Promotion of structural plasticity in area V2 of visual cortex prevents against object recognition memory deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease rodents

Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfa ctory effects.Therefore,in the search for a solution,we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414protein in visual area V2,a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe,which is crucial for object recognition memory(ORM),can induce enhancement of ORM.In this study,we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414in visual area V2,which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease,produced longlasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Furthermore,we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arbo rization and spine density,as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer s disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits.These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our findings of RGS14414gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.

Design of a Landscape Device for Children from the Perspective of Embodied Cognition in the New Era

In recent years,embodied cognition has ushered in a new research upsurge in the academic field,and has become a hot topic in the field of cognitive psychology.In this paper,from the perspective of embodied cognition,the interaction ways of a landscape device for children were discussed to achieve a more real and harmonious interaction between children and scenes.The research data of embodied cognition used by children was analyzed,and the drawbacks and breakthrough points of current landscape devices for children were discussed.The core characteristics of children’s growth period were extracted to establish children’s interaction model and summarize the interactive design methods of landscape devices for children.Embodied cognition has become the most intuitive way for children to know and understand the environment,and plays a pivotal role in children’s growth.Based on embodied cognition principle and interactive behavior mode,the interactive design of a landscape device for children was studied,and three interactive design modes,including simple and convenient interaction mode,multi-sensory interaction mode and game natural interaction mode were summarized.On the basis of this research,relevant design practice and research were carried out to bring a new vision to the design of children’s landscape.

Impaired Cognition and Stroke Rehabilitation Outcomes: Are They Related?

Background: Stroke survivors who exhibit impaired cognition at admission to inpatient rehabilitation may experience participation challenges and poorer functional outcomes than those without impaired cognition. Differences in functional outcomes between stroke survivors with and without impaired cognition may be attributed to age, level of cognitive impairment, and severity of stroke. Materials and Methods: A retrospective secondary data analysis was conducted using health-related administrative data acquired from a Southwestern Ontario hospital’s stroke rehabilitation database. The aim was to explore potential linkages between post-stroke impaired cognition and functional gains, rehabilitation stays, and living settings after discharge from rehabilitation. Results: An aggregate sample of 393 males and 314 females subclassified as experiencing mild, moderate, and severe stroke was analyzed. At inpatient rehabilitation admission, 21.5% (n = 152) of these patients had no impaired cognition, 33.7% (n = 238) had mild impaired cognition, 22.2% (n = 157) had moderate impaired cognition, and 22.6% (n = 160) had severe impaired cognition. Cognitively impaired stroke patients were significantly (p 0.001) older, had (mostly) moderate to severe stroke with significantly (p = 0.012) more moderate cognitive impairment, had significantly (p 0.001) longer rehabilitation stays, and a high propensity for being discharged to longer-term care facilities compared to non-cognitively impaired patients. Conclusion: Presence of significant dissimilarity in rehabilitation stays and post-discharge destinations among stroke survivors with and without cognitive impairment is attributed to the age of the patient, level of cognitive impairment, and rigorous rehabilitation interventions.

Exploration and Practice of Life Education Curriculum Based on Embodied Cognition Theory

In recent years,the suicide rate of adolescents has been increasing year by year,and life and health problems have become the most important in education.It is urgent to promote the construction of the curriculum of life education effectively.In view of the“vacuity”and“fragmented”state of traditional life education,this paper combs the teaching objectives,teaching contents,teaching methods,and teaching evaluation of life education from the perspective of embodied cognition theory,to explore the construction of positive experience of life education curriculum.

