Effect of two-step solid solution on microstructure andδphase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy

Inconel 718 is the most popular nickel-based superalloy and is extensively used in aerospace,automotive,and energy indus-tries owing to its extraordinary thermomechanical properties.The effects of different two-step solid solution treatments on microstructure andδphase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy were studied,and the transformation mechanism fromγ″metastable phase toδphase was clarified.The precipitates were statistically analyzed by X-ray diffractometry.The results show that theδphase content firstly increased,and then decreased with the temperature of the second-step solid solution.The changes in microstructure andδphase were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.An intragranularδphase formed in Inconel 718 alloy at the second-[100]_(δ)[011]γ step solid solution temperature of 925℃,and its orientation relationship withγmatrix was determined as//and(010)_(δ)//(111)γ.Furthermore,the Vickers hardness of different heat treatment samples was measured,and the sample treated by second-step solid solution at 1010℃ reached the maximum hardness of HV 446.84.

Mssbauer Effect in Ultrafine Particles with Fe-C Solid Solution,γ-Fe and Fe_3C Phases

Ultrafine particles prepared by evaporating pure Fe in CH4 atmosphere using arc-dischargeheating method, were found to consist of Fe-C solid solution, γ-Fe and Fe3C phases. EfFect of annealing temperature on phase transformation and hyperfine interactions has been investigated by Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry (DTA-TG), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), oxygen determination and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements. It was observed that phase transformation of γ-Fe to α-Fe occurs during annealing in vacuum. The mechanism causing the change of hyperfine interactions with annealing temperature differs for Fe-C solution and interstitial compounds. DifFerence of hyperfine interactions of Fe-C solid solution in the starting sample and its annealed samples is ascribed to the improvement of activation of interstitial carbon atoms. Stress-relieving in structure of annealed Fe3C particle can result in a weak influence on hyperfine interactions. Parameters fitted to the Mossbauer spectra show the existence of superparamagnetism in all the samples. Absorbed and combined oxygen on particle surface of the starting sample were determined.

Microstructure evolution of Mg-9Gd-2Er-0.4Zr alloy during solid solution treatment

Microstructure evolution of the cast Mg-9Gd-2Er-0.4Zr alloy during solid solution treatment at temperature of 460-520 ℃ for 3-12 h was investigated by using optical microscope（OM）,scanning electron microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM）.The results indicated that the grain size and the shape of second phase were obviously changed with time and/or temperature going on.At 460 ℃ for 3 h,the morphology of the Mg5（GdEr） phase was changed into fragmentized island morphology and the volume faction of the phase decreased.After solution solid treatment at 460 ℃ for 6 h,the Mg5（GdEr） phase was already completely dissolved,but some cuboid-shaped RE-rich phase precipitated.As the temperature increased,the morphology of the Mg5（GdEr） phase was transformed into the same morphology as that at 460 ℃ for 6 h.It was suggested that the microstructure evolution of the alloy during the solid solution treatment was concluded as follows：Mg5（GdEr） eutectic phase→Gd/Er atom diffusing into matrix→spheroidic Mg5（GdEr） phase→cuboid-shaped RE-rich phase→grain boundary immigration.

Solid solution strategy modulated defects engineering of(Cr_(1-x)V_(x))_(2)AlC MAX phase toward superior electromagnetic wave absorption

Defects engineering is an effective strategy for manipulating electromagnetic parameters and enhancing electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption capacity.However,the relationship between them is not clear,especially in solid solution structures.In this work,a series of(Cr_(1-x)V_(x))_(2)AlC MAX phase solid solutions with layered structure were prepared via tuning the ratio of Cr and V to explore their EMW absorption performance.The experimental results indicated that the doping of V atoms at the M-site could effectively regulate its impedance matching and EMW absorption properties by introducing appropriate numbers of defects in the crystal,such as twin boundaries,dislocations and lattice distortions.Among them,if Cr:V=3:1,Cr_(1.5)V_(0.5)AlC,as radar absorption materials,could reach a strong reflection loss of-51.8 dB at the frequency of 12.8 GHz under an ultra-thin thickness of 1.3 mm.The reflection loss value could attain-10 dB in a wide frequency range of 2.7-18 GHz and thickness range of 1-5 mm.In addition,after high temperature and acid-alkali immersion treatment,this sample still had good EMW absorption capability,and the effective absorption bandwidth was enhanced from 2.3 to 2.6 GHz after concentrated acid immersion or 3.1 GHz after concentrated alkali immersion.This work has great reference significance for the research and development of high-performance MAX-based EMW absorption materials in harsh environments.

