Effects of a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage on blood viscosity after dehydration in healthy adults

Background The consumption of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages （CEs） has been known to be more effective than plain water for recovery from dehydration. This phenomenon suggests that the ingestion of CEs after dehydration is better than water for maintaining body fluid and plasma volume, and for the recovery from hemoconcentration and high blood viscosity as well. High blood viscosity causes infarction and other cardiovascular events. In this study, CE was compared with water and tea for the ability to reduce increased blood viscosity after dehydration. Methods A crossover random control study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of three beverages for rehydration and decreasing of blood viscosity. Following exercise-induced dehydration of 2.2% of body weight in a permanent warm environment, 10 male subjects rested in a thermoneutral environment for 3 hours （rehydration period, REP）. The subjects ingested test beverages equal to their body weight loss during the first 20 minutes in REP. Blood and urine samples were obtained throughout the experiments to assess the rehydration effect. Results The change in blood viscosity at a shear rate of 5/s was significantly lower in CE （（-1.66±0.21） mPa.s） in comparison to water （（-0.95±0.26） mPa.s） or tea （（-0.92±0.14） mPa.s） at 60th minute during the REP. The fluid retention rate was significantly greater for CE （（77.0±3.9）%） than water （（61.2±3.4）%） and tea （（60.5±3.7）%） for 3 hours of rest in REP. Conclusions The recovery from high blood viscosity induced by dehydration was higher with CE consumption than with water or tea. These results suggest that CE is useful for normalizing increased blood viscosity due to exercise-induced dehydration.

Effects of Different Extract of PolygonumMultiflorumon Plasma Lipid，Liver Cholesterol and Blood Viscosity

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Effects of Nitroglycerine on Erythrocyte Rheology:A Novel Mechanism to Explain the Enhancement of Nutrient Blood Flow to Ischemic Zones

Objectives Nitroglycerine (NTG) enhances coronary blood flow to compromised myocardium is important in relieving ischemia. However, the mechanism for this increase in myocardial blood flow (MBF) is not well defined. In small vessels and capillaries, relative blood viscosity plays a very important role in determining myocardial vascular resistance (MVR). MVR reduce is due partly to the increase in negative charge of erythrocyte surface. We therefore hypothesized that the enhancement of nutrient blood flow to zones of myocardial ischemia during NTG is partly secondary to reduced MVR and blood flow viscosity. The latter is affected by the negative charge of erythrocyte surface. Methods 6 dogs with LAD flow-limiting stenosis (group 1) and 6 dogs with LAD flow-limiting stenosis and LCx occmusion (group 2) were studied. At baseline and during intracoronary infusions of NTG (0.3-0.6 μg·kg-1·min-1), hemodynamics, MBF (mL·min-1·g-1), whole blood viscosity (WBη, mPa. S), elongation index (EI), eletrophoretic mobility of erythocytes (EME, [μ.s-1)/(V.cm-1)]) and percent wall thickening (%WT) were determined. MVR was calculated using driving pressure/MBF. Results As compared to baseline, no changes in hemodynamics were seen during NTG. MBF increased and MVR decreased significantly in normal bed, the central 25% and the entire of stenosed bed (P<0.05), with a decrease in WBη in both group 1 and group 2 dogs (18.6±9.7 % and 19.2±14.5 %, respectively). However, the % decrease in WBη was proportioned to the % increase in MBF or the % decrease in MVR only in the central 25% of stenosed bed (r=0.87, P<0.001), but not in the entire stenosed bed and normal bed. EI did not show statistically significant differences between during NTG and at baseline, but EME did increase. And the % decrease in WBη during NTG was related to the % increase in EME (r=0.83, P=0.01). Conclusions NTG reduced myocardial vascular resistance and blood viscosity due to the change of negative charge of erythrocyte surface may, in part, be the mechanism of the enhancement of nutrient blood flow to zones of myocardial ischemia. These results provide additional insights into the complex anti-ischemic effects of NTG.

Effects of Phentolamine on Hemorrheology and Hemodynamics in Dogs with Acute Liver Damage

The effects of phentolamine on hemorrheology and hemodynamics were studied in dogs with acute liver damage induced by acetaminophen. After 1 h of phentolamine application , the viscosity of plasma and whole blood was significantly diminished. The hematocrit readings followed the same pattern as the alterations in viscosity. The portal venous resistance and the value of K were remarkably decreased and the portal venous blood flow was obviously increased. It can be assumed , therefore , that the decrease in viscosity induced by phentolamine results from internal hemodilution and phentolamine may improve hepatic blood circulation through the decrease of portal venous resistance caused by the reduction of blood viscosity and the dilation of portal vascular beds.

An Experimental Study on the Disturbance of Liver Circulation and the Change

The changes of hepatic hemodynamics and hemorrheology were investigated in dogs with acute liver damage inducted by acetaminophen There were remarkable disturtance in liver circulation and hemorrheological abnormality occuring in both slight and severe liver damage.The study indicated that the degree of disturbance in liver circulation as well as in lemorheological change is positively correlated with the severity of livei damage For example,marked increase in blood viscosity linked with elevated fibrinogen level appeared in slight liver damage,whereas reduced blood viscosity associated with decreased plasma fibrinogen level and hematocrit occured in severe liver damage.This study also revealed that the inciease of portal venous resistance(PVR)and the disturbance of liver circulation in slight liver damage were chiefly related to the increase of blood viscosity and the increase of PVR in severe liver damage was mainly associated with the reduction of the radius of porta vein.

