Greenblatt and his team have unveiled vertebral skeletal stem cells(vSSCs)as a critical player in the landscape of bone metastasis.This commentary delves into the transformative discoveries surrounding vSSCs,emphasizi...Greenblatt and his team have unveiled vertebral skeletal stem cells(vSSCs)as a critical player in the landscape of bone metastasis.This commentary delves into the transformative discoveries surrounding vSSCs,emphasizing their distinct role in bone metastasis compared to other stem cell lineages.We illuminate the unique properties and functions of vSSCs,which may account for the elevated susceptibility of vertebral bones to metastatic invasion.Furthermore,we explore the exciting therapeutic horizons opened by this newfound understanding.These include potential interventions targeting vSSCs,modulation of associated signaling pathways,and broader implications for the treatment and management of bone metastasis.By shedding light on these game-changing insights,we hope to pave the way for novel strategies that could revolutionize the prognosis and treatment landscape for cancer patients with metastatic bone disease.展开更多
Approximately 20%of colorectal cancer(CRC)patients present with metastasis at diagnosis.Among Stage I-III CRC patients who undergo surgical resection,18%typically suffer from distal metastasis within the first three y...Approximately 20%of colorectal cancer(CRC)patients present with metastasis at diagnosis.Among Stage I-III CRC patients who undergo surgical resection,18%typically suffer from distal metastasis within the first three years following initial treatment.The median survival duration after the diagnosis of metastatic CRC(mCRC)is only 9 mo.mCRC is traditionally considered to be an advanced stage malignancy or is thought to be caused by incomplete resection of tumor tissue,allowing cancer cells to spread from primary to distant organs;however,increa-sing evidence suggests that the mCRC process can begin early in tumor development.CRC patients present with high heterogeneity and diverse cancer phenotypes that are classified on the basis of molecular and morphological alterations.Different genomic and nongenomic events can induce subclone diversity,which leads to cancer and metastasis.Throughout the course of mCRC,metastatic cascades are associated with invasive cancer cell migration through the circulatory system,extravasation,distal seeding,dormancy,and reactivation,with each step requiring specific molecular functions.However,cancer cells presenting neoantigens can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system.In this review,we explain the biological factors that drive CRC metastasis,namely,genomic instability,epigenetic instability,the metastatic cascade,the cancer-immunity cycle,and external lifestyle factors.Despite remarkable progress in CRC research,the role of molecular classification in therapeutic intervention remains unclear.This review shows the driving factors of mCRC which may help in identifying potential candidate biomarkers that can improve the diagnosis and early detection of mCRC cases.展开更多
Background Triple negative breast cancer(TNBC),the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer,is characterized by a high incidence of brain metastasis(BrM)and a poor prognosis.As the most lethal form of breast cancer,Br...Background Triple negative breast cancer(TNBC),the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer,is characterized by a high incidence of brain metastasis(BrM)and a poor prognosis.As the most lethal form of breast cancer,BrM remains a major clinical challenge due to its rising incidence and lack of effective treatment strategies.Recent evidence suggested a potential role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBrM),but the underlying mechanisms are far from being fully elucidated.Methods Through analysis of BCBrM transcriptome data from mice and patients,and immunohistochemical validation on patient tissues,we identified and verified the specific down-regulation of retinoic acid receptor responder 2(RARRES2),a multifunctional adipokine and chemokine,in BrM of TNBC.We investigated the effect of aberrant RARRES2 expression of BrM in both in vitro and in vivo studies.Key signaling pathway components were evaluated using multi-omics approaches.Lipidomics were performed to elucidate the regulation of lipid metabolic reprogramming of RARRES2.Results We found that downregulation of RARRES2 is specifically associated with BCBrM,and that RARRES2 deficiency promoted BCBrM through lipid metabolic reprogramming.Mechanistically,reduced expression of RARRES2 in brain metastatic potential TNBC cells resulted in increased levels of glycerophospholipid and decreased levels of triacylglycerols by regulating phosphatase and tensin homologue(PTEN)-mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(SREBP1)signaling pathway to facilitate the survival of breast cancer cells in the unique brain microenvironment.Conclusions Our work uncovers an essential role of RARRES2 in linking lipid metabolic reprogramming and the development of BrM.RARRES2-dependent metabolic functions may serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for BCBrM.展开更多
Breast cancer metastasis is responsible for most breast cancer-related deaths and is influenced by many factors within the tumor ecosystem,including tumor cells and microenvironment.Breast cancer stem cells(BCSCs)cons...Breast cancer metastasis is responsible for most breast cancer-related deaths and is influenced by many factors within the tumor ecosystem,including tumor cells and microenvironment.Breast cancer stem cells(BCSCs)constitute a small population of cancer cells with unique characteristics,including their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation.Studies have shown that BCSCs not only drive tumorigenesis but also play a crucial role in promoting metastasis in breast cancer.The tumor microenvironment(TME),composed of stromal cells,immune cells,blood vessel cells,fibroblasts,and microbes in proximity to cancer cells,is increasingly recognized for its crosstalk with BCSCs and role in BCSC survival,growth,and dissemination,thereby influencing metastatic ability.Hence,a thorough understanding of BCSCs and the TME is critical for unraveling the mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis.In this review,we summarize current knowledge on the roles of BCSCs and the TME in breast cancer metastasis,as well as the underlying regulatory mechanisms.Furthermore,we provide an overview of relevant mouse models used to study breast cancer metastasis,as well as treatment strategies and clinical trials addressing BCSC-TME interactions during metastasis.Overall,this study provides valuable insights for the development of effective therapeutic strategies to reduce breast cancer metastasis.展开更多
Objective:To explore the regulatory mechanism of NUDT5 in glioblastoma multiforme(GBM).Methods:GEPIA database was used to predict the expressions of NUDT5 and tripartite motif family proteins 47(TRIM47)in GBM patients...Objective:To explore the regulatory mechanism of NUDT5 in glioblastoma multiforme(GBM).Methods:GEPIA database was used to predict the expressions of NUDT5 and tripartite motif family proteins 47(TRIM47)in GBM patients.RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to examine NUDT5 expression in GBM cells.LN-229 cell proliferation,migration as well as invasion were estimated by CCK-8,colony formation,wound healing,and Transwell assays following interference with NUDT5.ECAR assay,L-lactic acid kit,glucose detection kit,and ATP detection kit were applied for the detection of glycolysis-related indexes.Co-immunoprecipitation experiment was carried out to verify the relationship between NUDT5 and TRIM47.Results:GEPIA database showed that NUDT5 expression was significantly increased in GBM patients.Inhibiting the expression of NUDT5 in GBM cells significantly suppressed the viability,proliferation,invasion,migration,and glycolysis of GBM cells.Moreover,TRIM47 was highly expressed in GBM cells and interacted with NUDT5.Overexpression of TRIM47 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of NUDT5 downregulation on the proliferation,metastasis,and glycolysis of GBM cells.Conclusions:NUDT5 promotes the growth,metastasis,and Warburg effect of GBM cells by upregulating TRIM47.Both NUDT5 and TRIM47 can be used as targets for GMB treatment.展开更多
Breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBrM)is a crucial and hard area of research which guarantees an urgent need to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms.A recent study by Li et al.[1]published in Military Medical...Breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBrM)is a crucial and hard area of research which guarantees an urgent need to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms.A recent study by Li et al.[1]published in Military Medical Research investigated the role of retinoic acid receptor responder 2(RARRES2)in regulating lipid metabolism in BCBrM,highlighting the clinical relevance of alterations in lipid metabolites,such as phosphatidylcholine(PC)and triacylglycerols(TAGs),by RARRES2 through the modulation of phosphatase and tensin homologue(PTEN)-mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(SREBP1)signaling pathway.This commentary aims to elaborate on the key findings and their relevance to the field.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lymph node metastasis is a specific type of metastasis in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis(AE).Currently,there is a scarcity of describing the clinical characteristics and lymph node metastasis rules of pati...BACKGROUND Lymph node metastasis is a specific type of metastasis in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis(AE).Currently,there is a scarcity of describing the clinical characteristics and lymph node metastasis rules of patients with hepatic AE combined with lymph node metastasis and its mechanism and management are still controversial.Radical hepatectomy combined with regional lymph node dissection is a better treatment.AIM To analyse the clinical features of hepatic AE combined with lymph node metastasis to explore its treatment and efficacy.METHODS A total of 623 patients with hepatic AE admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 1 January 2012 to 1 January 2022 were retrospectively analysed.Fifty-five patients with combined lymph node metastasis were analysed for their clinical data,diagnosis and treatment methods,follow-up efficacy,and characteristics of lymph node metastasis.Finally,we comparatively analysed the lymph node metastasis rates at different sites.Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages,and the analysis of difference was performed using theχ2 test.The Bonferroni method was used for pairwise comparisons when statistical differences existed between multiple categorical variables.RESULTS A lymph node metastasis rate of 8.8%(55/623)was reported in patients with hepatic AE,with a female predilection(69.1%)and a statistically significant sex difference(χ2=8.018,P=0.005).Of the 55 patients with lymph node metastasis,72.7%had a parasite lesion,neighbouring organ invasion,and metastasis stage of P3N1M0 and above,of which 67.3%,78.2%,and 34.5%of hepatic AE lesions invaded the bile ducts,blood vessels,and distant metastases,respectively.Detection rates of lymph node metastasis of 16.4%,21.7%,and 34.2%were reported for a preoperative abdominal ultrasound,magnetic resonance imaging,and computed tomography examinations.All patients were intraoperatively suspected with enlarged lymph nodes and underwent radical hepatectomy combined with regional lymph node dissection.After surgery,a routine pathological examination was conducted on the resected lymph nodes.A total of 106 positive lymph nodes were detected in six groups at various sites,including 51 single-group metastasis cases and four multi-group metastasis cases.When the metastasis rates at different sites were statistically analysed,we observed that the metastasis rate in the para-hepatoduodenal ligament lymph nodes was significantly higher than that of the other sites(χ^(2)=128.089,P=0.000<0.05).No statistical difference was observed in the metastasis rate between the five other groups.Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa complication occurred in 14 cases,which improved after administering symptomatic treatment.Additionally,lymph node dissection-related complications were not observed.Recurrence after 2 years was observed in one patient.CONCLUSION Lymph node metastasis is a rare form of metastasis in hepatic AE,which is more frequent in women.Parahepatoduodenal ligament lymph nodes are commonly observed.Radical hepatectomy combined with regional lymph node dissection is a safe,effective,and feasible treatment for liver AE combined with lymph node metastasis.展开更多
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a malignant epithelial tumor,characterized by squamous cell differentiation,it is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.The increased mortality rate of ES...Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a malignant epithelial tumor,characterized by squamous cell differentiation,it is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.The increased mortality rate of ESCC patients is predominantly due to the advanced stage of the disease when discovered,coupled with higher risk of metastasis,which is an exceedingly malignant charac-teristic of cancer,frequently leading to a high mortality rate.Unfortunately,there is currently no specific and effective marker to predict and treat metastasis in ESCC.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules,approximately 22 nucleotides in length.miRNAs are vital in modulating gene expression and serve pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence,progression,and prognosis of cancer.Here,we have examined the literature to highlight the intimate correlations between miRNAs and ESCC metastasis,and show that ESCC metastasis is predominantly regulated or regulated by genetic and epigenetic factors.This review proposes a potential role for miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for metastasis in ESCC metastasis,with the ultimate aim of reducing the mortality rate among patients with ESCC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Metastatic cardiac tumors are known to occur more frequently than primary cardiac tumors,however,they often remain asymptomatic and are commonly dis-covered on autopsy.Malignant tumors with a relatively hig...BACKGROUND Metastatic cardiac tumors are known to occur more frequently than primary cardiac tumors,however,they often remain asymptomatic and are commonly dis-covered on autopsy.Malignant tumors with a relatively high frequency of cardiac metastasis include mesothelioma,melanoma,lung cancer,and breast cancer,whereas reports of esophageal cancer with cardiac metastasis are rare.CASE SUMMARY The case of a 60-year-old man who complained of dysphagia is presented.Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a submucosal tumor-like elevated lesion in the esophagus causing stenosis.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed left atrial compression due to the esophageal tumor,multiple liver and lung metastases,and a left pleural effusion.Pathological examination of a biopsy speci-men from the esophageal tumor showed spindle-shaped cells,raising suspicion of esophageal sarcoma.The disease progressed rapidly,and systemic chemotherapy was deemed necessary,however,due to his poor general condition,adminis-tration of cytotoxic agents was considered difficult.Given his high Combined Positive Score,nivolumab was administered,however,the patient soon died from the disease.The autopsy confirmed spindle cell carcinoma(SCC)of the esophagus and cardiac metastasis with similar histological features.Cancer stem cell markers,ZEB1 and TWIST,were positive in both the primary tumor and the cardiac metastasis.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,there have been no prior reports of cardiac metastasis of esophageal SCC.This case highlights our experience with a patient with esophageal SCC who progressed rapidly and died from the disease,with the autopsy examination showing cardiac metastasis.展开更多
To the Editor:Extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma(EOPPC)is an uncommon malignancy with many similarities to epithelial ovarian carcinoma in histological,clinical,and etiological aspects[1].This phenomenon is exp...To the Editor:Extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma(EOPPC)is an uncommon malignancy with many similarities to epithelial ovarian carcinoma in histological,clinical,and etiological aspects[1].This phenomenon is explained by their common embryonal origin,in which both develop from the coelomic epithelium in the early embryological stage.Despite their similarities,the incidence of EOPPC is significantly lower than that of epithelial ovarian carcinoma(6.78 cases per million vs.120.5 cases per million)[1].展开更多
Colorectal cancer liver metastasis(CRLM)presents a clinical challenge,and optimizing treatment strategies is crucial for improving patient outcomes.Surgical resection,a key element in achieving prolonged survival,is o...Colorectal cancer liver metastasis(CRLM)presents a clinical challenge,and optimizing treatment strategies is crucial for improving patient outcomes.Surgical resection,a key element in achieving prolonged survival,is often linked to a heightened risk of recurrence.Acknowledging the potential benefits of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy in managing resectable liver metastases,this approach has gained attention for its role in tumor downsizing,assessing biological behavior,and reducing the risk of postoperative recurrence.However,the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in initially resectable CRLM sparks ongoing debates.The balance between tumor reduction and the risk of hepatic injury,coupled with concerns about delaying surgery,necessitates a nuanced approach.This article explores recent research insights and draws upon the practical experiences at our center to address critical issues regarding considerations for initially resectable cases.Examining the criteria for patient selection and the judicious choice of neoadjuvant regimens are pivotal areas of discussion.Striking the right balance between maximizing treatment efficacy and minimizing adverse effects is imperative.The dynamic landscape of precision medicine is also reflected in the evolving role of gene testing,such as RAS/BRAF and PIK3CA,in tailoring neoadjuvant regimens.Furthermore,the review emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to navigate the comp-lexities of CRLM.Integrating technical expertise and biological insights is crucial in refining neoadjuvant strategies.The management of progression following neoadjuvant chemotherapy requires a tailored approach,acknowledging the diverse biological behaviors that may emerge.In conclusion,this review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the considerations,challenges,and advancements in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for initially resectable CRLM.By combining evidencebased insights with practical experiences,we aspire to contribute to the ongoing discourse on refining treatment paradigms for improved outcomes in patients with CRLM.展开更多
