The cumulative expression of multistage deformation is complex multiperiod fractures,which are commonly seen in tectonic zones.The Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the western Sichuan Basin Depression,China,is a ...The cumulative expression of multistage deformation is complex multiperiod fractures,which are commonly seen in tectonic zones.The Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the western Sichuan Basin Depression,China,is a typical marine carbonate reservoir with natural fractures caused mainly by tectonic movements.According to outcrops,drill cores,image logging,and fluid inclusions,the fracture characteristics,types of natural fractures,and interactions of fractures are determined.In total,419 natural fractures in 493.2 m of cores from 7 wells are investigated,which are mainly shear and tensile fractures with a small number of weathering generated fractures.Meanwhile,the results of the stable isotope analysis of δ13C and δ18O,as well as the flow fluid inclusion data,reveal four tectonic periods of fractures with different occurrences.Based on the history of regional tectonic evolution,indicating one period of weathering fractures ascribable to stratal uplift and three periods of structural fractures related to the sequential tectonic movements of the Longmenshan fault belt.By analyzing the interaction relationships of fractures,three types of fracture interaction relationships are observed:cutting,restraining,and overlapping.The four stages fractures are chronologically assigned to(1)the early Indosinian N-S trending compression,(2)the late Indosinian NW-SE compression,(3)the middle Yanshanian NE-SE compression,and(4)the early Himalayan E-W compression.The influence of natural fractures on gas migration and well production in marine carbonates is discussed,and indicates that tectonic fractures could provide seepage channels for gas migration and accumulation from near or distant hydrocarbon source rocks into the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation.This study utilizes a pragmatic approach for understanding the fracture genesis mechanism in oil and gas field with multiperiod fractures.展开更多
Tropical cyclone(TC)activities in the North Indian Ocean(NIO)peak in May during the pre-monsoon period,but the TC frequency shows obvious inter-annual variations.By conducting statistical analysis and dynamic diagnosi...Tropical cyclone(TC)activities in the North Indian Ocean(NIO)peak in May during the pre-monsoon period,but the TC frequency shows obvious inter-annual variations.By conducting statistical analysis and dynamic diagnosis of long-term data from 1948 to 2016,the relationship between the inter-annual variations of Indian Ocean SST and NIO TC genesis frequency in May is analyzed in this paper.Furthermore,the potential mechanism concerning the effect of SST anomaly on TC frequency is also investigated.The findings are as follows:1)there is a broadly consistent negative correlation between NIO TC frequency in May and SST in the Indian Ocean from March to May,with the key influencing area located in the southwestern Indian Ocean(SWIO);2)the anomalies of SST in SWIO(SWIO-SST)are closely related to a teleconnection pattern surrounding the Indian Ocean,which can significantly modulate the high-level divergence,mid-level vertical motion and other related environmental factors and ultimately influence the formation of TCs over the NIO;3)the increasing trend of SWIO-SST may play an essential role in the downward trend of NIO TC frequency over the past 69 years.展开更多
The major element compositions of glass inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts of basalt and pumice in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin are determined by electron microprobe. The results indicate that bas...The major element compositions of glass inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts of basalt and pumice in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin are determined by electron microprobe. The results indicate that basalt and pumice are cognate and respectively represent the products at early stages of magmatism and at late stage of crystal fractionation. The initial magma in the trough is rich in H2O. The variation of H2O content in magma may play an important role in the magma evolution. Plagioclase is the mineral crystallized throughout the whole magmatic process and accumulates in the zoned magma chamber. From these features it can be inferred that the initial magma in the Okinawa Trough, whose opening began in recent years, is seriously affected by fluid or other materials carried by subducting slab and the geochemical feature of volcanic rocks is in some degree similar to that of lavas in island-arc environments.展开更多
The Elogo complex is a greenstone belt portion located on the Eastern edge of the Archean Congo craton at the junction with the Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Sembe Ouesso basin. This study was carried out on this...The Elogo complex is a greenstone belt portion located on the Eastern edge of the Archean Congo craton at the junction with the Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Sembe Ouesso basin. This study was carried out on this complex to determine the context of the placement of basaltic rocks. Metaluminous tholeiitic basalts (basic and ultrabasic), calc-alkaline basalts, andesitic basalts, and peraluminous calc-alkaline dacites represent greenstones. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts come from deep enriched and depleted mantle sources, including garnet in fusion residues [Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> > 16 (16.5 to 35.12) and in some samples between 12.45 to 14.48;CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 1 (1.04 to 1.35) in ten samples and (Gb/Yb)<sub>PM</sub> > 1]. The calc-alkaline dacites come from a shallow depleted mantle source [Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> > 16;CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 1]. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts have a negative Rb, Ba, Ce, and Nb anomaly without negative Ti anomaly, positive Ta, Pb anomalies, and a lack of significant REE [(La/Yb)n = 0.36 to 0.97 and 1 to 2.15;(Ce/Yb)n = 0.27 to 0.96 and 1.04 to 1.72, respectively] fractionation. High Nb/Th (2 to 10) and Nb/U (1.82 to 26) ratios and low La/Ta (5 to 27) ratios are characteristic of divergent margin magmatic sources. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts correspond to an extensive back-arc basin-type tectonic setting. Calc-alkaline andesitic basalts and dacites show positive Ba, U, Th, K, La, Ce, Pb, and Li anomalies and negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies reflecting crustal contamination and hydrothermal alteration in a compressive tectonic context as a volcanic arc in a subduction regime marking the interruption of the meso-neoarchean Elogo’s opening. Elogo’s opening and closing are probably associated with the emplacement of the greenstone of the meso-neoarchean Gabon Belinga group and the relics of the Mesoarchean greenstones of the Cameroun Ntem complex.展开更多
The Western Qinling Orogen(WQO) is characterized by voluminous distribution of Indosinian granitoids,the formation of which provides an important window to unravel the geochemical and geodynamic evolution and associat...The Western Qinling Orogen(WQO) is characterized by voluminous distribution of Indosinian granitoids,the formation of which provides an important window to unravel the geochemical and geodynamic evolution and associated metallogeny.Here we investigate a group of intrusions termed "Five Golden Flowers" based on petrological,geochemical,zircon U-Pb geochronological and Lu-Hf isotopic studies on the granitoids and their mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs).Our results show that these intrusions are genetically divided into two types,namely,magma-mixing and highly fractionated.The Jiaochangba,Lujing,Zhongchuan,and Luchuba granitoids are biotite monzogranites(220±0.8 Ma to 217±2.6 Ma) with abundant coeval MMEs(220±.1 Ma to 217±2.7 Ma).The rocks contain moderate to high SiO2,high MgO,Rb,Sr,Ba,and Th contents,but low TiO2,P2 O5,and Sc values,A/CNK of <1.1,and a range of εHf(t) values of-11.7 to +2.23 with corresponding TDM2values of 1967-1228 Ma.The MMEs possess K-feldspar megacrysts,abundant acicular apatites,and show lopsided textures.They have lower SiO2,Al2 O3,and Th contents,but higher MgO,TiO2,and Sc,with εHf(t) values of-18.0 to +3.18 and TDM1 of 849-720 Ma.The data indicate that the MMEs were derived from a magma sourced from the enriched lithospheric mantle.We suggest that these host granitoids were produced by partial melting of latePaleoproterozoic to early-Mesoproterozoic lower crust with the involvement of Neoproterozoic SCLM-derived mafic magmas.The Baijiazhuang pluton is dominantly composed of leucogranite(muscovite granite and twomica monzogranite,216±1.5 Ma) without MMEs.The rocks are peraluminous with high A/CNK(1.06-1.27).Compared with the other four granitoids,the Baijiazhuang leucogranite shows higher SiO2 content,markedly lower concentrations of TiO2,MgO,Al2 O3,CaO,and Fe2 O3T,and lower LREE/HREE and(La/Yb)N values.These leucogranites are also rich in Rb,Th,and U,and display marked depletions in Ba,Sr,Ti,and Eu,indicating that they experienced significant fractionation.Zircon εHf(t) values(-10.2 to-3.27) and TDM2(1868-1424 Ma),as well as the Nb/Ta and K2 O/Na2 O values are similar to the other four granitoids,indicating that they are likely to have been derived from a similar source;with sediments playing only a minor role in the magma generation.The low contents of Yb and Y suggest that their partial melting was controlled by garnets and micrographic texture of K-feldspar reflects high-temperature melting through undercooling.Based on the above features,we infer that the Baijiazhuang leucogranite likely represents the product of high degree fractionation of the I-type biotite monzogranite magma which generated the other four granitoids at relatively high temperatures,within magma chambers at mid-crust depths.We propose that the granitoid suite was formed in the transitional setting from synto post-collision during the collisional orogeny between the SCB and NCB,following break-off of the subducted South China Block lithosphere during 220-216 Ma.展开更多
Abstract: The physico-chemical conditions under which the pegmatite dyke No. 3 was formed were discussed in the light of fluid-melt inclusion evidence. Our results lend support to the frac-tionation of hydrothermal so...Abstract: The physico-chemical conditions under which the pegmatite dyke No. 3 was formed were discussed in the light of fluid-melt inclusion evidence. Our results lend support to the frac-tionation of hydrothermal solutions from magma. For the pegmatite dike No. 3, the magma-derived hydrothermal solutions are dominated by NaCl + CO2 + H2O.展开更多
Southwestern Guizhou province is one of China’s most important distribution areas of Carlin-type gold deposits. The Nibao deposit is a typical gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou. To elucidate the genesis of the Nib...Southwestern Guizhou province is one of China’s most important distribution areas of Carlin-type gold deposits. The Nibao deposit is a typical gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou. To elucidate the genesis of the Nibao gold deposit, establish a metallogenic model, and guide prospecting prediction, we systematically collected previously reported geological, geochemical, and dating data and discussed the genesis of the Nibao gold deposit,based on which we proposed the metallogenic model.Earlier works show that the Nibao anticline, F1 fault, and its hanging wall dragged anticline(Erlongqiangbao anticline) were formed before or simultaneously with gold mineralization, while F2, F3, and F4 