On-Chip Micro Temperature Controllers Based on Freestanding Thermoelectric Nano Films for Low-Power Electronics

Multidimensional integration and multifunctional com-ponent assembly have been greatly explored in recent years to extend Moore’s Law of modern microelectronics.However,this inevitably exac-erbates the inhomogeneity of temperature distribution in microsystems,making precise temperature control for electronic components extremely challenging.Herein,we report an on-chip micro temperature controller including a pair of thermoelectric legs with a total area of 50×50μm^(2),which are fabricated from dense and flat freestanding Bi2Te3-based ther-moelectric nano films deposited on a newly developed nano graphene oxide membrane substrate.Its tunable equivalent thermal resistance is controlled by electrical currents to achieve energy-efficient temperature control for low-power electronics.A large cooling temperature difference of 44.5 K at 380 K is achieved with a power consumption of only 445μW,resulting in an ultrahigh temperature control capability over 100 K mW^(-1).Moreover,an ultra-fast cooling rate exceeding 2000 K s^(-1) and excellent reliability of up to 1 million cycles are observed.Our proposed on-chip temperature controller is expected to enable further miniaturization and multifunctional integration on a single chip for microelectronics.

Effect of tectonic-climatic controllers on the transition of Endorheic to Exorheic Basins in the Zagros mountain range

Endorheic basins(ENBs) are inland drainage basins allowing no outflow to oceans.These basins in the active mountain chains of the convergence zones are under the influence of compressional tectonic activity and climate condition.The Zagros Mountains of Iran is one of the youngest convergence zones in which continental-continental collision has occurred.In this paper we hypothesize the formation of ENBs among the Zagros range after the epeirogenic stage in the Late Paleogene-Early Neogene.Due to tectonic activity and Quaternary climatic conditions,the ENBs pass the transition stage to exorheic,and still,some tectonic depressions are not linked to the evolutionary process of exorheic drainage of Zagros.The geometry of the drainage network of Kul and Mond basins in Fars arch shows that 67% of their water gaps are located along the thrusts and transverse basement faults in the east and west of the Fars arch.Geometrically,the Kul and Mond basins form triangles with their sides matching with the edges of the Arabian Plate where the major inherited faults of Arabian plate controls the shape of the Zagros basin and a low strain zone along the Razak fault with lower salt tectonic activity,where the wind gaps are created.The ENBs are located in the rainshadow slopes,but the Kul and Mond basins are located in the upwind slopes of rain waves.This factor and the heavy rains of the basin lead to increase of the erosion potential,destruction of depressions,and floods and consequently,the funnel-shaped gaps have a significant impact on the flood flow.

Deployment Strategy for Multiple Controllers Based on the Aviation On-Board Software-Defined Data Link Network

In light of the escalating demand and intricacy of services in contemporary terrestrial,maritime,and aerial combat operations,there is a compelling need for enhanced service quality and efficiency in airborne cluster communication networks.Software-Defined Networking(SDN)proffers a viable solution for the multifaceted task of cooperative communication transmission and management across different operational domains within complex combat contexts,due to its intrinsic ability to flexibly allocate and centrally administer network resources.This study pivots around the optimization of SDN controller deployment within airborne data link clusters.A collaborative multi-controller architecture predicated on airborne data link clusters is thus proposed.Within this architectural framework,the controller deployment issue is reframed as a two-fold problem:subdomain partition-ing and central interaction node selection.We advocate a subdomain segmentation approach grounded in node value ranking(NDVR)and a central interaction node selection methodology predicated on an enhanced Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm(AFSA).The advanced NDVR-AFSA(Node value ranking-Improved artificial fish swarm algorithm)algorithm makes use of a chaos algorithm for population initialization,boosting population diversity and circumventing premature algorithm convergence.By the integration of adaptive strategies and incorporation of the genetic algorithm’s crossover and mutation operations,the algorithm’s search range adaptability is enhanced,thereby increasing the possibility of obtaining globally optimal solutions,while concurrently augmenting cluster reliability.The simulation results verify the advantages of the NDVR-IAFSA algorithm,achieve a better load balancing effect,improve the reliability of aviation data link cluster,and significantly reduce the average propagation delay and disconnection rate,respectively,by 12.8%and 11.7%.This shows that the optimization scheme has important significance in practical application,and can meet the high requirements of modern sea,land,and air operations to aviation airborne communication networks.