Formability of Rare Earth-Containing Solid Solution Based on Compounds with Scheelite-Type Structure

The regularities of the solid solutions between the scheelite-type compounds and rare earth molybdates or tungstates were investigated by the atomic parameter-support vector machine method and the intelligent database of phase diagrams of molten salt systems. The crystal structure of scheelite-type compounds having M^1M^′Ⅲ （XO4）2（X = Mo, W） as common formula and the formability of the continuous solid solution between these compounds and rare earth molybdates or tungstates were also investigated. Besides, the cell constants of these compounds can be calculated by some semi-empirical equations. Based on the obtained relationships, the results of computerized prediction of the solid solubility of T1Pr （MoO4）2-Pr2 （MoO4）3 system have good agreement with experimental results.

Rod-like Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) step-scheme heterostructure with oxygen vacancies synthesized by calcining the solid solution containing organic group

To improve separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs,constructing a heterojunction is considered to be a promising strategy.However,the fabrication of heterojunction via a facile route to achieve a substantial improvement in photocatalytic performance is still challenging.In this work,a well-designed nanosheet-based rodlike step-scheme(S-scheme)heterojunction Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) with rich oxygen vacancies(OVs)(Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2)-OV)was easily synthesized by calcining BiOAc0.6Br0.2I0.2(Ac-=CH3 COO-)precursor.The as-prepared Bi4O5I2/Bi4O5Br2-OV exhibited excellent visible light photocatalytic performance towards antibiotic tetracycline(TC)and dye rhodamine B(Rh B)degradation and removal rate reached 90.2% and 97.0%within 120 min,respectively,which was higher than those of Bi4O5I2-OV(56.8% and 71.8%),Bi4O5Br2-OV(47.4%and 68.4%),solid solution BiOAc0.6Br0.2I0.2(67.0% and 84.0%)and Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) with poor oxygen vacancies(Bi4O5I2/Bi4O5Br2-P)(30.6%and 40.4%).Owing to the release of heat and generation of reducing carbon during calcining the precursor with Ac-,it could not only reduce the generation temperature of Bi-rich bismuth oxyhalides,which thus decreased particle size and increased surface areas,but also introduce surface OVs,which could trap photoelectrons and inhibit the recombination of carriers.In addition,the calcination of single solid solution precursor benefited to the formation of well-alloyed interfaces with larger contact areas between 2D/2D nanosheet-like materials,which facilitates charge carriers transfer at the interfaces.The Bi4O5I2/Bi4O5Br2-OV also shows the desirable removal rate for TC and Rh B in actual wastewater or in the presence of some electrolytes.This study provides an effective and simple strategy for designing OVs modified Bi-rich oxyhalides heterojunctions.

Liquid-phase synthesis of Li_(2)S and Li_(3)PS_(4) with lithium-based organic solutions