faults postdate gold mineralization. Regional geophysical data showed extensive low resistivity anomaly areas near the SBT(the product of tectonic slippage and hydrothermal alteration)between the P2/P3 and the strata of the Longtan Formation in the SSE direction of Nibao anticline in the lower plate of F1 and hanging wall dragged anticline(Erlongqiangbao anticline), and the anomaly areas are distributed within the influence range of anticlines. Simultaneously, soil and structural geochemistry show that F1, Nibao anticline,Erlongqiangbao anticline, and their transition areas all show good metallogenic elements(Au, As, and S) assemblage anomalies, with good metallogenic space and prospecting possibilities. There are five main hypotheses about the source of ore-forming fluids and Au in the Nibao gold deposit:(1) related to the Emeishan mantle plume activity;(2) source from the Emeishan basalt;(3) metamorphic fluid mineralization;(4) basin fluid mineralization;(5) related to deep concealed magmatic rocks;of these, the mainstream understanding is the fifth speculation. It is acknowledged that the ore-forming fluids are hydrothermal fluids with medium–low temperature, high pressure, medium–low salinity, low density, low oxygen fugacity, weak acidity, weak reduction, and rich in CO_(2)and CH_(4). The fluid pressure is 2–96.54 MPa, corresponding to depths of 0.23–3.64 km. The dating results show that the metallogenic age is ~141 Ma, the extensional tectonic environment related to the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate. Based on the above explanation, the genetic model related to deep concealed magmatic rocks of the Nibao gold deposit is established, and favorable prospecting areas are outlined;this is of great significance for regional mineral exploration and studying the genesis of gold deposits.展开更多
A previous preon scenario for the standard model particles, based on unbroken supersymmetry, is applied to the problem of matter-antimatter asymmetry. Attention is paid to the fact that the asymmetric hydrogen atom—l...A previous preon scenario for the standard model particles, based on unbroken supersymmetry, is applied to the problem of matter-antimatter asymmetry. Attention is paid to the fact that the asymmetric hydrogen atom—like all atoms—can be described in terms of symmetric preons. Preons are created in the early universe. The matter-antimatter asymmetry is caused by stochastic correlations in charge density fluctuations of preons and antipreons and by the subsequent preon combinatorial mechanism to form quarks and leptons, and finally the three lightest elements. A tentative gravitino mass estimate is given based on minimal interference with nucleosynthesis. With local supersymmetry the scenario can be extended to supergravity.展开更多
Numerous dark enclaves with different shapes are found in Jiuling Neoproterozoic granitoids.Precise LAICP-MS U-Pb dating was conducted on zircons extracted from two microcrystalline enclave samples,yielding crystalliz...Numerous dark enclaves with different shapes are found in Jiuling Neoproterozoic granitoids.Precise LAICP-MS U-Pb dating was conducted on zircons extracted from two microcrystalline enclave samples,yielding crystallization ages of 822.6±5.8 Ma and 822.2±6.2 Ma,respectively.The consistent ages within analytical errors with the host granitoids suggested that they were the products of the same magmatism.The microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves commonly show plastic forms and contain similar plagioclase megacrysts to the host rocks,and both of the enclaves and host granitoids showed a complex composition and structural imbalance in plagioclases.Furthermore,the apatites with a euhedral acicular shape occurred widely in the microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves.All of these petrographic features above imply magma mixing is involved in their diagenesis.The enclaves and host granitoids show a marked zircon trace element difference and Hf isotopic signatures without correlation in zircon trace element pairs but form their own system between enclaves and host granitoids.Additionally,most of the zircons show extremely high εHf (t) with εHf (t) =3.54?11.94 from the southern samples,and εHf (t) =1.0?9.09 from the central region.Some zircons with the higher εHf (t) are similar to the zircons from the juvenile island arc in the eastern segment of Jiangnan Orogen.Integrated geological and Hf isotopic characteristics suggest microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves were derived from the partial melting process of the Mesoproterozoic crust which enriched juvenile island arc materials and mixed with the granitic magma that remelted from the Mesoproterozoic continental crust which relatively enriched ancient sediments and mixed with the host granitoid in diagenesis.展开更多
There are two factors,source composition and magmatic differentiation,potentially controlling W-Sn mineralization.Which one is more important is widely debated and may need to be determined for each individual deposit...There are two factors,source composition and magmatic differentiation,potentially controlling W-Sn mineralization.Which one is more important is widely debated and may need to be determined for each individual deposit.The Xitian granite batholith located in South China is a natural laboratory for investigating the above problem.It consists essentially of two separate components,formed in the Triassic at ca.226 Ma and Jurassic at ca.152 Ma,respectively.The Triassic and Jurassic rocks are both composed of porphyritic and fine-grained phases.The latter resulted from highlydifferentiated porphyritic ones but they have similar textural characteristics and mineral assemblages,indicating that they reached a similar degree of crystal fractionation.Although both fine-grained phases are highly differentiated with elevated rare metal contents,economic W–Sn mineralization is rare in the Triassic granitoids and this can be attributed to less fertile source materials than their Jurassic counterparts,with a slightly more enriched isotopic signature and whole-rockεNd(226 Ma)of−10.4 to−9.2(2σ=0.2)compared withεNd(152 Ma)of−9.2 to−8.2(2σ=0.2)for the Jurassic rocks.The initial W-Sn enrichment was derived from the metasedimentary rocks and strongly enhanced by reworking of the continental crust,culminating in the Jurassic.展开更多
The Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal region of southeastern China were superimposed on some different basement tectonic elements. The volcanic rocks developed in these different basement tectonic elements have g...The Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal region of southeastern China were superimposed on some different basement tectonic elements. The volcanic rocks developed in these different basement tectonic elements have great differences in Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. The rocks in western Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi Provinces which belong to the Lower Yangtze subplate have lower initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios, but are higher in initial Nd isotopic ratios. The initial 143Nd / 144Nd values of the volcanic rocks developed in the Cathaysian subplate increase clearly from early to late in time, and from the core of the Wuyishan uplift coastwards constantly, but the initial 87Sr/86Sr values tend to decrease. The isotopic characteristics and their spatial variations in Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the study region are, to a great extent, manifestations of the isotopic characteristics in basement metamorphic complexes, and the generation of the Mesozoic acid magma in this region is attributed to the recycling of pre-existing crustal materials.展开更多
The lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite rocks represent the early enigmatic episodes of lunar magmatism.Due to the gravitational instability of the Fe-Ti enriched(±KREEP)layer,which is formed at the later stage o...The lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite rocks represent the early enigmatic episodes of lunar magmatism.Due to the gravitational instability of the Fe-Ti enriched(±KREEP)layer,which is formed at the later stage of fractional crystallization,a post-magma-ocean cumulate overturn occurred contemporaneously or near-contemporaneously with the lunar magma ocean(LMO)solidification.The radioactive elements within the KREEP layer were transferred downward and provided continuous energy for the partial melting of the Moon’s interior.The melt from the Moon’s interior and those from decompression melting,in turn,provide source magma for the origin of lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite.However,experimental and theoretical studies on the formation process of lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite show that the origin of their parental magma is poorly constrained,which largely depends on the initial depth and composition of the LMO.This review examines the mineralogy,petrogenesis,and distribution of lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite.Combining with existing models,we constrain the degree,distribution,and timescale of lunar mantle overturn and explore their relationship with later stages of LMO differentiation.We propose an updated chemical composition of the lunar interior,which provides a useful reference for estimating the bulk composition and early differentiation of the Moon and the early Earth.展开更多
Mount Cameroon is a Plio-Quaternary volcanic massif, without a centralcrater, made up of more than 140 pyroclastic cones. It is one of theactive volcanoes of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Mount Cameroon meltinclusions a...Mount Cameroon is a Plio-Quaternary volcanic massif, without a centralcrater, made up of more than 140 pyroclastic cones. It is one of theactive volcanoes of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Mount Cameroon meltinclusions are found in microdroplets trapped in the early minerals (olivines)from the pyroclastic products. The analysis of these melt inclusions allowedus to find primitive liquids compared to lavas. Major elements study ofthe magmatic inclusions, trapped in the most magnesian olivines (Mg#84-86) of Mount Cameroon revealed “primitive” liquids of basanite and alkalibasalt type with variable composition compared to the much more uniformbasalts of the magmatic series of Mount Cameroon. The study of thesetrapped liquids shows that: (1) the original primitive lavas did not undergothe process of evolution by FC, but rather underwent fundamentally (orexclusively) the process of partial melting;(2) the emitted lavas, evolvedessentially by FC;(3) the variations in the trace element contents of theprimitive liquids directly reflect a variation in the rate of partial melting ofa homogeneous mantelic source. The very high La/Yb ratios of the MountCameroon melt inclusions (> 20) characterize a garnet lherzolite source.Spectra of the melt inclusions show a negative anomaly or depletion in K,Rb and Ba as those of HIMU. The “primitive” liquids and lavas of MountCameroon represent a co-genetic sequence formed by varying degrees ofpartial melting of a source considered as homogeneous.展开更多
Alkaline magmatism is often associated with the initial or final stages of huge plume activity.The alkaline bodies are most often found within the boundary area of plume impact upon the continents.The initial stages o...Alkaline magmatism is often associated with the initial or final stages of huge plume activity.The alkaline bodies are most often found within the boundary area of plume impact upon the continents.The initial stages of the展开更多
基金The first,second,and fifth authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41672133)The second author also acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China(4207021285).