ADAPTIVE GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED ON SIX FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS

The performance of genetic algorithm(GA) is determined by the capability of search and optimization for satisfactory solutions. The new adaptive genetic algorithm(AGA) is built for inducing suitable search and optimization relationship. The use of six fuzzy logic controllers(6FLCs) is proposed for dynamic control genetic operating parameters of a symbolic-coded GA. This paper uses AGA based on 6FLCs to deal with the travelling salesman problem (TSP). Experimental results show that AGA based on 6FLCs is more efficient than a standard GA in solving combinatorial optimization problems similar to TSP.

Static Output Feedback H_∞ Controllers Design for Descriptor Linear Systems Based on LMI

This paper considers the design problem of static output feedback H ∞ controllers for descriptor linear systems with linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a static output feedback H ∞ controller are given in terms of LMIs. Furthermore, the design method of H ∞ controllers is provided using the solutions to the LMIs.

Design and Comparison of H∞/H2 Controllers for Frigate Rudder Roll Stabilization

Roll motion of ships can be distinguished in two parts:an unavoidable part due to their natural movement while turning and an unwanted and avoidable part that is due to encounter with waves and rough seas in general.For the attenuation of the unwanted part of roll motion,ways have been developed such as addition of controllable fins and changes in shape.This paper investigates the effectiveness of augmenting the rudder used for rejecting part of the unwanted roll,while maintaining steering and course changing ability.For this purpose,a controller is designed,which acts through intentional superposition of fast,compared with course change,movements of rudder,in order to attenuate the high-frequency roll effects from encountering rough seas.The results obtained by simulation to exogenous disturbance support the conclusion that the roll stabilization for displacement can be effective at least when displacement hull vessels are considered.Moreover,robust stability and performance is verified for the proposed control scheme over the entire operating range of interest.

A Novel Features Prioritization Mechanism for Controllers in Software-Defined Networking

The controller in software-defined networking(SDN)acts as strategic point of control for the underlying network.Multiple controllers are available,and every single controller retains a number of features such as the OpenFlow version,clustering,modularity,platform,and partnership support,etc.They are regarded as vital when making a selection among a set of controllers.As such,the selection of the controller becomes a multi-criteria decision making(MCDM)problem with several features.Hence,an increase in this number will increase the computational complexity of the controller selection process.Previously,the selection of controllers based on features has been studied by the researchers.However,the prioritization of features has gotten less attention.Moreover,several features increase the computational complexity of the selection process.In this paper,we propose a mathematical modeling for feature prioritization with analytical network process(ANP)bridge model for SDN controllers.The results indicate that a prioritized features model lead to a reduction in the computational complexity of the selection of SDN controller.In addition,our model generates prioritized features for SDN controllers.

Fractional Order [Proportional Integral] Controllers Parameters Algorithm Based on the Vector Method

A new calculation method of fractional order [proportional integral ]( FO [PI ]) controller parameters is proposed. And the systematic design schemes of fractional order [proportional integral ]( FO[PI]) controllers based on vector method are discussed in detail. The FO[PI]controller parameters algorithm based on the vector method can be programmed in MATLAB. According to MATLAB programs of the FO[PI]controller parameters algorithm,the FO[PI] controllers are designed following the different phase margins,different gain crossover frequency and different plants,respectively. From the simulation results,the calculated parameters based on MATLAB program is unique and the designed FO[PI] controllers work efficiently.

The Mechanism of Eliminating Harmonic Resonance with Controllers and Application to the Power Systems

The phenomenon of anti-symmetrical bifurcation of periodic solutionsoccurring near an integral manifold is the intrinsic cause resulting in harmonic resonanceover-voltage in power systems. Due to this discovery, the principle of eliminating resonance byusing anti-bifurcation technique is presented, which makes that the theoretical bases of verymeasure to eliminate resonance are unified firstly from a point of view of basic theory. Ourdiscussion models depend on a class of nonlinear control model. Using the direct Lyapunov method, acomplete theoretical proof is given in accordance with the measure of eliminating resonance byconnecting nonlinear resistor in series to the neutral point of P. T., and the feedback control lawbeing applied. It comprises the action of parameters of resistor to eliminate resonance and theactual process of eliminating resonance, i.e., to go against bifurcation process which forces thebig harmonic solutions to retreat to the integral manifold gradually and disappear eventually, whichby using the nonlinear controllers. This makes it sure that the intrinsic cause of resonance iseliminated thoroughly. The obtained theory results and computing results are better than thepresented results.