Research on Children’s Game Activity Design Strategies Based on Embodied Cognition Theory

Edutainment,in the kindergarten education stage,emphasizes the game as the basic activity and combines the content of education with the form of the game,thus it also forms the educational method of gamification teaching.Through investigation and analysis,it is found that the current kindergarten game activity design has the problem of improper combination of educational content and game form.The current kindergarten game activity design has problems such as stereotypes,children’s lack of active learning opportunities in activities,teachers’insufficient theoretical understanding,inappropriate teacher guidance methods,and so on.Embodied cognition theory attaches importance to the important role of the body in the development of cognition,provides new guidance for classroom teaching,and opens up a new path for classroom teaching reform.Based on the perspective of embodied cognition theory,the concept of body and mind integration should be adhered to in kindergarten teaching with games as the basic activity,experiential teaching situation should be created,children’s subjective experience should be respected,and games and interactions should be designed to promote children’s physical and mental participation,thus laying a foundation for the realization of children’s individual freedom,autonomy,and all-round development.Therefore,this paper aims at the existing problems in the current kindergarten gamification teaching and discusses the design strategy of children’s game activities based on embodied cognition theory.

Impact of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on cognition and emotion in gastric cancer patients undergoing radical resection

BACKGROUND Propofol and sevoflurane are commonly used anesthetic agents for maintenance anesthesia during radical resection of gastric cancer.However,there is a debate concerning their differential effects on cognitive function,anxiety,and depression in patients undergoing this procedure.AIM To compare the effects of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function,anxiety,depression,and organ function in patients undergoing radical resection of gastric cancer.METHODS A total of 80 patients were involved in this research.The subjects were divided into two groups:Propofol group and sevoflurane group.The evaluation scale for cognitive function was the Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment(LOTCA),and anxiety and depression were assessed with the aid of the self-rating anxiety scale(SAS)and self-rating depression scale(SDS).Hemodynamic indicators,oxidative stress levels,and pulmonary function were also measured.RESULTS The LOTCA score at 1 d after surgery was significantly lower in the propofol group than in the sevoflurane group.Additionally,the SAS and SDS scores of the sevoflurane group were significantly lower than those of the propofol group.The sevoflurane group showed greater stability in heart rate as well as the mean arterial pressure compared to the propofol group.Moreover,the sevoflurane group displayed better pulmonary function and less lung injury than the propofol group.CONCLUSION Both propofol and sevoflurane could be utilized as maintenance anesthesia during radical resection of gastric cancer.Propofol anesthesia has a minimal effect on patients'pulmonary function,consequently enhancing their postoperative recovery.Sevoflurane anesthesia causes less impairment on patients'cognitive function and mitigates negative emotions,leading to an improved postoperative mental state.Therefore,the selection of anesthetic agents should be based on the individual patient's specific circumstances.

Gamma-glutamyl transferase 5 overexpression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells improves brain pathology,cognition,and behavior in APP/PS1 mice

In patients with Alzheimer’s disease,gamma-glutamyl transferase 5(GGT5)expression has been observed to be downregulated in cerebrovascular endothelial cells.However,the functional role of GGT5 in the development of Alzheimer’s disease remains unclear.This study aimed to explore the effect of GGT5 on cognitive function and brain pathology in an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,as well as the underlying mechanism.We observed a significant reduction in GGT5 expression in two in vitro models of Alzheimer’s disease(Aβ_(1-42)-treated hCMEC/D3 and bEnd.3 cells),as well as in the APP/PS1 mouse model.Additionally,injection of APP/PS1 mice with an adeno-associated virus encoding GGT5 enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity and mitigated cognitive deficits.Interestingly,increasing GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells reduced levels of both soluble and insoluble amyloid-βin the brains of APP/PS1 mice.This effect may be attributable to inhibition of the expression ofβ-site APP cleaving enzyme 1,which is mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B.Our findings demonstrate that GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells is inversely associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis,and that GGT5 upregulation mitigates cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice.These findings suggest that GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells is a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease.

象似性研究新进展——Language and Cognition杂志2019—2020专刊述评

基于剑桥大学出版社出版的认知语言学权威期刊Language and Cognition所刊发的10篇象似性论文,本文深度描写、分析并展望象似性研究的国际前沿现状,并对该辑专刊进行述评。结果发现,近年来国外象似性研究主要集中于象似性理论的跨学科研究、手语语言学及其应用与实践等领域。上述发现不但有助于揭示语言与认知的关系,而且对于国内学者把握国际象似性研究的最新进展具有一定的参考意义。