Effects of L.F04,the Active Fraction of Lycopus lucidus, on Erythrocytes Rheological Property

Objective: To study the effects of L.F04, the active fraction of Lycopus lucidus, on erythrocytes rheological property so as to investigate its mechanism in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Method: The effects of L.F04 (used for treatment for 10 days in different dosages) on deformability, aggregation and membrane liquidity of erythrocytes (MLE) as well as whole blood apparent viscosity (η_b) were examined on the basis of rat model of blood-stasis syndrome induced by venous injection of high molecular weight dextran. Result: As compared with the normal control group, the model group's RBC deformability and MLE were lower, and the aggregation of erythrocytes and η_b were higher. Compared with the model group, both L.F04 0.612g/kg and 0.306g/kg showed significant effect in improving deformability and inhibiting aggregation of red blood cells (RBC) and reducing blood viscosity. The trend of improving MLE was also shown. Conclusion: L.F04 could significantly improve the abnormal rheological property of erythrocytes.

ANALYSE OF PULSE WAVE PROPAGATION IN ARTERIES

Based upon the blood vessel of being regarded as the elasticity tube, and that the tissue restricts the blood vessel wall, the rule of pulse wave propagation in blood vessel was studied. The viscosity of blood, the elastic modulus of blood vessel, the radius of tube that influenced the pulse wave propagation were analyzed. Comparing the result that considered the viscosity of blood with another result that did not consider the viscosity of blood, we finally discover that the viscosity of blood that influences the pulse wave propagation can not be neglected; and with the accretion of the elastic modulus the speed of propagation augments and the press value of blood stream heightens; when diameter of blood vessel reduces, the press of blood stream also heightens and the speed of pulse wave also augments. These results will contribute to making use of the information of pulse wave to analyse and auxiliarily diagnose some causes of human disease.

Effects of Xianzhen Tablet（仙贞片）on Na^+-K^+-ATPase and Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-ATPase in Erythrocytic Membranes and Viscosity of Whole Blood in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Patients with Qi-Yin Deficiency, Kidney Deficiency and Blood Stasis

Objective: To assess the effects of Xianzhen tablet (XZT) on Na+-K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ Mg2+-ATPase on erythrocytic membranes, viscosity of whole blood, plasma glucose and clinical manifestations.Methods: Seventy-two cases of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with deficiency of both Qi and Yin, deficiency of the Kidney and blood stasis were selected, and the effects of treatment on Na+ K + -ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+ -ATPase, whole blood viscosity, blood sugar and clinical Symptoms were observed.Results: In XZT group (test group), activities of Na+ -K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase rose significantly(P< 0. 01, P< 0. 05) after treatment. Viscosity of whole blood and clinical manifestations also improved obviously. The total effective rate in lowering plasma glucose was 77. 8 % with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 69.4 % with 2 hours postprandial plasma blood glucose (2°PBG). In the control group, viscosity of whole blood andclinical manifestations had no significant improvement. Its total effective rate in lowering plasma glucose was41. 7% with FBG and 38. 9% with 2°PBG. Conclusions: XZT played a certain role in increasing activities ofNa+ -K + -ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+ -ATPase, decreasing viscosity of whole blood and plasma glucose and improving clinical manifestations. Therefore, XZT was experimentally manifested as an effective drug in treating NIDDM patients with Qi-Yin deficiency, renal deficiency and blood stasis.

Cardio-protective Effects of Corocalm (疏冠胶囊) on Acute Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Objective： To investigate the cardio-protective effects of Corocalm （疏冠胶囊） on acute myocardial ischemia in rats, and to explore its possible therapeutic mechanisms. Methods： The acute ischemic model was prepared by ligating the left anterior descending （LAD） coronary artery in rats. The animals were divided into 6 groups, 8 in each group. The sham operated group underwent heart exposure without ligation and were treated with normal saline 3 ml/kg, while the other 5 groups, the model groups, consisted of acceptable acute ischemic model rats and were also treated with normal saline, with the Guanxin Capsule （ 冠心胶囊, GXC） group treated with refined GXC, 600 mg/kg, the low and high dose Corocalm groups treated with 85 mg/kg and 340 mg/kg of Corocalm respectively, and the Diltiazem group, treated with Diltiazem 5 mg/kg, with all the tested drugs prepared with normal saline into equal volume （ 3 ml/kg） and administrated once via duodenum 10 rain before ligation. Myocardial infarction area was determined by the quantitative histological assay with nitroblue tetrazolium （N-BT） stain. And the levels of creatine phosphokinase （CK）, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）, malondialdehyde （MDA） content, and the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD） in serum were measured by biochemical assay and spectrophotometry respectively. Besides, the blood viscosity in another 50 rats was determined, who received for 7 successive days oral administration with different concentration of Corocalm or aspirin. Results： It showed that low and high dose Corocalm could significantly reduce the infarction area, inhibit the increase of serum OK, LDH activity and MDA content, and enhance the SOD activity after ischemia/reperfusion. The whole blood viscosity at different shear rates in rats treated with high dose Corocalm was significantly lower than those treated with normal saline （P 0.05）. Conclusion： Corocalm has favourable protective effects on heart in ischemic condition, the effect of which might be through its actions in inhibiting CK and LDH activity, scavenging oxygen free radicals, and lowering blood viscosity.