Book Announcement of L. Celentano, Robust Tracking Controllers Design with Generic References for Continuous and Discrete Uncertain Linear SISO Systems, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012

In this book new results on controller design techniques for the tracking of generic reference inputs are presented. They allow the design of a controller for an uncertain process, either continuous or discrete-time, without zeros, and with measurable state. The controller guarantees that the control system is Type 1 and has the desired constant gain and poles or that the control system tracks, with a specified maximum error and with a specified maximum time constant, a generic reference with bounded derivative (variation in the discrete-time case), also in the presence of a generic disturbance with bounded derivative (variation). In addition, it is considered the case in which the reference is known a priori. The utility and the efficiency of the proposed methods are illustrated with attractive and significant examples of motion control and temperature control. This book is useful for the design of control systems, especially for manufacturing systems, that are versatile, fast, precise and robust.

Analytical Structures of Typical Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy PID Gain Scheduling Controllers

The analytical structure of a class of typical Takagi Sugeno (TS) fuzzy controllers is revealed in this paper.The TS fuzzy controllers consist of three or more trapezoidal input fuzzy sets, Zadeh fuzzy logic AND operator,fuzzy rules with linear consequent, and the centriod defuzzifier. The TS fuzzy controllers are proved to be accurately nonlinear PID controllers with gains continuously changing with process output. The analytical expressions of the variable gains of the TS fuzzy controllers are derived and their mathematical characteristics including the bounds and geometrical shape of the gain variation are analyzed. The resulting explicit structures show that the TS fuzzy controllers are inherently nonlinear PID gain scheduling controllers with variable gains in different regions of input space.

Development of GPS-Based Multi-Channel Controllers for Research Plot Pesticide Applicators

Pesticide efficacy tests are typically conducted in experimental plots which involve applying multiple chemical treatments at different application rates and timings. Utilizing a single boom pesticide applicator requires navigating to individual plots, applying a pesticide assigned to those plots and when all replications are completed, cleaning the equipment and reloading the next pesticide treatment into the tank. It usually takes several hours to accomplish this task, especially when the left hand side of a plot requires a different pesticide treatment than the right hand side. In order to facilitate application of pesticide treatments in experimental plots, two map-based controller systems were developed to drive multi-channel pesticide applicators. The Clemson “Multi-Channel Chemical Controllers” consist of solid-state relays controlled by custom software, solenoid valves, and GPS receivers. The first system can control up to 24 individual booms which could independently apply up to 24 different chemical treatments in each field plot area. The second system is the Clemson “Intelligent Farm Controller” (iFc), which could be connected to a variety of devices, such as spray and motor actuators. For this study, the controller was designed to handle four output pins to control four relays;however, it could easily be expanded to control more relays, if needed. On average, these systems reduced application times in test fields from six hours to 20 minutes, compared to single-boom applicators (p = 0.001), thereby reducing the time interval between treatment applications and significantly reducing the potential effect of adverse weather.

Study on optimal state estimation strategy with dual distributed controllers based on Kalman filtering

Considering dual distributed controllers, a design of optimal state estimation strategy is studied for the wireless sensor and actuator network(WSAN). In particular, the optimal linear quadratic(LQ) control strategy with estimated plant state is formulated as a non-cooperative game with network-induced delays. Then, using the Kalman filter approach, an optimal estimation of the plant state is obtained based on the information fusion of the distributed controllers. Finally, an optimal state estimation strategy is derived as a linear function of the current estimated plant state and the last control strategy of multiple controllers. The effectiveness of the proposed closed-loop control strategy is verified by the simulation experiments.

Agent-Based Synthesis of Distributed Controllers for Discrete Manufacturing Systems

A method for designing real-time distributed controllers of discrete manufacturing systems is presented. The approach held is agent based;the controller strategy is distributed into several interacting agents that operate each one on a part of the manufacturing process;these agents may be distributed into several interconnected processors. The proposed method consists of a modelling methodology and software development framework that provides a generic agent architecture and communication facilities supporting the interaction among agents.