In this editorial,we comment on the article by Wang et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2023.We focused on identifying risk factors for lymph node metastasis(LNM)in superfic...In this editorial,we comment on the article by Wang et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2023.We focused on identifying risk factors for lymph node metastasis(LNM)in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(SESCC)patients and how to construct a simple and reliable clinical prediction model to assess the risk of LNM in SESCC patients,thereby helping to guide the selection of an appropriate treatment plan.The current standard treatment for SESCC is radical esophagectomy with lymph node dissection.However,esophagectomy is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.Endoscopic resection(ER)offers a safer and less invasive alternative to surgical resection and can enable the patient's quality of life to be maintained while providing a satisfactory outcome.However,since ER is a localized treatment that does not allow for lymph node dissection,the risk of LNM in SESCC limits the effectiveness of ER.Understanding LNM status can aid in determining whether patients with SESCC can be cured by ER without the need for additional esophagectomy.Previous studies have shown that tumor size,macroscopic type of tumor,degree of differentiation,depth of tumor invasion,and lymphovascular invasion are factors associated with LNM in patients with SESCC.In addition,tumor budding is commonly associated with LNM,recurrence,and distant metastasis,but this topic has been less covered in previous studies.By comprehensively evaluating the above risk factors for LNM,useful evidence can be obtained for doctors to select appropriate treatments for SESCC patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND According to the latest report,colorectal cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancers,with the third highest incidence and mortality worldwide.Treatment of advanced rectal cancer with distant metastas...BACKGROUND According to the latest report,colorectal cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancers,with the third highest incidence and mortality worldwide.Treatment of advanced rectal cancer with distant metastases is usually unsatisfactory,especially for mismatch repair proficient(pMMR)rectal cancer,which leads to poor prognosis and recurrence.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a pMMR rectal adenocarcinoma with metastases of multiple lymph nodes,including the left supraclavicular lymph node,before treatment in a 70-year-old man.He received full courses of chemoradiotherapy(CRT)followed by 4 cycles of programmed death 1 inhibitor Tislelizumab,and a pathologic complete response(pCR)was achieved,and the lesion of the left supraclavicular lymph node also disappeared.CONCLUSION pMMR advanced rectal cancer with preserved intact distant metastatic lymph nodes may benefit from full-course CRT combined with immunotherapy.展开更多
The prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) is increasing annually and metastasis is the principal cause of death in patients with CRC, with the liver being the most frequently affected site. Many studies have shown a st...The prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) is increasing annually and metastasis is the principal cause of death in patients with CRC, with the liver being the most frequently affected site. Many studies have shown a strong interplay between the gut flora, particularly Fusobacterium nucleatum(F. nucleatum), Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis, and the development of gut tumors. Some strains can induce gut inflammation and produce toxins that directly harm gut epithelial cells, ultimately accelerating the onset and progression of CRC. However,little clinical evidence exists on the specific interplay between the gut microflora and colorectal cancer liver metastasis(CRLM). Some research showed the existence of viable F. nucleatum in distant metastasis of CRC.Subsequently, gut microbiota products, such as lipopolysaccharides, sodium butyrate, and protein cathepsin K, were also found to affect the development of CRC. This article summarizes the mechanism and research status of the interplay between gut microflora and CRLM, discusses the importance of gut microflora in the treatment of CRLM, and proposes a new approach to understanding the mechanism of CRLM and potential treatments for the microbiome. It is anticipated that the gut microbiota will be a formidable therapeutic and prophylactic tool for treating and preventing CRLM.展开更多
BACKGROUND The regulatory effects of KIF26B on gastric cancer(GC)have been confirmed,but the specific mechanism still needs further exploration.Pan-cancer analysis shows that the KIF26B expression is highly related to...BACKGROUND The regulatory effects of KIF26B on gastric cancer(GC)have been confirmed,but the specific mechanism still needs further exploration.Pan-cancer analysis shows that the KIF26B expression is highly related to immune infiltration of cancerassociated fibroblasts(CAFs),and CAFs promote macrophage M2 polarization and affect cancers’progression.AIM To investigate the regulatory functions of KIF26B on immune and metastasis of GC.METHODS We analyzed genes’mRNA levels by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Expression levels of target proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry,ELISA,and Western blotting.We injected AGS cells into nude mice for the establishment of a xenograft tumor model and observed the occurrence and metastasis of GC.The degree of inflammatory infiltration in pulmonary nodes was observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining.Transwell and wound healing assays were performed for the evaluation of cell invasion and migration ability.Tube formation assay was used for detecting angiogenesis.M2-polarized macrophages were estimated by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.RESULTS KIF26B was significantly overexpressed in cells and tissues of GC,and the higher expression of KIF26B was related to GC metastasis and prognosis.According to in vivo experiments,KIF26B promoted tumor formation and metastasis of GC.KIF26B expression was positively associated with CAFs’degree of infiltration.Moreover,CAFs could regulate M2-type polarization of macrophages,affecting GC cells’migration,angiogenesis,invasion,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process.CONCLUSION KIF26B regulated M2 polarization of macrophage through activating CAFs,regulating the occurrence and metastasis of GC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a prevalent malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal system.ZNF710 is a transcription factor(TF),and zinc finger protein 710(ZNF710)-AS1-201 is an immune-related long noncoding RNA(lncRN...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a prevalent malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal system.ZNF710 is a transcription factor(TF),and zinc finger protein 710(ZNF710)-AS1-201 is an immune-related long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)that is upregulated in GC cells.AIM To assess the correlation between ZNF710-AS1-201 and immune microenvir-onment features and to investigate the roles of ZNF710-AS1-201 in the invasion and metastasis processes of GC cells.METHODS We obtained data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Wujin Hospital.We assessed cell growth,migration,invasion,and programmed cell death using cell counting kit-8,EdU,scratch,Transwell,and flow cytometry assays.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to identify the potential downstream targets of ZNF710-AS1-201.RESULTS In GC tissues with low ZNF710-AS1-201 expression,immunoassays detected significant infiltration of various antitumor immune cells,such as memory CD8 T cells and activated CD4 T cells.In the low-expression group,the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations(IC_(50)s)of 5-fluorouracil,cisplatin,gemcitabine,and trametinib were lower,whereas the IC_(50)s of dasatinib and vorinostat were higher.The malignant degree of GC was higher and the stage was later in the high-expression group.Additionally,patients with high expression of ZNF710-AS1-201 had lower overall survival and disease-free survival rates.In vitro,the overexpression of ZNF710-AS1-201 greatly enhanced growth,metastasis,and infiltration while suppressing cell death in HGC-27 cells.In contrast,the reduced expression of ZNF710-AS1-201 greatly hindered cell growth,enhanced apoptosis,and suppressed the metastasis and invasion of MKN-45 cells.The expression changes in ZNF710 were significant,but the corresponding changes in isocitrate dehydrogenase-2,Semaphorin 4B,ARHGAP10,RGMB,hsa-miR-93-5p,and ZNF710-AS1-202 were not consistent or statistically significant after overexpression or knockdown of ZNF710-AS1-201,as determined by qRT-PCR.CONCLUSION Immune-related lncRNA ZNF710-AS1-201 facilitates the metastasis and invasion of GC cells.It appears that ZNF710-AS1-201 and ZNF710 have potential as effective targets for therapeutic intervention in GC.Nevertheless,it is still necessary to determine the specific targets of the ZNF710 TF.展开更多