Sulfide solid electrolytes are widely regarded as one of the most promising technical routes to realize all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs)due to their high ionic conductivity and favorable deformability.However,the relatively high price of the crucial starting material,Li_(2)S,results in high costs of sulfide solid electrolytes,limiting their practical application in ASSBs.To solve this problem,we develop a new synthesis route of Li_(2)S via liquid-phase synthesis method,employing lithium and biphenyl in 1,2-dimethoxyethane(DME)ether solvent to form a lithium solution as the lithium precursor.Because of the comparatively strong reducibility of the lithium solution,its reaction with sulfur proceeds effectively even at room temperature.This new synthesis route of Li_(2)S starts with cheap precursors of lithium,sulfur,biphenyl and DME solvent,and the only remaining byproduct(DME solution of biphenyl)after the collection of Li_(2)S product can be recycled and reused.Besides,the reaction can proceed effectively at room temperature with mild condition,reducing energy cost to a great extent.The as-synthesized Li_(2)S owns uniform and extremely small particle size,proved to be feasible in synthesizing sulfide solid electrolytes(such as the solid-state synthesis of Li_(6)PS_(5)C_(l)).Spontaneously,this lithium solution can be directly employed in the synthesis of Li_(3)PS_(4) solid electrolytes via liquid-phase synthesis method,in which the centrifugation and heat treatment processes of Li_(2)S are not necessary,providing simplified production process.The as-synthesized Li_(3)PS_(4) exhibits typical Li+conductivity of 1.85×10^(-4) S·cm^(-1) at 30℃.

Deformation-Induced Large Ductility of Super Saturated Solid Solution Fe-Cu Alloy

The mechanical properties of super saturated solid solution Fe60Cu40 alloy has been investigated using compression test. The results show that the grain precipitation and phase transformation occurs during compressive deformation resulting in large work-hardening ability, high strength and large ductility. Our results demonstrate that this novel architecture offers a design pathway towards a new generation of strong materials with large ductility.

Electrochemical properties of TiV-based hydrogen storage alloys

The electrochemical properties of the super-stoichiometric TiV-based hydrogen storage electrode alloys(Ti 0.8Zr 0.2)(V 0.533Mn 0.107Cr 0.16Ni 0.2) x(x=2, 3, 4, 5, 6) were studied. It is found by XRD analysis that all the alloys mainly consist of a C14 Laves phase with hexagonal structure and a V-based solid solution phase with BCC structure. The lattice parameters and the unit cell volumes of the two phases decrease with increasing x. The cycle life, the linear polarization, the anode polarization and the electrochemical impedance spectra of the alloy electrodes were investigated systematically. The overall electrochemical properties of the alloy electrode are found improved greatly as the result of super-stoichiometry and get to the best when x=5.

铝矾土合成MgAl_(2)O_(4)-CaAl_(12)O_(19)复合材料的烧结性能和力学性能研究

MgAl_(2)O_(4)-CaAl_(12)O_(19)复合材料因具有优异的性能,被应用于一些特殊的高温行业中,并引起了人们的广泛关注。研究选取原矿粉铝矾土、白云石和菱镁矿为原料,采用固相烧结工艺在1100℃~1500℃保温2 h后,获得了MgAl_(2)O_(4)-CaAl_(12)O_(19)复合陶瓷材料,研究了铝矾土的含量和烧成温度对其物相组成、微观结构和力学性能的影响。研究发现:经1500℃烧结2 h后的试样烧结性能较好,铝矾土用量最大为90.3 wt.%,此时试样的致密性能最佳,其体积密度为2.68 g·cm^(-3),显气孔率为11%。在经1500℃烧结得到的试样力学性能最优,当MgAl_(2)O_(4)和CaAl_(12)O_(19)的质量比达到1.82时,试样的抗折强度最大为113.63 MPa。

WC-Ni基硬质合金的基础研究进展

WC-Ni基硬质合金可应用在磁性材料成形模具和核主泵机械密封关键部件等极端工况领域。由于材料体系的本征特性,WC-Ni基硬质合金的高性能化和质量稳定性控制一直面临挑战。两相区碳窗口、固液转变温度、液相烧结过程中的润湿行为,以及合金组元在黏结相中的固溶特性,是硬质复合材料成分及其制备工艺设计的关键参数。本文以制备工艺体系最完善的WC-Co基硬质合金为参比对象,从上述4个方面对WC-Ni基硬质合金的本征特性及其研究进展进行综述,旨在强化对WC-Ni基硬质合金本征特性的理解,为高性能WC-Ni基硬质合金新材料高效开发提供参考。

