Early Detection of Colletotrichum Kahawae Disease in Coffee Cherry Based on Computer Vision Techniques

Colletotrichum kahawae(Coffee Berry Disease)spreads through spores that can be carried by wind,rain,and insects affecting coffee plantations,and causes 80%yield losses and poor-quality coffee beans.The deadly disease is hard to control because wind,rain,and insects carry spores.Colombian researchers utilized a deep learning system to identify CBD in coffee cherries at three growth stages and classify photographs of infected and uninfected cherries with 93%accuracy using a random forest method.If the dataset is too small and noisy,the algorithm may not learn data patterns and generate accurate predictions.To overcome the existing challenge,early detection of Colletotrichum Kahawae disease in coffee cherries requires automated processes,prompt recognition,and accurate classifications.The proposed methodology selects CBD image datasets through four different stages for training and testing.XGBoost to train a model on datasets of coffee berries,with each image labeled as healthy or diseased.Once themodel is trained,SHAP algorithmto figure out which features were essential formaking predictions with the proposed model.Some of these characteristics were the cherry’s colour,whether it had spots or other damage,and how big the Lesions were.Virtual inception is important for classification to virtualize the relationship between the colour of the berry is correlated with the presence of disease.To evaluate themodel’s performance andmitigate excess fitting,a 10-fold cross-validation approach is employed.This involves partitioning the dataset into ten subsets,training the model on each subset,and evaluating its performance.In comparison to other contemporary methodologies,the model put forth achieved an accuracy of 98.56%.

Coffee Leaf Rust(Hemileia vastatrix)Disease in Coffee Plants and Perspectives by the Disease Control

Coffee Leaf Rust(CLR)is caused by Hemileia vastatrix in Coffea spp.It is one of the most dangerous phytopathogens for coffee plantations in terms of coffee productivity and coffee cup quality.In this review,we resume the problem of CLR in Mexico and the pathogenesis of H.vastatrix.The review abord plant-pathogen interactions which lead a compatible or incompatible interactions and result in CLR disease or resistance,respectively.The review abord Coffea spp.defense response pathways involved in H.vastatrix pathogenicity.Additionally,current measures to control H.vastatrix proliferation and germination were aborded focused on phytosanitary actions,and biological and chemical control.Finally,new trendlines to reduce the impact of CLR as nanoparticles and nanotechnology were analyzed.

“Keyboard sign”and“coffee bean sign”in the prenatal diagnosis of ileal atresia:A case report

BACKGROUND Ileal atresia is a congenital abnormality where there is significant stenosis or complete absence of a portion of the ileum.The overall diagnostic accuracy of prenatal ultrasound in detecting jejunal and ileal atresia is low.We report a case of ileal atresia diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound examination with the“keyboard sign”and“coffee bean sign”.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of ileal atresia diagnosed in utero at 31 weeks'of gestation.Prenatal ultrasound examination revealed two rows of intestines arranged in an‘S’shape in the middle abdomen.The inner diameters were 1.7 cm and 1.6 cm,respectively.A typical“keyboard sign”was observed.The intestine canal behind the“keyboard sign”showed an irregular strong echo.There was no normal intestinal wall structure,showing a typical“coffee bean sign”.Termination of the pregnancy and autopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis.CONCLUSION The prenatal diagnosis of ileal atresia is difficult.The sonographic features of the“keyboard sign”and“coffee bean sign”are helpful in diagnosing the location of congenital jejunal and ileal atresia.

Application of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Precision Agriculture of Coffee Cultivation, in the Kabiri Area, Ícolo e Bengo Township, Luanda, Angola

The electrical resistivity method is a geophysical tool used to characterize the subsoil and can provide an important information for precision agriculture. The lack of knowledge about agronomic properties of the soil tends to affect the agricultural coffee production system. Therefore, research related to geoelectrical properties of soil such as resistivity for characterization the region of the study for coffee cultivation purposes can improve and optimize the production. This resistivity method allows to investigate the subsurface through different techniques: 1D vertical electrical sounding and electrical imaging. The acquisition of data using these techniques permitted the creation of 2D resistivity cross section from the study area. The geoelectrical data was acquired by using a resistivity meter equipment and was processed in different softwares. The results of the geoelectrical characterization from 1D resistivity model and 2D resistivity electrical sections show that in the study area of Kabiri, there are 8 varieties of geoelectrical layers with different resistivity or conductivity. Near survey in the study area, the lowest resistivity is around 0.322 Ω·m, while the highest is about 92.1 Ω·m. These values illustrated where is possible to plant coffee for suggestion of specific fertilization plan for some area to improve the cultivation.