BACKGROUND Duodenal cancer is one of the most common subtypes of small intestinal cancer,and distant metastasis(DM)in this type of cancer still leads to poor prognosis.Although nomograms have recently been used in tum...BACKGROUND Duodenal cancer is one of the most common subtypes of small intestinal cancer,and distant metastasis(DM)in this type of cancer still leads to poor prognosis.Although nomograms have recently been used in tumor areas,no studies have focused on the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of DM in patients with primary duodenal cancer.AIM To develop and evaluate nomograms for predicting the risk of DM and person-alized prognosis in patients with duodenal cancer.METHODS Data on duodenal cancer patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for DM in patients with duodenal cancer,and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to determine independent prognostic factors in duodenal cancer patients with DM.Two novel nomograms were established,and the results were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves,calibration curves,and decision curve analysis(DCA).RESULTS A total of 2603 patients with duodenal cancer were included,of whom 457 cases(17.56%)had DM at the time of diagnosis.Logistic analysis revealed independent risk factors for DM in duodenal cancer patients,including gender,grade,tumor size,T stage,and N stage(P<0.05).Univariate and multivariate COX analyses further identified independent prognostic factors for duodenal cancer patients with DM,including age,histological type,T stage,tumor grade,tumor size,bone metastasis,chemotherapy,and surgery(P<0.05).The accuracy of the nomograms was validated in the training set,validation set,and expanded testing set using ROC curves,calibration curves,and DCA curves.The results of Kaplan-Meier survival curves(P<0.001)indicated that both nomograms accurately predicted the occurrence and prognosis of DM in patients with duodenal cancer.CONCLUSION The two nomograms are expected as effective tools for predicting DM risk in duodenal cancer patients and offering personalized prognosis predictions for those with DM,potentially enhancing clinical decision-making.展开更多
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer ranks third in global cancer-related mortality,often due to metastases to liver and lungs.Ovarian metastases are less common,accounting for 3.6%to 7.4%of cases.In contrast,mature ovarian t...BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer ranks third in global cancer-related mortality,often due to metastases to liver and lungs.Ovarian metastases are less common,accounting for 3.6%to 7.4%of cases.In contrast,mature ovarian teratomas are frequently benign.Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a rare phenomenon,with a limited number of documented cases.Three cases of mature ovarian teratomas metastasizing from different cancers have been reported.This report focuses on a case of tumor-totumor metastasis from sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma to a mature ovarian teratoma.CASE SUMMARY A 41-year-old Taiwan residents woman with no known systemic diseases presented with lower back pain,which led to imaging revealing malignant lesions in the spine,pelvis,liver,and multiple lung metastases.She was diagnosed with sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma with metastases to the liver,lung,bone,and a left ovarian teratoma.Treatment involved radiotherapy and chemotherapy,resulting in regression of the primary tumor and stable lung and liver lesions.Due to abdominal symptoms,she underwent exploratory surgery,unveiling a mature teratoma in the left ovary with signs of metastatic adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION Consider resecting mature ovarian teratomas with concurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma to prevent tumor-to-tumor metastasis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lung cancer(LC)is the leading cause of malignancy-related deaths worldwide.The most common sites of metastasis include the nervous system,bone,liver,respiratory system,and adrenal glands.LC metastasis in th...BACKGROUND Lung cancer(LC)is the leading cause of malignancy-related deaths worldwide.The most common sites of metastasis include the nervous system,bone,liver,respiratory system,and adrenal glands.LC metastasis in the parotid gland is very rare,and its diagnosis presents a challenge.Here,we report a case of parotid metastasis in primary LC.CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 74-year-old male who was discovered to have bilateral facial asymmetry inadvertently two years ago.The right earlobe was slightly swollen and without pain or numbness.Computed tomography(CT)examination showed bilateral lung space-occupying lesions.Pulmonary biopsy was performed and revealed adenocarcinoma(right-upper-lung nodule tissue).Positron emission tomography-CT examination showed:(1)Two hypermetabolic nodules in the right upper lobe of the lung,enlarged hy-permetabolic lymph nodes in the right hilar and mediastinum,and malignant space-occupying lesion in the right upper lobe of the lung and possible metastasis to the right hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes;and(2)multiple hypermetabolic nodules in bilateral parotid glands.Parotid puncture biopsy was performed considering lung adenocarcinoma metastasis.Gene detection of lung biopsy specimens revealed an EGFR gene 21 exon L858R mutation.CONCLUSION This case report highlights the challenging diagnosis of parotid metastasis in LC given its rare nature.Such lesions should be differentiated from primary tumors of the parotid gland.Simple radiological imaging is unreliable,and puncture biopsy is needed for final diagnosis of this condition.展开更多
Liver cancer is a prevalent malignant cancer,ranking third in terms of mortality rate.Metastasis and recurrence primarily contribute to the high mortality rate of liver cancer.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has low expr...Liver cancer is a prevalent malignant cancer,ranking third in terms of mortality rate.Metastasis and recurrence primarily contribute to the high mortality rate of liver cancer.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has low expression of focal adhesion kinase(FAK),which increases the risk of metastasis and recurrence.Nevertheless,the efficacy of FAK phosphorylation inhibitors is currently limited.Thus,investigating the mechanisms by which FAK affects HCC metastasis to develop targeted therapies for FAK may present a novel strategy to inhibit HCC metastasis.This study examined the correlation between FAK expression and the prognosis of HCC.Additionally,we explored the impact of FAK degradation on HCC metastasis through wound healing experiments,transwell invasion experiments,and a xenograft tumor model.The expression of proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)was measured to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.The results showed that FAK PROTAC can degrade FAK,inhibit the migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro,and notably decrease the lung metastasis of HCC in vivo.Increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of vimentin indicated that EMT was inhibited.Consequently,degradation of FAK through FAK PROTAC effectively suppressed liver cancer metastasis,holding significant clinical implications for treating liver cancer and developing innovative anti-neoplastic drugs.展开更多
文摘Greenblatt and his team have unveiled vertebral skeletal stem cells(vSSCs)as a critical player in the landscape of bone metastasis.This commentary delves into the transformative discoveries surrounding vSSCs,emphasizing their distinct role in bone metastasis compared to other stem cell lineages.We illuminate the unique properties and functions of vSSCs,which may account for the elevated susceptibility of vertebral bones to metastatic invasion.Furthermore,we explore the exciting therapeutic horizons opened by this newfound understanding.These include potential interventions targeting vSSCs,modulation of associated signaling pathways,and broader implications for the treatment and management of bone metastasis.By shedding light on these game-changing insights,we hope to pave the way for novel strategies that could revolutionize the prognosis and treatment landscape for cancer patients with metastatic bone disease.