Embodiment of Rationality:Philosophical Interpretation of Embodied Cognition

Under the influence of European rationalism,which holds that human rationality is higher than,or at least independent of human sensory cognition,the first generation of cognitive science advocates for disembodied cognition,manifesting the concept of dualism of mind and body.With the development of cognitive science in the 1980s,the second generation of cognitive science redefines the relationship between mind and body,thought and behavior,and reason and feeling and puts forward the concept of embodied cognition,representing monism of mind and body.It is claimed that the formation of concepts,categorical cognition and the evolution of rational thinking are characterized by embodiment,which is the necessary condition and basis for the formation of human rationality.The current study traces the shift of cognitive science from dualism to monism of mind and body and explores the relationship between rationality and sensibility from the perspective of philosophical basis and interpretations,with an aim to achieve a better understanding and thorough interpretation of human rationality.In this heated discussion about embodied cognition,there are still some fundamental questions that need to be further clarified,such as the essence and mechanism of human cognition,the ways that human body participates in cognitive activities,especially imagination and reasoning.The research paradigm of embodied cognition and its relevant theory have not been established and developed yet,and empirical research from interdisciplinary perspectives is far from enough to provide hard evidence for embodied cognition.

Impact of cognition-related single nucleotide polymorphisms on brain imaging phenotype in Parkinson’s disease

Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms may contribute to cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease. However, the mechanism by which these single nucleotide polymorphisms modify brain imaging phenotype remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms on brain imaging phenotype in Parkinson’s disease. Forty-eight Parkinson’s disease patients and 39 matched healthy controls underwent genotyping and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. A cognitive-weighted polygenic risk score model was designed, in which the effect sizes were determined individually for 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms. The correlations between polygenic risk score, neuroimaging features, and clinical data were analyzed. Furthermore, individual single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed to explore the main effects of genotypes and their interactive effects with Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. We found that, in Parkinson’s disease, the polygenic risk score was correlated with the neural activity of the hippocampus, parahippocampus, and fusiform gyrus, and with hippocampal-prefrontal and fusiform-temporal connectivity, as well as with gray matter alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, we found that single nucleotide polymorphisms in α-synuclein(SNCA) were associated with white matter microstructural changes in the superior corona radiata, corpus callosum, and external capsule. A single nucleotide polymorphism in catechol-O-methyltransferase was associated with the neural activities of the lingual, fusiform, and occipital gyri, which are involved in visual cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, DRD3 was associated with frontal and temporal lobe function and structure. In conclusion, imaging genetics is useful for providing a better understanding of the genetic pathways involved in the pathophysiologic processes underlying Parkinson’s disease. This study provides evidence of an association between genetic factors, cognitive functions, and multi-modality neuroimaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease.

Research on Network Cognition Model and Mechanism of Intelligent Information Network

Intellectualization has been an inevitable trend in the information network,allowing the network to achieve the capabilities of self-learning,self-optimization,and self-evolution in the dynamic environment.Due to the strong adaptability to the environment,the cognitive theory methods from psychology gradually become an excellent approach to construct the intelligent information network(IIN),making the traditional definition of the intelligent information network no longer appropriate.Moreover,the thinking capability of existing IINs is always limited.This paper redefines the intelligent information network and illustrates the required properties of the architecture,core theory,and critical technologies by analyzing the existing intelligent information network.Besides,we innovatively propose a novel network cognition model with the network knowledge to implement the intelligent information network.The proposed model can perceive the overall environment data of the network and extract the knowledge from the data.As the model’s core,the knowledge guides the model to generate the optimal decisions adapting to the environmental changes.At last,we present the critical technologies needed to accomplish the proposed network cognition model.