(Ti_(35)Zr_(40)Nb_(25))_(100-x)Al_(x)(x=0,5,10,15,20)高熵合金相组成、组织和力学性能

难熔高熵合金主要由难熔金属元素组成,其熔点通常高于1800℃,且具有高热稳定性和优异抗高温软化能力,在高温领域具有巨大的应用潜力,但是高密度导致的比强度不足和室温脆性等缺点成为其应用的阻碍。本文设计并制备了系列新型非等原子比(Ti_(35)Zr_(40)Nb_(25))_(100-x)Al_(x)(x=0,5,10,15,20)轻质难熔高熵合金,研究了Al含量对相组成、组织和力学性能的影响。X射线衍射分析表明,随着Al含量的增加,合金的相结构由无序BCC转变为有序B2。五种铸态合金具有类似的组织形貌,铸锭边缘存在一个沿着冷却方向生长的细长枝晶区域,铸锭中心区域则主要为等轴枝晶。能谱分析表明Nb元素在枝晶干偏聚,Al和Zr元素则富集在枝晶间,这是由Nb的高熔点以及Al和Zr的强键合共同决定的。室温压缩实验发现Al含量的增加导致合金的屈服强度和抗压强度均逐渐提升,但没有降低室温塑性,所有合金的室温压缩断裂应变均超过50%。

Ni^(3+)抑制具有阴离子氧化还原活性钠离子电池正极材料的电压衰减

由于钠资源丰富,钠离子电池在大规模储能方面显示出巨大的潜力。随着近年来研究的深入,在正极材料中引入适量的阴离子氧化还原可以有效地提升钠离子电池的能量密度,同时减少高成本过渡金属元素如V、Co和Ni等的用量。有研究表明,材料循环过程中不可逆的氧损失以及Mn^(4+)/Mn^(3+)氧化还原的激活,导致了层状氧化物正极材料持续的电压衰减。本工作通过在Na_(x)[Li,Ni,Mn]O_(2)基钠离子电池正极材料中引入Ni^(3+)作为Mn^(4+)/Mn^(3+)氧化还原屏障,利用Ni^(3+)/Ni^(2+)的氧化还原代替Mn^(4+)/Mn^(3+)的氧化还原,成功抑制了材料的电压衰减。电化学测试结果显示,改性材料在不损失容量的前提下,循环稳定性得到明显提升。X射线光电子能谱结果也验证了Ni3^(+)的引入有利于维持材料多周循环后Mn价态的稳定。

废旧磷酸铁锂电池集流体分离与正极材料再生

通过优化NaOH碱溶条件高效去除集流体黏结剂,保留完整铝箔;利用固相法再生LiFePO 4。当NaOH为0.8 mol/L、固液比20 mL/g、40℃反应10 min,正极材料的分离率达到99.78%,超声1 min后铝箔回收率为76%,解决了碱溶条件下铝箔回收的繁琐问题。球磨转速500 r、球磨5 h,补充10%高纯LiFePO 4的方式固相再生,再生LiFePO 4的最高放电比容量为新材料的94.75%,60次循环测试后为初始放电比容量的88.62%。

固溶处理对铸造Al-Si合金相选择再结晶的影响

相选择再结晶在Al-Si合金中基于应变分配原理实现对软相进行再结晶、硬相进行回复从而球化硅相和细化铝相。相选择再结晶处理后合金呈现出高的加工硬化率和伸长率。固溶处理是实现铝合金强韧化的重要环节,与相选择再结晶互相影响。一方面,初始组织对相选择再结晶的应变分配有一定影响;另一方面铝合金固溶过程会影响析出强化作用。因此,本文探究铸造Al-7Si-0.65Mg合金固溶过程中共晶硅相的形貌对相选择再结晶的影响,结合时效析出实现合金的强韧化。结果表明,0.5 h短时间固溶处理可以保持相选择再结晶合金中清晰且不分散的共晶硅颗粒骨架状结构,同时增加基体中Si和Mg含量促进强化相Mg2Si析出,使合金屈服强度达到300 MPa,断后伸长率为9.5%,显著优于传统T6态。