文摘Approximately 20%of colorectal cancer(CRC)patients present with metastasis at diagnosis.Among Stage I-III CRC patients who undergo surgical resection,18%typically suffer from distal metastasis within the first three years following initial treatment.The median survival duration after the diagnosis of metastatic CRC(mCRC)is only 9 mo.mCRC is traditionally considered to be an advanced stage malignancy or is thought to be caused by incomplete resection of tumor tissue,allowing cancer cells to spread from primary to distant organs;however,increa-sing evidence suggests that the mCRC process can begin early in tumor development.CRC patients present with high heterogeneity and diverse cancer phenotypes that are classified on the basis of molecular and morphological alterations.Different genomic and nongenomic events can induce subclone diversity,which leads to cancer and metastasis.Throughout the course of mCRC,metastatic cascades are associated with invasive cancer cell migration through the circulatory system,extravasation,distal seeding,dormancy,and reactivation,with each step requiring specific molecular functions.However,cancer cells presenting neoantigens can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system.In this review,we explain the biological factors that drive CRC metastasis,namely,genomic instability,epigenetic instability,the metastatic cascade,the cancer-immunity cycle,and external lifestyle factors.Despite remarkable progress in CRC research,the role of molecular classification in therapeutic intervention remains unclear.This review shows the driving factors of mCRC which may help in identifying potential candidate biomarkers that can improve the diagnosis and early detection of mCRC cases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82203185,82230058,82172875 and 82073094)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1201300 and 2022YFE0103600)+3 种基金the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(2021-I2M-1-014,2021-I2M-1-022,and 2022-I2M-2-001)the Open Issue of State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology(SKL-KF-2021-16)the Independent Issue of State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology(SKL-2021-16)the Beijing Hope Marathon Special Fund of Chinese Cancer Foundation(LC2020B14).
文摘Background Triple negative breast cancer(TNBC),the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer,is characterized by a high incidence of brain metastasis(BrM)and a poor prognosis.As the most lethal form of breast cancer,BrM remains a major clinical challenge due to its rising incidence and lack of effective treatment strategies.Recent evidence suggested a potential role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBrM),but the underlying mechanisms are far from being fully elucidated.Methods Through analysis of BCBrM transcriptome data from mice and patients,and immunohistochemical validation on patient tissues,we identified and verified the specific down-regulation of retinoic acid receptor responder 2(RARRES2),a multifunctional adipokine and chemokine,in BrM of TNBC.We investigated the effect of aberrant RARRES2 expression of BrM in both in vitro and in vivo studies.Key signaling pathway components were evaluated using multi-omics approaches.Lipidomics were performed to elucidate the regulation of lipid metabolic reprogramming of RARRES2.Results We found that downregulation of RARRES2 is specifically associated with BCBrM,and that RARRES2 deficiency promoted BCBrM through lipid metabolic reprogramming.Mechanistically,reduced expression of RARRES2 in brain metastatic potential TNBC cells resulted in increased levels of glycerophospholipid and decreased levels of triacylglycerols by regulating phosphatase and tensin homologue(PTEN)-mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(SREBP1)signaling pathway to facilitate the survival of breast cancer cells in the unique brain microenvironment.Conclusions Our work uncovers an essential role of RARRES2 in linking lipid metabolic reprogramming and the development of BrM.RARRES2-dependent metabolic functions may serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for BCBrM.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2506400,2020YFA0112300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82230103,81930075,82073267,82203399,82372689)+1 种基金Program for Outstanding Leading Talents in ShanghaiInnovative Research Team of High-level Local University in Shanghai。
文摘Breast cancer metastasis is responsible for most breast cancer-related deaths and is influenced by many factors within the tumor ecosystem,including tumor cells and microenvironment.Breast cancer stem cells(BCSCs)constitute a small population of cancer cells with unique characteristics,including their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation.Studies have shown that BCSCs not only drive tumorigenesis but also play a crucial role in promoting metastasis in breast cancer.The tumor microenvironment(TME),composed of stromal cells,immune cells,blood vessel cells,fibroblasts,and microbes in proximity to cancer cells,is increasingly recognized for its crosstalk with BCSCs and role in BCSC survival,growth,and dissemination,thereby influencing metastatic ability.Hence,a thorough understanding of BCSCs and the TME is critical for unraveling the mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis.In this review,we summarize current knowledge on the roles of BCSCs and the TME in breast cancer metastasis,as well as the underlying regulatory mechanisms.Furthermore,we provide an overview of relevant mouse models used to study breast cancer metastasis,as well as treatment strategies and clinical trials addressing BCSC-TME interactions during metastasis.Overall,this study provides valuable insights for the development of effective therapeutic strategies to reduce breast cancer metastasis.