文摘The cumulative expression of multistage deformation is complex multiperiod fractures,which are commonly seen in tectonic zones.The Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the western Sichuan Basin Depression,China,is a typical marine carbonate reservoir with natural fractures caused mainly by tectonic movements.According to outcrops,drill cores,image logging,and fluid inclusions,the fracture characteristics,types of natural fractures,and interactions of fractures are determined.In total,419 natural fractures in 493.2 m of cores from 7 wells are investigated,which are mainly shear and tensile fractures with a small number of weathering generated fractures.Meanwhile,the results of the stable isotope analysis of δ13C and δ18O,as well as the flow fluid inclusion data,reveal four tectonic periods of fractures with different occurrences.Based on the history of regional tectonic evolution,indicating one period of weathering fractures ascribable to stratal uplift and three periods of structural fractures related to the sequential tectonic movements of the Longmenshan fault belt.By analyzing the interaction relationships of fractures,three types of fracture interaction relationships are observed:cutting,restraining,and overlapping.The four stages fractures are chronologically assigned to(1)the early Indosinian N-S trending compression,(2)the late Indosinian NW-SE compression,(3)the middle Yanshanian NE-SE compression,and(4)the early Himalayan E-W compression.The influence of natural fractures on gas migration and well production in marine carbonates is discussed,and indicates that tectonic fractures could provide seepage channels for gas migration and accumulation from near or distant hydrocarbon source rocks into the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation.This study utilizes a pragmatic approach for understanding the fracture genesis mechanism in oil and gas field with multiperiod fractures.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41965005,41790471,42075013)Key R&D Plan of Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department(202203AC100006)National Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(202201AS070069)。
文摘Tropical cyclone(TC)activities in the North Indian Ocean(NIO)peak in May during the pre-monsoon period,but the TC frequency shows obvious inter-annual variations.By conducting statistical analysis and dynamic diagnosis of long-term data from 1948 to 2016,the relationship between the inter-annual variations of Indian Ocean SST and NIO TC genesis frequency in May is analyzed in this paper.Furthermore,the potential mechanism concerning the effect of SST anomaly on TC frequency is also investigated.The findings are as follows:1)there is a broadly consistent negative correlation between NIO TC frequency in May and SST in the Indian Ocean from March to May,with the key influencing area located in the southwestern Indian Ocean(SWIO);2)the anomalies of SST in SWIO(SWIO-SST)are closely related to a teleconnection pattern surrounding the Indian Ocean,which can significantly modulate the high-level divergence,mid-level vertical motion and other related environmental factors and ultimately influence the formation of TCs over the NIO;3)the increasing trend of SWIO-SST may play an essential role in the downward trend of NIO TC frequency over the past 69 years.
基金The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 49625609 and 49673194.
文摘The major element compositions of glass inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts of basalt and pumice in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin are determined by electron microprobe. The results indicate that basalt and pumice are cognate and respectively represent the products at early stages of magmatism and at late stage of crystal fractionation. The initial magma in the trough is rich in H2O. The variation of H2O content in magma may play an important role in the magma evolution. Plagioclase is the mineral crystallized throughout the whole magmatic process and accumulates in the zoned magma chamber. From these features it can be inferred that the initial magma in the Okinawa Trough, whose opening began in recent years, is seriously affected by fluid or other materials carried by subducting slab and the geochemical feature of volcanic rocks is in some degree similar to that of lavas in island-arc environments.