An Intervention Study of Language Cognition and Emotional Speech Community Method for Children’s Speech Disorders

Speech disorders are a common type of childhood disease.Through experimental intervention,this study aims to improve the vocabulary comprehension levels and language ability of children with speech disorders through the language cognition and emotional speech community method.We also conduct a statistical analysis of the inter-ventional effect.Among children with speech disorders in Dongguan City,224 were selected and grouped accord-ing to their receptive language ability and IQ.The 112 children in the experimental group(EG)received speech therapy with language cognitive and emotional speech community,while the 112 children in the control group(CG)only received conventional treatment.After six months of experimental intervention,the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised(PPVT-R)was used to test the language ability of the two groups.Overall,we employed a quantitative approach to obtain numerical values,examine the variables identified,and test hypotheses.Further-more,we used descriptive statistics to explore the research questions related to the study and statistically describe the overall distribution of the demographic variables.The statistical t-test was used to analyze the data.The data shows that after intervention through language cognition and emotional speech community therapy,the PPVT-R score of the EG was significantly higher than that of the CG.Therefore,we conclude that there is a significant difference in language ability between the EG and CG after the therapy.Although both groups improved,the post-therapy language level of EG is significantly higher than that of CG.The total effective rate in EG is higher than CG,and the difference is statistically significant(p<0.05).Therefore,we conclude that the language cogni-tion and emotional speech community method is effective as an interventional treatment of children’s speech dis-orders and that it is more effective than traditional treatment methods.

AI-Driven FBMC-OQAM Signal Recognition via Transform Channel Convolution Strategy

With the advent of the Industry 5.0 era,the Internet of Things(IoT)devices face unprecedented proliferation,requiring higher communications rates and lower transmission delays.Considering its high spectrum efficiency,the promising filter bank multicarrier(FBMC)technique using offset quadrature amplitude modulation(OQAM)has been applied to Beyond 5G(B5G)industry IoT networks.However,due to the broadcasting nature of wireless channels,the FBMC-OQAMindustry IoT network is inevitably vulnerable to adversary attacks frommalicious IoT nodes.The FBMC-OQAMindustry cognitive radio network(ICRNet)is proposed to ensure security at the physical layer to tackle the above challenge.As a pivotal step of ICRNet,blind modulation recognition(BMR)can detect and recognize the modulation type of malicious signals.The previous works need to accomplish the BMR task of FBMC-OQAM signals in ICRNet nodes.A novel FBMC BMR algorithm is proposed with the transform channel convolution network(TCCNet)rather than a complicated two-dimensional convolution.Firstly,this is achieved by designing a low-complexity binary constellation diagram(BCD)gridding matrix as the input of TCCNet.Then,a transform channel convolution strategy is developed to convert the image-like BCD matrix into a serieslike data format,accelerating the BMR process while keeping discriminative features.Monte Carlo experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TCCNet obtains a performance gain of 8%and 40%over the traditional inphase/quadrature(I/Q)-based and constellation diagram(CD)-based methods at a signal noise ratio(SNR)of 12 dB,respectively.Moreover,the proposed TCCNet can achieve around 29.682 and 2.356 times faster than existing CD-Alex Network(CD-AlexNet)and I/Q-Convolutional Long Deep Neural Network(I/Q-CLDNN)algorithms,respectively.

Evaluation of the Relation between Cognitive Science and Embodied Cognition

This article delves into the intricate relationship between cognitive science and embodied cognition, offering transformative philosophical insights with profound implications for our understanding of the mind-body connection. In response to the journal’s feedback, we have enhanced the abstract to provide a more comprehensive overview of our study. Background: We trace the historical evolution of ideas, from the inception of cognitive science rooted in analytic philosophy to the groundbreaking contributions of Rodney Brooks and others in the field of artificial intelligence. We also explore the work of scholars such as Agre, Chapman, and Dreyfus, shedding light on the role of cognitive metaphor and the concept of the cognitive unconscious in shaping our understanding of embodied cognition. Purpose: Our study aims to shed light on the central theme that unites these various strands of thought—the rejection of the traditional, transcendental view of the subject in favor of the concept of an embodied subject. This embodied subject actively engages with its environment, shaping consciousness and cognition. This shift in perspective challenges classical epistemological theories and opens new avenues for inquiry. Method: We have conducted a comprehensive literature review to explore the historical development and key concepts in the field of embodied cognition, with a particular focus on the philosophical underpinnings and their integration into cognitive science. Results: Our examination of embodied cognition reveals that the mind is intimately connected to the body, with cognition emerging through interactions with the environment and perceptual experiences. This perspective challenges reductionist notions and demonstrates that mental states cannot be reduced to brain states alone. We also explore the relationship between functionalism and computational states of the brain, illustrating that mental states can be understood in the context of mathematical functions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this paper highlights the profound implications of embodied cognition and suggests that the mind is not isolated from the body but intimately tied to it. This perspective provides a fresh approach to the mind-body problem, emphasizing the role of the environment and perceptual experiences in shaping cognition. We invite further research into the practical applications of embodied cognition in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and psychology, and encourage investigations into the intersections between cognitive science and various branches of philosophy, offering valuable insights into the nature of consciousness and cognition. In essence, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and implications of embodied cognition, laying the groundwork for further research and fostering a deeper appreciation of the profound shifts in perspective that this theory brings to our understanding of the human mind.