文摘Objective:To explore the regulatory mechanism of NUDT5 in glioblastoma multiforme(GBM).Methods:GEPIA database was used to predict the expressions of NUDT5 and tripartite motif family proteins 47(TRIM47)in GBM patients.RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to examine NUDT5 expression in GBM cells.LN-229 cell proliferation,migration as well as invasion were estimated by CCK-8,colony formation,wound healing,and Transwell assays following interference with NUDT5.ECAR assay,L-lactic acid kit,glucose detection kit,and ATP detection kit were applied for the detection of glycolysis-related indexes.Co-immunoprecipitation experiment was carried out to verify the relationship between NUDT5 and TRIM47.Results:GEPIA database showed that NUDT5 expression was significantly increased in GBM patients.Inhibiting the expression of NUDT5 in GBM cells significantly suppressed the viability,proliferation,invasion,migration,and glycolysis of GBM cells.Moreover,TRIM47 was highly expressed in GBM cells and interacted with NUDT5.Overexpression of TRIM47 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of NUDT5 downregulation on the proliferation,metastasis,and glycolysis of GBM cells.Conclusions:NUDT5 promotes the growth,metastasis,and Warburg effect of GBM cells by upregulating TRIM47.Both NUDT5 and TRIM47 can be used as targets for GMB treatment.
文摘Breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBrM)is a crucial and hard area of research which guarantees an urgent need to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms.A recent study by Li et al.[1]published in Military Medical Research investigated the role of retinoic acid receptor responder 2(RARRES2)in regulating lipid metabolism in BCBrM,highlighting the clinical relevance of alterations in lipid metabolites,such as phosphatidylcholine(PC)and triacylglycerols(TAGs),by RARRES2 through the modulation of phosphatase and tensin homologue(PTEN)-mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(SREBP1)signaling pathway.This commentary aims to elaborate on the key findings and their relevance to the field.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,No.2022D01D17.
文摘BACKGROUND Lymph node metastasis is a specific type of metastasis in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis(AE).Currently,there is a scarcity of describing the clinical characteristics and lymph node metastasis rules of patients with hepatic AE combined with lymph node metastasis and its mechanism and management are still controversial.Radical hepatectomy combined with regional lymph node dissection is a better treatment.AIM To analyse the clinical features of hepatic AE combined with lymph node metastasis to explore its treatment and efficacy.METHODS A total of 623 patients with hepatic AE admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 1 January 2012 to 1 January 2022 were retrospectively analysed.Fifty-five patients with combined lymph node metastasis were analysed for their clinical data,diagnosis and treatment methods,follow-up efficacy,and characteristics of lymph node metastasis.Finally,we comparatively analysed the lymph node metastasis rates at different sites.Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages,and the analysis of difference was performed using theχ2 test.The Bonferroni method was used for pairwise comparisons when statistical differences existed between multiple categorical variables.RESULTS A lymph node metastasis rate of 8.8%(55/623)was reported in patients with hepatic AE,with a female predilection(69.1%)and a statistically significant sex difference(χ2=8.018,P=0.005).Of the 55 patients with lymph node metastasis,72.7%had a parasite lesion,neighbouring organ invasion,and metastasis stage of P3N1M0 and above,of which 67.3%,78.2%,and 34.5%of hepatic AE lesions invaded the bile ducts,blood vessels,and distant metastases,respectively.Detection rates of lymph node metastasis of 16.4%,21.7%,and 34.2%were reported for a preoperative abdominal ultrasound,magnetic resonance imaging,and computed tomography examinations.All patients were intraoperatively suspected with enlarged lymph nodes and underwent radical hepatectomy combined with regional lymph node dissection.After surgery,a routine pathological examination was conducted on the resected lymph nodes.A total of 106 positive lymph nodes were detected in six groups at various sites,including 51 single-group metastasis cases and four multi-group metastasis cases.When the metastasis rates at different sites were statistically analysed,we observed that the metastasis rate in the para-hepatoduodenal ligament lymph nodes was significantly higher than that of the other sites(χ^(2)=128.089,P=0.000<0.05).No statistical difference was observed in the metastasis rate between the five other groups.Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa complication occurred in 14 cases,which improved after administering symptomatic treatment.Additionally,lymph node dissection-related complications were not observed.Recurrence after 2 years was observed in one patient.CONCLUSION Lymph node metastasis is a rare form of metastasis in hepatic AE,which is more frequent in women.Parahepatoduodenal ligament lymph nodes are commonly observed.Radical hepatectomy combined with regional lymph node dissection is a safe,effective,and feasible treatment for liver AE combined with lymph node metastasis.
基金Supported by Foundation of Henan Educational Committee,No.22A310024and Natural Science Foundation for Young Teachers'Basic Research of Zhengzhou University,No.JC202035025。
文摘Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a malignant epithelial tumor,characterized by squamous cell differentiation,it is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.The increased mortality rate of ESCC patients is predominantly due to the advanced stage of the disease when discovered,coupled with higher risk of metastasis,which is an exceedingly malignant charac-teristic of cancer,frequently leading to a high mortality rate.Unfortunately,there is currently no specific and effective marker to predict and treat metastasis in ESCC.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules,approximately 22 nucleotides in length.miRNAs are vital in modulating gene expression and serve pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence,progression,and prognosis of cancer.Here,we have examined the literature to highlight the intimate correlations between miRNAs and ESCC metastasis,and show that ESCC metastasis is predominantly regulated or regulated by genetic and epigenetic factors.This review proposes a potential role for miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for metastasis in ESCC metastasis,with the ultimate aim of reducing the mortality rate among patients with ESCC.
文摘BACKGROUND Metastatic cardiac tumors are known to occur more frequently than primary cardiac tumors,however,they often remain asymptomatic and are commonly dis-covered on autopsy.Malignant tumors with a relatively high frequency of cardiac metastasis include mesothelioma,melanoma,lung cancer,and breast cancer,whereas reports of esophageal cancer with cardiac metastasis are rare.CASE SUMMARY The case of a 60-year-old man who complained of dysphagia is presented.Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a submucosal tumor-like elevated lesion in the esophagus causing stenosis.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed left atrial compression due to the esophageal tumor,multiple liver and lung metastases,and a left pleural effusion.Pathological examination of a biopsy speci-men from the esophageal tumor showed spindle-shaped cells,raising suspicion of esophageal sarcoma.The disease progressed rapidly,and systemic chemotherapy was deemed necessary,however,due to his poor general condition,adminis-tration of cytotoxic agents was considered difficult.Given his high Combined Positive Score,nivolumab was administered,however,the patient soon died from the disease.The autopsy confirmed spindle cell carcinoma(SCC)of the esophagus and cardiac metastasis with similar histological features.Cancer stem cell markers,ZEB1 and TWIST,were positive in both the primary tumor and the cardiac metastasis.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,there have been no prior reports of cardiac metastasis of esophageal SCC.This case highlights our experience with a patient with esophageal SCC who progressed rapidly and died from the disease,with the autopsy examination showing cardiac metastasis.
文摘To the Editor:Extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma(EOPPC)is an uncommon malignancy with many similarities to epithelial ovarian carcinoma in histological,clinical,and etiological aspects[1].This phenomenon is explained by their common embryonal origin,in which both develop from the coelomic epithelium in the early embryological stage.Despite their similarities,the incidence of EOPPC is significantly lower than that of epithelial ovarian carcinoma(6.78 cases per million vs.120.5 cases per million)[1].