文摘The Elogo complex is a greenstone belt portion located on the Eastern edge of the Archean Congo craton at the junction with the Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Sembe Ouesso basin. This study was carried out on this complex to determine the context of the placement of basaltic rocks. Metaluminous tholeiitic basalts (basic and ultrabasic), calc-alkaline basalts, andesitic basalts, and peraluminous calc-alkaline dacites represent greenstones. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts come from deep enriched and depleted mantle sources, including garnet in fusion residues [Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> > 16 (16.5 to 35.12) and in some samples between 12.45 to 14.48;CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 1 (1.04 to 1.35) in ten samples and (Gb/Yb)<sub>PM</sub> > 1]. The calc-alkaline dacites come from a shallow depleted mantle source [Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> > 16;CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 1]. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts have a negative Rb, Ba, Ce, and Nb anomaly without negative Ti anomaly, positive Ta, Pb anomalies, and a lack of significant REE [(La/Yb)n = 0.36 to 0.97 and 1 to 2.15;(Ce/Yb)n = 0.27 to 0.96 and 1.04 to 1.72, respectively] fractionation. High Nb/Th (2 to 10) and Nb/U (1.82 to 26) ratios and low La/Ta (5 to 27) ratios are characteristic of divergent margin magmatic sources. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts correspond to an extensive back-arc basin-type tectonic setting. Calc-alkaline andesitic basalts and dacites show positive Ba, U, Th, K, La, Ce, Pb, and Li anomalies and negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies reflecting crustal contamination and hydrothermal alteration in a compressive tectonic context as a volcanic arc in a subduction regime marking the interruption of the meso-neoarchean Elogo’s opening. Elogo’s opening and closing are probably associated with the emplacement of the greenstone of the meso-neoarchean Gabon Belinga group and the relics of the Mesoarchean greenstones of the Cameroun Ntem complex.
基金This study was jointly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41730426,41421002,41272092 and 41803039)MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics,Northwest University,China
文摘The Western Qinling Orogen(WQO) is characterized by voluminous distribution of Indosinian granitoids,the formation of which provides an important window to unravel the geochemical and geodynamic evolution and associated metallogeny.Here we investigate a group of intrusions termed "Five Golden Flowers" based on petrological,geochemical,zircon U-Pb geochronological and Lu-Hf isotopic studies on the granitoids and their mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs).Our results show that these intrusions are genetically divided into two types,namely,magma-mixing and highly fractionated.The Jiaochangba,Lujing,Zhongchuan,and Luchuba granitoids are biotite monzogranites(220±0.8 Ma to 217±2.6 Ma) with abundant coeval MMEs(220±.1 Ma to 217±2.7 Ma).The rocks contain moderate to high SiO2,high MgO,Rb,Sr,Ba,and Th contents,but low TiO2,P2 O5,and Sc values,A/CNK of <1.1,and a range of εHf(t) values of-11.7 to +2.23 with corresponding TDM2values of 1967-1228 Ma.The MMEs possess K-feldspar megacrysts,abundant acicular apatites,and show lopsided textures.They have lower SiO2,Al2 O3,and Th contents,but higher MgO,TiO2,and Sc,with εHf(t) values of-18.0 to +3.18 and TDM1 of 849-720 Ma.The data indicate that the MMEs were derived from a magma sourced from the enriched lithospheric mantle.We suggest that these host granitoids were produced by partial melting of latePaleoproterozoic to early-Mesoproterozoic lower crust with the involvement of Neoproterozoic SCLM-derived mafic magmas.The Baijiazhuang pluton is dominantly composed of leucogranite(muscovite granite and twomica monzogranite,216±1.5 Ma) without MMEs.The rocks are peraluminous with high A/CNK(1.06-1.27).Compared with the other four granitoids,the Baijiazhuang leucogranite shows higher SiO2 content,markedly lower concentrations of TiO2,MgO,Al2 O3,CaO,and Fe2 O3T,and lower LREE/HREE and(La/Yb)N values.These leucogranites are also rich in Rb,Th,and U,and display marked depletions in Ba,Sr,Ti,and Eu,indicating that they experienced significant fractionation.Zircon εHf(t) values(-10.2 to-3.27) and TDM2(1868-1424 Ma),as well as the Nb/Ta and K2 O/Na2 O values are similar to the other four granitoids,indicating that they are likely to have been derived from a similar source;with sediments playing only a minor role in the magma generation.The low contents of Yb and Y suggest that their partial melting was controlled by garnets and micrographic texture of K-feldspar reflects high-temperature melting through undercooling.Based on the above features,we infer that the Baijiazhuang leucogranite likely represents the product of high degree fractionation of the I-type biotite monzogranite magma which generated the other four granitoids at relatively high temperatures,within magma chambers at mid-crust depths.We propose that the granitoid suite was formed in the transitional setting from synto post-collision during the collisional orogeny between the SCB and NCB,following break-off of the subducted South China Block lithosphere during 220-216 Ma.