Mixed Method in Language Learner Cognition

Research on mixed method has made great development.In order to explore the practical application of mixed method,this article starts from the perspective of language learner cognition and selects The Modern Language Journal and Language Teaching Research as the research journals.It explores some empirical papers that used mixed method to learn the specific research designs of mixed method as well as the main means of its application.The study finds that mixed method has been applied in several fields and is more scientifically reliable than qualitative and quantitative methods especially in language learner cognition,and the different research tools used in the field of language learner cognition demonstrate the flexibility and relevance of mixed method data collection.

The Effect of Sleep and Cognition Enhancement Multimodal Intervention for Mild Cognitive Impairment with Sleep Disturbance in the Community-Dwelling Elderly

Dementia prevalence has soared due to population aging. In Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) as a pre-dementia stage, sleepdisturbances have raised much interest as a factor in a bidirectional relationship with cognitive decline. Thus, this studydeveloped the Sleep and Cognition Enhancement Multimodal Intervention (SCEMI) based on Lazarus’ multimodal approachand conducted a randomized controlled experiment to investigate the effects of the novel program on sleep and cognition inMCI elderly. The participants were 55 MCI elderly with sleep disturbances at two dementia care centers located in S-city,Gyeonggi-do, South Korea (n = 25 in the experimental group and n = 30 in the control group). The study period was fromNovember 01 to December 27, 2022. The experimental group received 8 sessions of SCEMI, 60 min per session once a week.The control group received general education and guidance using a simplified booklet on the sleep and cognitive improvement.For data collection, a self-reported questionnaire was used to investigate sleep quality, presleep arousal, cognitive function,stress, and depression. The results showed that, compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantlyimproved across all variables: sleep quality (U = 109.50, p < 0.001), presleep arousal (U = 11.50, p < 0.001), cognitive function(U = 72.00, p < 0.001), stress (U = 139.00, p < 0.001), and depression (U = 231.50, p = 0.015). Thus, the SCEMI appears topositively affect symptomatic improvement and delays the progression to dementia as an integrated intervention to enhancesleep and cognition in community-dwelling MCI elderly with sleep disturbances.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Cognition and Emotion on Moral Judgment of College Students in Dilemma Situation

Objective:To study the influence of cognition and emotion on moral judgment of college students under the circumstance of whether the cognitive resources are occupied and whether the emotion is induced.Methods:This experiment uses a multi-factor mixed experiment method to divide experiments and groups.Experiment 1 uses a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2(cognitive resource occupancy group,cognitive resource non-occupied group)×3(difficult situation type).Experiment 2 uses a two-factor mixed experimental design of 2(emotion induction group,emotion induction and cognitive resource occupation group)×3(three types of dilemma situation types)is adopted.The dependent variable of this experiment(including Experiment 1 and Experiment 2)is the judgment response time and the judgment result is“Yes”(F)or“No”(J).Results:(1)The reaction time of the cognitive resource occupancy group was significantly higher than that of the cognitive resource non-occupied group,and the cognitive resource occupancy group in the three types of dilemma situations of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation.There is no significant difference between the results of moral judgments and the cognitive resource non-occupied group.(2)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the emotion-induced group and the emotion-induced and cognitive resource occupation group have no significant differences in reaction time and moral judgment results.(3)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the reaction time difference between the cognitive resource occupation group and the emotionally induced and cognitive resource occupation is not significant,while in the dilemma of low personal involvement,the number of people in the cognitive resource occupation group whose moral judgment is“Yes”was significantly higher than that in the emotionally induced and cognitive resource occupation group.(4)In the three dilemmas of high personal involvement,low personal involvement,and non-personal participation,the reaction time of the emotionally induced group was significantly higher than that of the cognitive resource non-occupied group,and the moral judgment results of the two groups were both found no significant difference.Conclusion:When the occupation of cognitive resources and the induction of emotions will significantly affect the response of individual moral judgments,different types of dilemmas will significantly affect the results of individual moral judgments.