Building the ARIMA Model for Forecasting the Production of Vietnam’s Coffee Export

Coffee is a significant industry, accounting for 3% of Vietnam’s GDP, with annual export turnover consistently exceeding USD 3 billion. Despite global economic challenges affecting purchasing power at various times, Vietnam’s coffee exports in December 2023 continued to surge, reaching the highest level in the past 9 months at 190,000 tons, a 59.3% increase compared to November 2023, but still a slight 3.5% decrease from the same period last year. The export turnover reached USD 538 million, a 51% increase from November 2023 and a 26.4% increase from the same period last year. Therefore, forecasting the coffee export volume holds significant importance for coffee producers nationwide. This research employs the Box-Jenkins method to construct an ARIMA model for forecasting Vietnam’s coffee export volume based on annual data published by the General Statistics Office. Results indicate that among the models considered, the ARIMA(1, 1, 2) model is the most suitable. The study also provides short-term forecasts for Vietnam’s coffee export volume. However, the current model is limited to forecasting and is not yet optimized, as the assumed linearity in the model is a simplification.

Coffee Orchard Response to Enhanced Efficiency Phosphate Fertilizer

Phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in plant growth by aiding in the development of strong roots, promoting flower and fruit formation, and aiding in photosynthesis. Studies to improve P fertilizers efficiency in coffee orchards are necessary due to the need for better efficiency and the lack of information on enhanced efficiency P fertilizers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MAP coated with anionic polymers (Policote) on coffee orchard development. A coffee trial was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments, applied at coffee planting, were arranged in an incomplete factorial (2 × 4) + 1, using two P sources (MAP and Policote coated MAP), four P rates (40, 80, 120, and 160 g P2O5 plant-1) and control (without application of P fertilizer). Plant height was evaluated in the 2016/2017, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019 seasons, while coffee bean maturation, yield, and agronomic P efficiency use were evaluated in the last two seasons. P fertilization did not affect coffee bean maturation and increased coffee yield in 31-month-old plants when differences among P sources and rates were observed. Using Policote-coated P fertilizer resulted in higher yields at the same P rate, as well as similar yields at a lower P rate, compared to conventional fertilizer. Policote-coated P fertilizer can be used as an enhanced efficiency fertilizer and is an efficient way to deliver required P to plants. The target for reducing farm investment, increasing agricultural profits, preserving phosphatic rock reserves, and avoiding the overuse of phosphate fertilizer could be realized through the rational use of enhanced efficiency fertilizers.

Experimental Study of a Modified Icaro Solar Dryer: The Case of Coffee Drying

Food losses in the developing country are thought to be 50% of the fruits and vegetables grown and 25% of harvested food grain. Food preservation can reduce wastage of a harvest surplus, allow storage for food shortages, and in some cases facilitate export to high-value markets. Drying is one of the oldest methods of food preservation. Drying makes produce lighter, smaller, and less likely to spoil and helps to minimize the moisture content in coffee beans as high moisture content during storage is certain to ruin the taste and appearance of coffee. This work presents the results of an experimental study of forced convection drying of coffee cherries in a modified Icaro solar dryer. The study aims to validate the numerical models developed for further research. The experimental tests envisaged also aim to determine the mass loss curves of the product by fixing or calculating its initial mass (1 kg), its initial water content (70%), the ambient temperature, the drying airflow (0.02 m3.s-1 to 0.09 m3.s-1) and the exchange coefficients. The influence of these aerothermal parameters on the drying time of a most commercialized coffee variety (Robusta) was studied. Finally, the results revealed an increase in the efficiency of the heat transfer air and a reduction in the water content of the coffee cherry from 70% to 9.87%, after 30.2 hours.

Culture Media Options for Growth and Morphological Characterisation of Cercospora coffeicola Affecting Coffee in Zimbabwe