Simplified Optimization Routine for Tuning Robust Fractional Order Controllers

Fractional order controllers have been used intensively over the last decades in controlling different types of processes. The main methods for tuning such controllers are based on a frequency domain approach followed by optimization routine, generally in the form of the Matlab fminsearch, but also evolving to more complex routines, such as the genetic algorithms. An alternative to these time consuming optimization routines, a simple graphical method has been proposed. However, these graphical methods are not suitable for all combinations of the imposed performance specifications. To preserve their simplicity, but also to make these graphical methods generally applicable, a modified graphical method using a very straightforward and simple optimization routine is proposed within the paper. Two case studies are presented, for tuning fractional order PI and PD controllers.

ADAPTIVE VARIABLE STRUCTURE CONTROLLERS AND APPLICATION TO ENGINE IDLE SPEED CONTROL SIMULATION

A neural-network-based adaptive variable structure control methodology isproposed for the tracking problem of nonlinear discrete-time input-output systems. The unknowndynamics of the system are approximated via radial basis function neural networks. The control lawis based on sliding modes and simple to implement. The discrete-time adaptive law for tuning theweight of neural networks is presented using the adaptive filtering algorithm with residueupper-bound compensation. The application of the proposed controller to engine idle speed controldesign is discussed. The results indicate the validation and effectiveness of this approach.

A practical fuzzy controllers scheme of overhead crane

This paper presents fuzzy-based design for the control of overhead crane. Instead of analyzing the complex nonlinear crane system, the proposed approach uses simple but effective way to control the crane. There are twin fuzzy controllers which deal with the feedback information, the position of trolley crane and the swing angle of load, to suppress the sway and accelerate the speed when the crane transports the heavy load. This approach simplifies the designing procedure of crane controller; besides, the twin controller method reduces the rule number when fulfilling the fuzzy system. Finally, experimental results through the crane model demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.

Some Remarks on the Boundedness and Convergence Properties of Smooth Sliding Mode Controllers

Conventional sliding mode controllers are based on the assumption of switching control, but a well-known drawback of such controllers is the chattering phenomenon. To overcome the undesirable chattering effects, the discontinuity in the control law can be smoothed out in a thin boundary layer neighboring the switching surface. In this paper, rigorous proofs of the boundedness and convergence properties of smooth sliding mode controllers are presented. This result corrects flawed conclusions previously reached in the literature. An illustrative example is also presented in order to confirm the convergence of the tracking error vector to the defined bounded region.

Grey Wolf Optimization Based Tuning of Terminal Sliding Mode Controllers for a Quadrotor

The research on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV)has intensified considerably thanks to the recent growth in the fields of advanced automatic control,artificial intelligence,and miniaturization.In this paper,a Grey Wolf Optimization(GWO)algorithm is proposed and successfully applied to tune all effective parameters of Fast Terminal Sliding Mode(FTSM)controllers for a quadrotor UAV.A full control scheme is first established to deal with the coupled and underactuated dynamics of the drone.Controllers for altitude,attitude,and position dynamics become separately designed and tuned.To work around the repetitive and time-consuming trial-error-based procedures,all FTSM controllers’parameters for only altitude and attitude dynamics are systematically tuned thanks to the proposed GWO metaheuristic.Such a hard and complex tuning task is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem under operational constraints.The performance and robustness of the GWO-based control strategy are compared to those based on homologous metaheuristics and standard terminal sliding mode approaches.Numerical simulations are carried out to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed GWO-tuned FTSM controllers for the altitude and attitude dynamics’stabilization and tracking.Nonparametric statistical analyses revealed that the GWO algorithm is more competitive with high performance in terms of fastness,non-premature convergence,and research exploration/exploitation capabilities.

AUTOMATIC TUNING OF PID CONTROLLERS IN THE THERMAL POWER UNIT LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM

A method of measuring the interactions in a multivariable control sys-tem(MVCS)in time domain is defined in this paper.An intelligent decoupling com-pensator is designed in terms of the concept of fuzzy control,so that the auto-tuningof controllers’ parameters in a 2×2 MVCS can be turned into that of two independentsingle-loop control systems(SLCS).The method presented in the paper has success-fully been used in a simulation experiment on the automatic tuning of a coordinatedcontrol system(CCS)in the drum-boiler turbogenerating unit(DBTU)and the simu-lation results axe satisfactory.