文摘Abstract: The physico-chemical conditions under which the pegmatite dyke No. 3 was formed were discussed in the light of fluid-melt inclusion evidence. Our results lend support to the frac-tionation of hydrothermal solutions from magma. For the pegmatite dike No. 3, the magma-derived hydrothermal solutions are dominated by NaCl + CO2 + H2O.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China (41962008)the Talent Team Program of Guizhou Science and Technology Fund (Qianke Pingtairen Caixintang[2021]007)+3 种基金the Geological Exploration Fund Project of Guizhou Province (520000214TLCOG7DGTDRG)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1812402)Scientific Research Project of Hubei Geological Bureau (KJ2022-21)the Graduate Research Fund of Guizhou Province (YJSCXJH [2020] 095)。
文摘Southwestern Guizhou province is one of China’s most important distribution areas of Carlin-type gold deposits. The Nibao deposit is a typical gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou. To elucidate the genesis of the Nibao gold deposit, establish a metallogenic model, and guide prospecting prediction, we systematically collected previously reported geological, geochemical, and dating data and discussed the genesis of the Nibao gold deposit,based on which we proposed the metallogenic model.Earlier works show that the Nibao anticline, F1 fault, and its hanging wall dragged anticline(Erlongqiangbao anticline) were formed before or simultaneously with gold mineralization, while F2, F3, and F4 faults postdate gold mineralization. Regional geophysical data showed extensive low resistivity anomaly areas near the SBT(the product of tectonic slippage and hydrothermal alteration)between the P2/P3 and the strata of the Longtan Formation in the SSE direction of Nibao anticline in the lower plate of F1 and hanging wall dragged anticline(Erlongqiangbao anticline), and the anomaly areas are distributed within the influence range of anticlines. Simultaneously, soil and structural geochemistry show that F1, Nibao anticline,Erlongqiangbao anticline, and their transition areas all show good metallogenic elements(Au, As, and S) assemblage anomalies, with good metallogenic space and prospecting possibilities. There are five main hypotheses about the source of ore-forming fluids and Au in the Nibao gold deposit:(1) related to the Emeishan mantle plume activity;(2) source from the Emeishan basalt;(3) metamorphic fluid mineralization;(4) basin fluid mineralization;(5) related to deep concealed magmatic rocks;of these, the mainstream understanding is the fifth speculation. It is acknowledged that the ore-forming fluids are hydrothermal fluids with medium–low temperature, high pressure, medium–low salinity, low density, low oxygen fugacity, weak acidity, weak reduction, and rich in CO_(2)and CH_(4). The fluid pressure is 2–96.54 MPa, corresponding to depths of 0.23–3.64 km. The dating results show that the metallogenic age is ~141 Ma, the extensional tectonic environment related to the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate. Based on the above explanation, the genetic model related to deep concealed magmatic rocks of the Nibao gold deposit is established, and favorable prospecting areas are outlined;this is of great significance for regional mineral exploration and studying the genesis of gold deposits.
文摘A previous preon scenario for the standard model particles, based on unbroken supersymmetry, is applied to the problem of matter-antimatter asymmetry. Attention is paid to the fact that the asymmetric hydrogen atom—like all atoms—can be described in terms of symmetric preons. Preons are created in the early universe. The matter-antimatter asymmetry is caused by stochastic correlations in charge density fluctuations of preons and antipreons and by the subsequent preon combinatorial mechanism to form quarks and leptons, and finally the three lightest elements. A tentative gravitino mass estimate is given based on minimal interference with nucleosynthesis. With local supersymmetry the scenario can be extended to supergravity.
文摘Numerous dark enclaves with different shapes are found in Jiuling Neoproterozoic granitoids.Precise LAICP-MS U-Pb dating was conducted on zircons extracted from two microcrystalline enclave samples,yielding crystallization ages of 822.6±5.8 Ma and 822.2±6.2 Ma,respectively.The consistent ages within analytical errors with the host granitoids suggested that they were the products of the same magmatism.The microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves commonly show plastic forms and contain similar plagioclase megacrysts to the host rocks,and both of the enclaves and host granitoids showed a complex composition and structural imbalance in plagioclases.Furthermore,the apatites with a euhedral acicular shape occurred widely in the microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves.All of these petrographic features above imply magma mixing is involved in their diagenesis.The enclaves and host granitoids show a marked zircon trace element difference and Hf isotopic signatures without correlation in zircon trace element pairs but form their own system between enclaves and host granitoids.Additionally,most of the zircons show extremely high εHf (t) with εHf (t) =3.54?11.94 from the southern samples,and εHf (t) =1.0?9.09 from the central region.Some zircons with the higher εHf (t) are similar to the zircons from the juvenile island arc in the eastern segment of Jiangnan Orogen.Integrated geological and Hf isotopic characteristics suggest microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves were derived from the partial melting process of the Mesoproterozoic crust which enriched juvenile island arc materials and mixed with the granitic magma that remelted from the Mesoproterozoic continental crust which relatively enriched ancient sediments and mixed with the host granitoid in diagenesis.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.92162210,42172096 and 41773028).