Effect of Sleep Hygiene Orientation on Social Cognition Impairments Due to Chronic Sleep Restriction in Mexican Medical Residents

Introduction: Sleep is critical to human physiological function, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation. Healthcare personnel, especially physicians, are chronically exposed to long working hours, which are often accompanied by decreased sleep time. Clinical evidence indicates that these conditions affect their cognitive function and professional practice, but researchers in the field have not sufficiently explored the possible effects of reductions in sleep time on social cognition. Objective: The aim of this is to further explore the effects of sleep restriction among medical residents, the specific impairments in social cognition that it produces, and the effects of a sleep hygiene orientation on those impairments. Method: There were 124 medical residents (50 males, 74 females) who completed a daily sleep/work log, a battery of sleep tests/questionnaires, and neuropsychological evaluations. The participants then received a short course (8 hours) on basic concepts of sleep hygiene and sleep psychoeducation. Once the course was completed, participants filled out the questionnaires again. Results: The results indicate that sleep disturbances in medical residents were associated with severe neurocognitive and social cognition impairments. After the sleep hygiene intervention, neuropsychological function and sleep parameters improved, awareness increased, and social cognition performance significantly improved. Conclusion: Using sleep psychoeducation and sleep hygiene intervention in medical residents is a simple strategy to mitigate the effects of sleep restriction.

Resilience Improves Neurocognition and Treatment Outcomes in Schizophrenia: A Hypothesis

There has been a revolutionary advance in the treatment and management of schizophrenia from a clinical aspect yet the social and functional outcomes remain poor. Cognitive function is impaired in schizophrenia and shows various domains of dysfunction like verbal memory, processing speed and working memory. It is also known to be a factor associated with poor outcome in schizophrenia. Resilience is a new concept psychobiological concept which is defined as individual’s ability to adapt swiftly to adverse life events and bounces back to normalcy. Resilience has genetic, neurobiological, neurochemical and psychological underpinnings. It is the ability to effectively deal with psychosocial stressors and appears to be one of the many factors associated with favourable outcomes in schizophrenia. Besides several neurobiological abnormalities associated with resilience, neucognitive functions are of particular interest. Persistent psychosocial stressors also lead to significant neurobiological changes which may be synergetic to poor outcome due to cognitive changes. Though there has been extensive research in the field of cognitive function in schizophrenia, the trajectory of its pathway of poor outcome remains undetermined. Resilience being a protective factor may be one of the psychobiological functions which modulate the effect of neurocognition on the outcome of schizophrenia. There has been some success with interventions aimed at improving cognitive function in schizophrenia whether pharmacological or non pharmacological. In this paper, we discuss a hypothesis that resilience may be a “linkage” between cognition and outcome. There is a need for interventions aimed at increasing resilience in patients with schizophrenia and we hypothesize giving evidence that this may in turn improve outcome and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia.

Self-cognition and self-education at ecomuseum：From ＂Information Center＂ to ＂Cognition Center＂

Anji Ecomuseum is the kind of ＂grown-up ecomuseum＂ which differs from the traditional eco-museum in the sense of those originating in 1970s France, and transferred to China （Via Norway） inGuizhou and later in Guangxi. Anji Ecomuseum created the ＂cognition center＂ instead of ＂informationcenter＂. Cognition center adds more values to the community, encourages the locals and audiences fromoutside to understand （not only learn from） Eco-community as a whole, emphasizing the living heritage,self-cognition and self-education. Graburn discussed this evolution was closer to the root of Eco.