Cercospora leaf spot is fast turning into a critically important disease in Zimbabwe.The disease is caused by Cercospora coffeicola which significantly reduces productivity and quality of coffee.Disturbingly,optimum sporulation of Cercospora coffeicola in culture remains a limiting factor for microbial analysis and quantitative studies of Cercospora leaf spot.Faced with this challenge,an in-vitro study was conducted at Coffee Research Institute,Manicaland,Zimbabwe to examine growth of Cercospora coffeicola in different nutrient media and to determine the best media for Cercospora coffeicola analysis.Six nutrient media were assessed(corn meal agar,oat meal agar,Czapek Dox agar,malt extract agar,yeast extract agar and potato dextrose agar)for the growth of Cercospora coffeicola.The laboratory-based experiment was duplicated,laid out in a Completely Randomized Design,replicated three times and based on Cercospora coffeicola nutrient inoculation.Data were collected on radial growth,colour and texture of mycelium at 3 and 6 days after inoculation.There were significant differences(p<0.05)in the growth of Cercospora coffeicola in media after 3 and 6 days.Malt extract agar had the greatest radial growth(34 mm and 32 mm)of Cercospora coffeicola for trials 1 and 2 respectively,whilst the least growth was in the oat meal agar(14.2 mm and 15.7 mm)for trials 1 and 2 respectively.There were variations in colour and texture of mycelium with malt extract agar,potato dextrose agar and oat meal agar associated with darker colours and rough texture while smooth white mycelia were found in corn meal agar.After considering all nutrient media,malt extract agar was found to be the best media for the growth of Cercospora coffeicola in-vitro.On the basis of our findings,the authors recommend the use of malt extract agar as the primary media for identification and characterisation of Cercospora coffeicola.

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Arabica Coffee Agroforestry Systems in the Noun Division, West Cameroon

Agroforestry systems (AFSs) offer viable solutions to climate change because of the below-ground biomass (BGB) that is maintained by the soil. Therefore, spatially explicit estimation of their BGB is crucial to account for emission reduction efforts. A study to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen dynamics in Arabica coffee agroforests was conducted in two subdivisions (Foumbot and Kouoptamo) of the Noun Division in western Cameroon. The methodological approach involved the collection of 150 soil samples taken at different depths: 0 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm. Depending on the depth, the SOC stock is 27.93 ± 1.13 tC/ha at 10 cm depth, 22.37 ± 1.47 tC/ha at 20 cm and 20.79 ± 0.31 tC/ha at 30 cm. According to the age classes of the Arabica coffee systems (ACA), the C/N ratio in our study area averaged 26.94 ± 13.60 for the (5 - 20) year old systems in Foumbot and 60.64 ± 48.80 for the (20 - 35) year old systems in Kouoptamo. Depending on the depth, at 10 cm this ratio is higher in Kouoptamo than in Foumbot with a maximum value of 57 and 38 respectively for the two subdivisions. In view of the results obtained, it would be important to analyse the types of microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter which is linked to soil organic carbon.

Effects of the Orientation of the Mountainside, Altitude and Varieties on the Quality of the Coffee Beverage from the “Matas de Minas” Region, Brazilian Southeast

Based upon qualitative parameters experiments, this study aims to investigate how the elements of the environment, where the coffee is produced, contribute to the final quality of the product. For the analyses, it was used approximately one kilogram of coffee cherry samples collected in 14 municipalities previously chosen on the East side of the Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The coffee cherry samples were collected and analyzed for each of the two varieties in four levels of altitude for each exposure side of the mountain in relation to the Sun. The quality of the coffee was evaluated through the analysis of its physical characteristics and sensory analysis, popularly known as "Test of drink or Cupping" carried out by three tasters that belonging to the group of Q-Graders, according to the rules of national and international competitions of the Brazilian Association of Special Coffees (BSCA). Were performed analysis by means descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and multivariate analysis, all of them aiming to study the individual sensory characteristics of quality of the coffee beverage from the “Matas de Minas” region. Path coefficient analysis also was carried out for the partition of the phenotypic correlation coefficients into measures of direct and indirect effects, in order to determine the individual sensory characteristics that played a major role in the beverage final score. The results demonstrate that it is not possible to conclusively establish the differences among coffees evaluated with basis on varieties and environmental factors previously cited. It can be concluded that it is not recommended to associate the quality of coffee only to a specific factor whether from the environment or being it a specific of the culture of coffee. However, the cafes that were evaluated had intrinsic quality, which were derived from the specific characteristics of the “Matas de Minas” region where they were grown.

Coffee Break和Seminar:提升大学生创新能力的有效方法——南京农业大学生物学理科基地大学生科研训练计划的实践

大学生科研训练（Student Research Training，SRT）计划是提高大学生科研能力的重要途径之一，也是培养国家理科基地创新性人才的重要举措。为了解决在实施SRT过程中出现的老师与学生交流不足的问题，南京农业大学引入了以Coffee Break和Seminar为主体的交流模式。经过近四年的实践探索，该模式有力地完善和保障了SRT的顺利实施，大大促进了创新型人才的培养。文章对此进行了详细的阐述。

Zoo Coffee商业空间展示道具分析及优化方案研究

在现代商业展示空间中,展示道具在商业空间中的应用正越来越被品牌企业所看重。怎样将展示道具(展示架、展示柜、展柜、展台、装饰品等)恰当二而艺术地运用在商业空间中,使商业空间的陈设、布置达到我们所需要的展示效果显得尤为重要。通过对Zoo Coffee店铺实地拍照、记录、问卷、访谈等多种形式进行了调研分析,并且做了优化方案的改良,试图以一家带有鲜明动物园特色的连锁咖啡店对商业空间与展示道具之间的联系进行探究。