文摘There are two factors,source composition and magmatic differentiation,potentially controlling W-Sn mineralization.Which one is more important is widely debated and may need to be determined for each individual deposit.The Xitian granite batholith located in South China is a natural laboratory for investigating the above problem.It consists essentially of two separate components,formed in the Triassic at ca.226 Ma and Jurassic at ca.152 Ma,respectively.The Triassic and Jurassic rocks are both composed of porphyritic and fine-grained phases.The latter resulted from highlydifferentiated porphyritic ones but they have similar textural characteristics and mineral assemblages,indicating that they reached a similar degree of crystal fractionation.Although both fine-grained phases are highly differentiated with elevated rare metal contents,economic W–Sn mineralization is rare in the Triassic granitoids and this can be attributed to less fertile source materials than their Jurassic counterparts,with a slightly more enriched isotopic signature and whole-rockεNd(226 Ma)of−10.4 to−9.2(2σ=0.2)compared withεNd(152 Ma)of−9.2 to−8.2(2σ=0.2)for the Jurassic rocks.The initial W-Sn enrichment was derived from the metasedimentary rocks and strongly enhanced by reworking of the continental crust,culminating in the Jurassic.
基金This paper resulted from the joint support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49070162)a key project of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources for the Seventh Five-Year Plan period (Project No. 86017)
文摘The Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal region of southeastern China were superimposed on some different basement tectonic elements. The volcanic rocks developed in these different basement tectonic elements have great differences in Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. The rocks in western Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi Provinces which belong to the Lower Yangtze subplate have lower initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios, but are higher in initial Nd isotopic ratios. The initial 143Nd / 144Nd values of the volcanic rocks developed in the Cathaysian subplate increase clearly from early to late in time, and from the core of the Wuyishan uplift coastwards constantly, but the initial 87Sr/86Sr values tend to decrease. The isotopic characteristics and their spatial variations in Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the study region are, to a great extent, manifestations of the isotopic characteristics in basement metamorphic complexes, and the generation of the Mesozoic acid magma in this region is attributed to the recycling of pre-existing crustal materials.
基金funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB 41000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41773052,41973058,41603067,and 42003054)+1 种基金Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(ZDBS-SSW-JSC007-10)Technical Support Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2021。
文摘The lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite rocks represent the early enigmatic episodes of lunar magmatism.Due to the gravitational instability of the Fe-Ti enriched(±KREEP)layer,which is formed at the later stage of fractional crystallization,a post-magma-ocean cumulate overturn occurred contemporaneously or near-contemporaneously with the lunar magma ocean(LMO)solidification.The radioactive elements within the KREEP layer were transferred downward and provided continuous energy for the partial melting of the Moon’s interior.The melt from the Moon’s interior and those from decompression melting,in turn,provide source magma for the origin of lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite.However,experimental and theoretical studies on the formation process of lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite show that the origin of their parental magma is poorly constrained,which largely depends on the initial depth and composition of the LMO.This review examines the mineralogy,petrogenesis,and distribution of lunar volcanic glasses and Mg-suite.Combining with existing models,we constrain the degree,distribution,and timescale of lunar mantle overturn and explore their relationship with later stages of LMO differentiation.We propose an updated chemical composition of the lunar interior,which provides a useful reference for estimating the bulk composition and early differentiation of the Moon and the early Earth.
文摘Mount Cameroon is a Plio-Quaternary volcanic massif, without a centralcrater, made up of more than 140 pyroclastic cones. It is one of theactive volcanoes of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Mount Cameroon meltinclusions are found in microdroplets trapped in the early minerals (olivines)from the pyroclastic products. The analysis of these melt inclusions allowedus to find primitive liquids compared to lavas. Major elements study ofthe magmatic inclusions, trapped in the most magnesian olivines (Mg#84-86) of Mount Cameroon revealed “primitive” liquids of basanite and alkalibasalt type with variable composition compared to the much more uniformbasalts of the magmatic series of Mount Cameroon. The study of thesetrapped liquids shows that: (1) the original primitive lavas did not undergothe process of evolution by FC, but rather underwent fundamentally (orexclusively) the process of partial melting;(2) the emitted lavas, evolvedessentially by FC;(3) the variations in the trace element contents of theprimitive liquids directly reflect a variation in the rate of partial melting ofa homogeneous mantelic source. The very high La/Yb ratios of the MountCameroon melt inclusions (> 20) characterize a garnet lherzolite source.Spectra of the melt inclusions show a negative anomaly or depletion in K,Rb and Ba as those of HIMU. The “primitive” liquids and lavas of MountCameroon represent a co-genetic sequence formed by varying degrees ofpartial melting of a source considered as homogeneous.
文摘Alkaline magmatism is often associated with the initial or final stages of huge plume activity.The alkaline bodies are most often found within the boundary area of plume impact upon the continents.The initial stages of the