固溶温度对Ti6321钛合金组织及显微硬度的影响

本文对Ti6321板材进行固溶处理,并对固溶处理后的组织进行显微硬度测试。研究了固溶温度对组织形貌及相含量的影响,分析了显微组织与显微硬度的关系。结果表明,随固溶温度升高初生α相含量明显下降,Ti6321钛合金热轧板材的显微组织发生由等轴组织到双态组织,再到魏氏组织的转变;未热处理的Ti6321钛合金显微维氏硬度为317.2HV,随固溶温度升高,显微维氏硬度先增大随后基本保持不变,在固溶温度为900℃时显微维氏硬度达到最大值338.6HV。

液-固相法合成LiMn_(0.6)Fe_(0.4)PO_(4)的性能

磷酸锰锂(LiMnPO_(4))材料的电导率低且充放电过程易发生Jahn-Teller效应,导致电化学性能不理想。通过液-固相法合成磷酸锰铁锂(LiMn_(0.6)Fe_(0.4)PO_(4))正极材料,并对晶体结构、放电曲线特性、循环性能等进行分析。Fe均匀地掺入Mn位形成固溶体,样品的常温电化学性能得到改善。在2.0~4.3 V循环,0.1 C倍率下的放电比容量为156.5 mAh/g;以1.0 C倍率循环2000次,容量保持率超过80%。容量衰减主要源于循环过程中正极材料颗粒产生裂纹及颗粒粉化。

不同固溶处理对Cu-Cr系合金组织和性能的影响

热处理工艺调控是提升Cu-Cr系合金性能的有效方法。Cu-Cr系合金的固溶工艺大多选择温度较低的Cu-Cr两相区进行,导致Cr相固溶程度不完全,抑制后续析出强化效果。本研究提出采用高温单相区固溶工艺改善析出强化效果,主要研究不同固溶工艺(Cu-Cr两相区(950℃,4 h)和Cu单相区(1050℃,6h))对Cu-Cr系合金组织和性能的影响。采用电子探针(EPMA)对两种固溶工艺后的元素分布进行表征,并对峰值时效态合金的微观结构采用XRD和TEM进行表征分析。结果表明:与两相区固溶相比,单相区固溶后铸态Cr相充分固溶,时效过程中更多纳米Cr相弥散析出;合金力学性能相比两相区固溶后峰值时效态有较大提升,其中屈服强度提升29.3%,抗拉强度提升25.6%,而导电率并未明显下降。强度理论计算结果表明,析出强化所贡献的屈服强度增量为323.4 MPa,贡献56.9%,析出强化是本研究中最主要的强化机制。

自蔓延高温合成V_(1.8)Nb_(0.2)AlC 固溶体研究

文章以钒粉、铌粉、铝粉、石墨粉为原料,按照V∶Nb∶Al∶C=1.8∶0.2∶1∶1(物质的量比)配制原料混合物,采用自蔓延高温合成技术制备了V_(1.8)Nb_(0.2)AlC固溶体。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)等分析技术对合成产物的组成、结构和微观形貌进行了表征。结果表明,随着Nb元素的引入,V2AlC的(002)和(110)的特征峰分别从13.62°和63.92°向下移动到13.24°和63.36°,表明V_(1.8)Nb_(0.2)AlC形成了固溶体,V_(1.8)Nb_(0.2)AlC固溶体具有典型MAX相的页岩层状形貌。

浅谈紫铜带坯内杂质元素对其性能影响及其调控措施

由于微量杂质元素进入铜是不可避免的,根据元素特性的不同,可以不固溶、微量固溶、大量固溶、无限互溶于铜,并且固溶度随温度下降而激烈降低、固相下有复杂相变等,因此对铜的影响千差万别。本文讲述常见的杂质元素固溶于紫铜带坯中时,对其性能的影响,同时通过针对性调控措施、降低紫铜带坯中杂质元素含量、优化微量杂质元素固溶于紫铜带坯时的生产工艺,降低微量杂质元素对紫铜带坯后续生产过程中对产品性能的影响,提高紫铜带产品质量。