Green coffee bean hydroalcoholic extract accelerates wound healing in full-thickness wounds in rabbits

Background:Green coffee beans contain biochemical compounds including caffeine,chlorogenic acid,trigonelline,and diterpenoid alcohols.In traditional Iranian medicine,coffee bean powder is used for the treatment of wounds.Previous studies have shown that green coffee bean extract has a number of health benefits,including induction of weight loss,reduced blood pressure,and hepatoprotective and anti-Parkinson effects.The aim of this study was to investigate the wound-healing activity of green coffee bean extract on a full-thickness wound model.Methods:Full-thickness wounds of 20×20 mm were created on the back of New Zealand white rabbits.The animals were divided into 6 groups.Three concentrations of green coffee bean extract(5%,10%,and 15%w/w)in a eucerin base were applied over the wounds in 3 test groups.One percent phenytoin cream was used in one group as a positive control.The rabbits of negative control and vehicle groups received no treatment and eucerin,respectively.For the evaluation of green coffee bean extract’s wound-healing effects,measures included:(1)wound-closure rate,by daily measuring of the wound surface area and calculating the reduction in area;(2)period of epithelialization,the number of days until the scab dropped from the wound;(3)hydroxyproline content,measured by a hydroxyproline assay kit;(4)lipid peroxidation,measured by a lipid peroxidation assay kit;and(5)histopathological state(hematoxylin-eosin stain)of wound-tissue samples on days 7 and 14 post-wounding.Results:The results of this study showed significantly enhanced wound-closure rate,shorter period of epithelialization(P<0.01),increased hydroxyproline content(P<0.001)and suppressed lipid peroxidation(P<0.001 on day 14)of wounds on animals treated with the 10%green coffee bean extract compared to the negative control and eucerin-treated groups.Moreover,the therapeutic effects of 10%green coffee bean were significantly superior than those of phenytoin on enhancing wound-closure rate,decreasing period of epithelialization(P<0.05),increasing hydroxyproline content(P<0.001 on day 7 and P<0.0001 on day 14)and suppressing lipid peroxidation(P<0.0001 on day 14).In addition,histopathological study supported the wound healing activity of green coffee bean extract.Conclusion:Our results showed that green coffee bean extract has a potential for promoting wound healing,thus supporting its traditional use for this purpose.

Participatory Breeding on Arabica Coffee to Obtain Superior Local Varieties to Support Origin Specialty Coffee Product Development in Indonesia

A participatory breeding on Arabica coffee involving farmers and plant breeders to select superior local varieties has been conducted at Lintong highland （North Sumatra）, Gayo highland （Central Aceh, Northern Sumatra） and Kendenan Plateau （Enrekang, South Sulawesi）. The aim of using this method was to find out superior varieties of Arabica coffee having appropriate specific traits and adaptable to such locations and accelerating the process of variety adoption by local farmers. Selection process was initiated by the farmer（s） based on high yielding performance by using their native experiences. The next step was conducted by plant breeder in collaboration with coffee farmers and other relevant scientists to evaluate more detail of cup quality, resistance to leaf rust and/or parasitic nematode as well as yielding potential and agronomic traits at different farmer＇s sites for several years observations. Research finding showed that three selected varieties namely Sigarar Utang, Gayo 1 and Gayo 2 had already been released by Minister of Agriculture for commercial planting at North Sumatera and Gayo highland. They performed excellent cup profile with high yielding ability （more than 1 t/ha） and tolerant to leaf rust disease. Therefore, it could support origin specialty coffee product at Gayo and Lintong highlands. However, observation over of selected local variety at Kendenan Plateau namely Salongge variety performed lower yielding ability （below 1 t/ha） and less stable yield over years as well as more heterogenous population in their offsprings than that of existing released varieties planted at the same location. Therefore, it could not be released as local varieties which adapted to specific location.

Damage Characteristics and Control Techniques of Longhorn Beetles in Coffee Garden

Coffee longhorn beetles are major trunk-boring pests of coffee trees,which are widely distributed in most areas of China.The biological characteristics,damage characteristics,life history and control techniques of two species of coffee longhorn beetles are reported in this paper.