文摘Colorectal cancer liver metastasis(CRLM)presents a clinical challenge,and optimizing treatment strategies is crucial for improving patient outcomes.Surgical resection,a key element in achieving prolonged survival,is often linked to a heightened risk of recurrence.Acknowledging the potential benefits of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy in managing resectable liver metastases,this approach has gained attention for its role in tumor downsizing,assessing biological behavior,and reducing the risk of postoperative recurrence.However,the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in initially resectable CRLM sparks ongoing debates.The balance between tumor reduction and the risk of hepatic injury,coupled with concerns about delaying surgery,necessitates a nuanced approach.This article explores recent research insights and draws upon the practical experiences at our center to address critical issues regarding considerations for initially resectable cases.Examining the criteria for patient selection and the judicious choice of neoadjuvant regimens are pivotal areas of discussion.Striking the right balance between maximizing treatment efficacy and minimizing adverse effects is imperative.The dynamic landscape of precision medicine is also reflected in the evolving role of gene testing,such as RAS/BRAF and PIK3CA,in tailoring neoadjuvant regimens.Furthermore,the review emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to navigate the comp-lexities of CRLM.Integrating technical expertise and biological insights is crucial in refining neoadjuvant strategies.The management of progression following neoadjuvant chemotherapy requires a tailored approach,acknowledging the diverse biological behaviors that may emerge.In conclusion,this review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the considerations,challenges,and advancements in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for initially resectable CRLM.By combining evidencebased insights with practical experiences,we aspire to contribute to the ongoing discourse on refining treatment paradigms for improved outcomes in patients with CRLM.
文摘In this editorial,we comment on the article by Wang et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2023.We focused on identifying risk factors for lymph node metastasis(LNM)in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(SESCC)patients and how to construct a simple and reliable clinical prediction model to assess the risk of LNM in SESCC patients,thereby helping to guide the selection of an appropriate treatment plan.The current standard treatment for SESCC is radical esophagectomy with lymph node dissection.However,esophagectomy is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.Endoscopic resection(ER)offers a safer and less invasive alternative to surgical resection and can enable the patient's quality of life to be maintained while providing a satisfactory outcome.However,since ER is a localized treatment that does not allow for lymph node dissection,the risk of LNM in SESCC limits the effectiveness of ER.Understanding LNM status can aid in determining whether patients with SESCC can be cured by ER without the need for additional esophagectomy.Previous studies have shown that tumor size,macroscopic type of tumor,degree of differentiation,depth of tumor invasion,and lymphovascular invasion are factors associated with LNM in patients with SESCC.In addition,tumor budding is commonly associated with LNM,recurrence,and distant metastasis,but this topic has been less covered in previous studies.By comprehensively evaluating the above risk factors for LNM,useful evidence can be obtained for doctors to select appropriate treatments for SESCC patients.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81870393.
文摘BACKGROUND According to the latest report,colorectal cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancers,with the third highest incidence and mortality worldwide.Treatment of advanced rectal cancer with distant metastases is usually unsatisfactory,especially for mismatch repair proficient(pMMR)rectal cancer,which leads to poor prognosis and recurrence.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a pMMR rectal adenocarcinoma with metastases of multiple lymph nodes,including the left supraclavicular lymph node,before treatment in a 70-year-old man.He received full courses of chemoradiotherapy(CRT)followed by 4 cycles of programmed death 1 inhibitor Tislelizumab,and a pathologic complete response(pCR)was achieved,and the lesion of the left supraclavicular lymph node also disappeared.CONCLUSION pMMR advanced rectal cancer with preserved intact distant metastatic lymph nodes may benefit from full-course CRT combined with immunotherapy.
文摘The prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) is increasing annually and metastasis is the principal cause of death in patients with CRC, with the liver being the most frequently affected site. Many studies have shown a strong interplay between the gut flora, particularly Fusobacterium nucleatum(F. nucleatum), Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis, and the development of gut tumors. Some strains can induce gut inflammation and produce toxins that directly harm gut epithelial cells, ultimately accelerating the onset and progression of CRC. However,little clinical evidence exists on the specific interplay between the gut microflora and colorectal cancer liver metastasis(CRLM). Some research showed the existence of viable F. nucleatum in distant metastasis of CRC.Subsequently, gut microbiota products, such as lipopolysaccharides, sodium butyrate, and protein cathepsin K, were also found to affect the development of CRC. This article summarizes the mechanism and research status of the interplay between gut microflora and CRLM, discusses the importance of gut microflora in the treatment of CRLM, and proposes a new approach to understanding the mechanism of CRLM and potential treatments for the microbiome. It is anticipated that the gut microbiota will be a formidable therapeutic and prophylactic tool for treating and preventing CRLM.
文摘BACKGROUND The regulatory effects of KIF26B on gastric cancer(GC)have been confirmed,but the specific mechanism still needs further exploration.Pan-cancer analysis shows that the KIF26B expression is highly related to immune infiltration of cancerassociated fibroblasts(CAFs),and CAFs promote macrophage M2 polarization and affect cancers’progression.AIM To investigate the regulatory functions of KIF26B on immune and metastasis of GC.METHODS We analyzed genes’mRNA levels by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Expression levels of target proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry,ELISA,and Western blotting.We injected AGS cells into nude mice for the establishment of a xenograft tumor model and observed the occurrence and metastasis of GC.The degree of inflammatory infiltration in pulmonary nodes was observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining.Transwell and wound healing assays were performed for the evaluation of cell invasion and migration ability.Tube formation assay was used for detecting angiogenesis.M2-polarized macrophages were estimated by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.RESULTS KIF26B was significantly overexpressed in cells and tissues of GC,and the higher expression of KIF26B was related to GC metastasis and prognosis.According to in vivo experiments,KIF26B promoted tumor formation and metastasis of GC.KIF26B expression was positively associated with CAFs’degree of infiltration.Moreover,CAFs could regulate M2-type polarization of macrophages,affecting GC cells’migration,angiogenesis,invasion,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process.CONCLUSION KIF26B regulated M2 polarization of macrophage through activating CAFs,regulating the occurrence and metastasis of GC.
