍ＋４ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋１４ｓｔ，隆安蜘蛛抱蛋，２ｎ＝３８＝２０ｍ＋６ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋１２ｓｔ。以上核型都属２Ｃ，具有明显的二型性．

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属的细胞分类学研究Ⅱ

报道了 11种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的染色体数目和核型。结果如下 :伞柱蜘蛛抱蛋 ** ,2 n=36 =2 0 m+6 sm(2 sat) +10 st,属 2 C型 ;辐花蜘蛛抱蛋 ** ,2 n=38=2 2 m+6 sm(2 sat) +10 st,属 2 C型 ;棒蕊蜘蛛抱蛋 **,2 n =36 =18m +8sm (2 sat) +10 st,属 2 C型 ;柳江蜘蛛抱蛋 **,2 n=38=2 0 m +6 sm(2 sat) +12 st,属 2 C型 ;小花蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=38=16 m +4sm +8st (2 sat) +10 t,属 3C型 ;线叶蜘蛛抱蛋 ** ,2 n=36 =2 0 m(2 sat) +16 st,属 2 C型 ;罗甸蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=38=16 m+6 sm(2 sat) +16 st,属 2 C型 ;四川蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=38=2 4 m +4sm+10 st (2 sat) ,属 2 C型 ;广东蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=36 =18m +2 sm(2 sat) +16 st,属 2 C型 ;洞生蜘蛛抱蛋 **,2 n=36 =18m +2 sm(2 sat) +14st+2 t,属 2 C型 ;大花蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=36 =16 m+6 sm(2 sat) +14st,属 3C型。其中棒蕊蜘蛛抱蛋、柳江蜘蛛抱蛋、线叶蜘蛛抱蛋和洞生蜘蛛抱蛋的染色体数目和核型以及广东蜘蛛抱蛋的核型均为首次报道。

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物形态演化趋势及其新分类系统

简述了蜘蛛抱蛋属的研究历史 ,着重探讨它的主要器官分类性状的进化趋势 ,揭示了有关它的性别、花被、花被裂片、雄蕊、雌蕊、柱头、果实、花葶、花梗、叶、根状茎等 14个方面的演化趋势。依据这些演化趋势尤其是柱头构造的差异 ,并参考了形态分类学、细胞分类学、孢粉学和解剖学研究的结果 。

3种百合科植物挥发物成分分析

为了探究百合科Liliaceae植物挥发物(VOCs)成分组成,采用活体植物动态顶空套袋采集法收集吊兰Chloro-phytum comosum,一叶兰Aspidistra elatior和文竹Asparagus plumosus 3种百合科植物VOCs,利用热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用法分析了这3种植物VOCs的主要成分。结果表明:吊兰释放34种VOCs,包含萜类、酯类、醇类、醛类、酸类等5类化合物,其中二氢香茅醇相对含量最高(28.79%);一叶兰释放VOCs共鉴定出25种,包含醛类、酯类、醇类、萜类、酮类、烃类等6类化合物,其中壬醛(相对含量为12.12%)为其主要成分;文竹释放出38种VOCS,包含萜类醛类、酯类、醇类、醛类等4种化合物,主成分为牻牛儿醇(相对含量为27.90%)。3种百合科植物挥发物中都含有萜类化合物、醇类化合物、醛类化合物、酯类化合物。研究结果为百合科植物的综合开发利用提供了理论依据。

蜘蛛抱蛋属植物叶表皮微形态的扫描电镜观察

在扫描电子显微镜下,观察9种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的叶表皮微形态。结果表明,9种植物叶下表皮的细胞都为长方形,垂直壁为直的,垂周界限为凸的,外层周壁凹陷。气孔椭圆形至卵圆形,气孔外拱盖表面多平滑,其内缘近平滑、浅波状或锯齿波状;角质膜多为脊状条纹、有的外层周壁有横纹或颗粒。气孔大小与染色体的倍性有一定的正相关关系。不同种间叶表皮特征表现出一定差异,对种的划分有一定的分类鉴定意义。

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的分类和植物地理的研究

蜘蛛抱蛋属植物主要产于亚洲东部，中国的广西是其现代的分布中心和分化中心。通过对从其分类和植物地理方面的研究和修订，确认此属中国产有４７ 种，其中４５ 种为中国所特有，４ 个种为新种。文中列有中国产全部种的分种检索表和全部标本引证。