The Diseases of Coffee under the Changing Climate： The Established Situation in Kenya

The distribution of key diseases of coffee particularly the Coffee berry disease （CBD） and Coffee leaf rust （CLR） in Kenya depended on coffee growing agro-ecological zones, which have varied climatic conditions. Under the changing climate, there has been an observed shift in their altitudinal distribution. To ascertain whether these diseases have shifted in their distribution, an extensive field survey covering 120 coffee farmers/households in all the coffee growing agro ecological zones was conducted. The survey established four coffee diseases; -viz. Coffee berry disease, Coffee leaf rust, Fusarium root disease （FRD） and Bacterial blight of coffee （BBC） as of economic importance to the farming community. The CBD, CLR and FRD were widely distributed in all coffee growing agro ecological zones. Of the four diseases, the CBD （65%） and CLR （63.3%） were most common as reported by the farmers, however these diseases dominated in their respective agro ecological zones; CBD （72.2%） in Upper Midland 1 （UM1） and CLR （75.0%） in Upper Midland 2 （UM2）. Both diseases equally infected coffee farms （69.2%） in main coffee zone （UM2）. According to the survey said diseases have increased their altitudinal range, a trend that will increase diseases pressure in coffee growing areas.

Contribution of Different Agronomic Practices and the Fungus Beauveria bassiana on the Coffee Berry Borer

The research was carried out to study the effect of varying certain ecological conditions in the coffee through the implementation of different agronomic practices such as regulation of the shade, ground cover and rehabilitation of plantations on the populations of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, it was also evaluated the influence of these conditions in the introduction and transfer of new variants of application of the fungus Beauveria bassiana （Balsamo） Vuillemin. The results showed that the pest damage was lower under a system of sustainable coffee, designed after the restoration of the population density of coffee, conducting systematic pruning and plant health, sanitation of the forest, shade management to double stratum with scattered light intensity of 60-70% and a combination of systems of denominated handling of weeds （Strip weeding - Ring weeding）, it was found that under these conditions the technical effectiveness of the fungus B. bassiana was higher compared with applications made in the trees less enlightened, being more advantageous to spray the foliage four times with a frequency of 40 days from 60 days to peak flowering with positive economic indicators even when used as single biological control strategy against the coffee berry borer.

基于无线传感器网络文件系统Coffee的研究

现有的桌面甚至是嵌入式一些文件系统不能适应资源受限的无线自组织网络传感器节点,这就要求重新设计文件系统。文中分析了设计WSNs专用文件系统的必要性,在WSNs中FLASH文件系统设计需要考虑的额外问题及现有FLASH文件系统JFFS2和YAFFS的缺陷。在分析现有的无线传感网络文件系统的基础上,选择了网络节点操作系统Con-tiki中的Coffee文件系统作为研究对象,深入源代码,详细分析Coffee的原理、设计思想及实现细节,并给出其移植到其它平台的通用方法,最后在延长FLASH使用寿命、高可靠性、大规模存储的方向上对Coffee提出了4种改进方法。这对WSNs文件系统理论研究及实际应用具有重要意义。

Influence of Environmental and Microclimate Factors on the Coffee Beans Quality (C. canephora): Correlation between Chemical Analysis and Stable Free Radicals

The present study reports a physicochemical comparison of shade-grown and sun-grown coffee beans, under unripe, rip and roasted-ripe conditions, using electrical conductivity measurements, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the assessed physicochemical parameters were compared with organoleptic evaluations based on the Coffee Quality Institute protocol. The values found for electrical conductivity, leached potassium, and stable free radicals were respectively 29%, 31%, and 350% higher for shade-grown coffee beans, whereas polyphenol oxidase enzymatic activity was 23% lower. By contrast, FTIR and HPLC measurements identified higher chlorogenic acid and lipid contents in sun-grown coffee beans. Importantly, the sensorial grade attributed to roasted-ripe grains was 12% higher for sun-grown coffee. Our findings suggest that shade-grown coffee beans have undergone microorganismal activity and undesired fermentation during cultivation, which resulted in lower coffee quality. A correlation between a set of selected physicochemical properties and organoleptic properties was robustly established and could be used in the development of future coffee bean quality control protocols.

试论外来词coffee的汉译特征

从coffee传入中国至今的28种汉译形式的嬗变入手,探究信、达、雅,音、形、义,情、理、法的翻译原则,以求归纳出外来词汉译形式变化与社会文化发展之间的相关规律。认为本土化是一个过程,是一个事物为了适应当前所处的环境而作的变化,也就是人们常说的入乡随俗。以黄伯荣、廖旭东《现代汉语》中对外来词的分类为依据,暂且把意译词归类为非外来词,将不同历史阶段coffee的多种汉译形式分为音译、部分音译部分意译或者音意兼译、音译后加注汉语语素、借形4类进行统计归纳,并探求其特征。