基金Changzhou Sci and Tech Program,No.CJ20220008Young Talent Development Plan of Changzhou Health Commission,No.CZQM2020118+2 种基金Changzhou High-Level Medical Talents Training Project,No.2022CZBJ105Cultivation Project of Changzhou Medical Center,Nanjing Medical University,No.CMCB202211Development Foundation of Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University,No.XYFC202304,and No.XYFM202307。
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a prevalent malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal system.ZNF710 is a transcription factor(TF),and zinc finger protein 710(ZNF710)-AS1-201 is an immune-related long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)that is upregulated in GC cells.AIM To assess the correlation between ZNF710-AS1-201 and immune microenvir-onment features and to investigate the roles of ZNF710-AS1-201 in the invasion and metastasis processes of GC cells.METHODS We obtained data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Wujin Hospital.We assessed cell growth,migration,invasion,and programmed cell death using cell counting kit-8,EdU,scratch,Transwell,and flow cytometry assays.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to identify the potential downstream targets of ZNF710-AS1-201.RESULTS In GC tissues with low ZNF710-AS1-201 expression,immunoassays detected significant infiltration of various antitumor immune cells,such as memory CD8 T cells and activated CD4 T cells.In the low-expression group,the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations(IC_(50)s)of 5-fluorouracil,cisplatin,gemcitabine,and trametinib were lower,whereas the IC_(50)s of dasatinib and vorinostat were higher.The malignant degree of GC was higher and the stage was later in the high-expression group.Additionally,patients with high expression of ZNF710-AS1-201 had lower overall survival and disease-free survival rates.In vitro,the overexpression of ZNF710-AS1-201 greatly enhanced growth,metastasis,and infiltration while suppressing cell death in HGC-27 cells.In contrast,the reduced expression of ZNF710-AS1-201 greatly hindered cell growth,enhanced apoptosis,and suppressed the metastasis and invasion of MKN-45 cells.The expression changes in ZNF710 were significant,but the corresponding changes in isocitrate dehydrogenase-2,Semaphorin 4B,ARHGAP10,RGMB,hsa-miR-93-5p,and ZNF710-AS1-202 were not consistent or statistically significant after overexpression or knockdown of ZNF710-AS1-201,as determined by qRT-PCR.CONCLUSION Immune-related lncRNA ZNF710-AS1-201 facilitates the metastasis and invasion of GC cells.It appears that ZNF710-AS1-201 and ZNF710 have potential as effective targets for therapeutic intervention in GC.Nevertheless,it is still necessary to determine the specific targets of the ZNF710 TF.
基金Supported by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Base Construction Stomach Cancer Special Fund,No.Y2020CX57Jiangsu Provincial Graduate Research and Practical Innovation Program Project,No.SJCX23-0799.
文摘BACKGROUND Duodenal cancer is one of the most common subtypes of small intestinal cancer,and distant metastasis(DM)in this type of cancer still leads to poor prognosis.Although nomograms have recently been used in tumor areas,no studies have focused on the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of DM in patients with primary duodenal cancer.AIM To develop and evaluate nomograms for predicting the risk of DM and person-alized prognosis in patients with duodenal cancer.METHODS Data on duodenal cancer patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for DM in patients with duodenal cancer,and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to determine independent prognostic factors in duodenal cancer patients with DM.Two novel nomograms were established,and the results were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves,calibration curves,and decision curve analysis(DCA).RESULTS A total of 2603 patients with duodenal cancer were included,of whom 457 cases(17.56%)had DM at the time of diagnosis.Logistic analysis revealed independent risk factors for DM in duodenal cancer patients,including gender,grade,tumor size,T stage,and N stage(P<0.05).Univariate and multivariate COX analyses further identified independent prognostic factors for duodenal cancer patients with DM,including age,histological type,T stage,tumor grade,tumor size,bone metastasis,chemotherapy,and surgery(P<0.05).The accuracy of the nomograms was validated in the training set,validation set,and expanded testing set using ROC curves,calibration curves,and DCA curves.The results of Kaplan-Meier survival curves(P<0.001)indicated that both nomograms accurately predicted the occurrence and prognosis of DM in patients with duodenal cancer.CONCLUSION The two nomograms are expected as effective tools for predicting DM risk in duodenal cancer patients and offering personalized prognosis predictions for those with DM,potentially enhancing clinical decision-making.
文摘BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer ranks third in global cancer-related mortality,often due to metastases to liver and lungs.Ovarian metastases are less common,accounting for 3.6%to 7.4%of cases.In contrast,mature ovarian teratomas are frequently benign.Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a rare phenomenon,with a limited number of documented cases.Three cases of mature ovarian teratomas metastasizing from different cancers have been reported.This report focuses on a case of tumor-totumor metastasis from sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma to a mature ovarian teratoma.CASE SUMMARY A 41-year-old Taiwan residents woman with no known systemic diseases presented with lower back pain,which led to imaging revealing malignant lesions in the spine,pelvis,liver,and multiple lung metastases.She was diagnosed with sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma with metastases to the liver,lung,bone,and a left ovarian teratoma.Treatment involved radiotherapy and chemotherapy,resulting in regression of the primary tumor and stable lung and liver lesions.Due to abdominal symptoms,she underwent exploratory surgery,unveiling a mature teratoma in the left ovary with signs of metastatic adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION Consider resecting mature ovarian teratomas with concurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma to prevent tumor-to-tumor metastasis.
文摘BACKGROUND Lung cancer(LC)is the leading cause of malignancy-related deaths worldwide.The most common sites of metastasis include the nervous system,bone,liver,respiratory system,and adrenal glands.LC metastasis in the parotid gland is very rare,and its diagnosis presents a challenge.Here,we report a case of parotid metastasis in primary LC.CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 74-year-old male who was discovered to have bilateral facial asymmetry inadvertently two years ago.The right earlobe was slightly swollen and without pain or numbness.Computed tomography(CT)examination showed bilateral lung space-occupying lesions.Pulmonary biopsy was performed and revealed adenocarcinoma(right-upper-lung nodule tissue).Positron emission tomography-CT examination showed:(1)Two hypermetabolic nodules in the right upper lobe of the lung,enlarged hy-permetabolic lymph nodes in the right hilar and mediastinum,and malignant space-occupying lesion in the right upper lobe of the lung and possible metastasis to the right hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes;and(2)multiple hypermetabolic nodules in bilateral parotid glands.Parotid puncture biopsy was performed considering lung adenocarcinoma metastasis.Gene detection of lung biopsy specimens revealed an EGFR gene 21 exon L858R mutation.CONCLUSION This case report highlights the challenging diagnosis of parotid metastasis in LC given its rare nature.Such lesions should be differentiated from primary tumors of the parotid gland.Simple radiological imaging is unreliable,and puncture biopsy is needed for final diagnosis of this condition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Fund Project(82272956).
文摘Liver cancer is a prevalent malignant cancer,ranking third in terms of mortality rate.Metastasis and recurrence primarily contribute to the high mortality rate of liver cancer.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has low expression of focal adhesion kinase(FAK),which increases the risk of metastasis and recurrence.Nevertheless,the efficacy of FAK phosphorylation inhibitors is currently limited.Thus,investigating the mechanisms by which FAK affects HCC metastasis to develop targeted therapies for FAK may present a novel strategy to inhibit HCC metastasis.This study examined the correlation between FAK expression and the prognosis of HCC.Additionally,we explored the impact of FAK degradation on HCC metastasis through wound healing experiments,transwell invasion experiments,and a xenograft tumor model.The expression of proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)was measured to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.The results showed that FAK PROTAC can degrade FAK,inhibit the migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro,and notably decrease the lung metastasis of HCC in vivo.Increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of vimentin indicated that EMT was inhibited.Consequently,degradation of FAK through FAK PROTAC effectively suppressed liver cancer metastasis,holding significant clinical implications for treating liver cancer and developing innovative anti-neoplastic drugs.