Preparation and Acute Toxicology of Nano-Magnetic Ferrofluid

The nano-magnetic ferrofluid was prepared by chemical coprecipitation and its acute toxicology was investigated. The effective diameter (Eff. Diam.) of the magnetic particles was about 19.9 nm, and the concentration of the ferrofluid was 17.54 mg/ml. The acute toxic reaction and the main viscera pathological morphology of mice were evaluated after oral, intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of the nano-magnetic ferrofluid of different doses respectively. Half lethal dose (LD 50)>2104.8 mg/kg,maximum non-effect dose (ED 0)=320.10mg/kg with oral; LD 50>438.50 mg/kg, ED 0=160.05 mg/kg with intravenous route; and LD 50>1578.6 mg/kg, ED 0=320.10 mg/kg with intraperitoneal administration. Degeneration and necrosis of viscera were not found. So the nano-magnetic ferrofluid, of which toxicity is very low, may be used as a drug carrier.

Experimental and mathematical modeling of Cr(Ⅵ) removal using nano-magnetic Fe3O4-coated perlite from the liquid phase

Modification of perlite using nano-magnetic iron oxide was implemented to produce nano-magneticFe3O4-coated perlite composite(Fe3O4/Perlite).The prepared composite was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy,Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Powder X-ray Fluorescence.The potentiality of both perlite and Fe3O4/Perlite composite to eliminate Cr(VI)from the environmentally relevant water was investigated.The influence of main factors which could affect the adsorption was studied including;pH of medium,shaking time and Cr(VI)ions concentration.The experimental outcome demonstrated that the modification of perlite by nano-magnetic Fe3O4 showed a significantly enhanced Cr(VI)removal efficiency relative to that of unmodified perlite.From the kinetic studies,the experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model.Moreover,it proposes that Langmuir isotherm is more adequate than the Freundlich isotherm for both perlite and modified perlite.The results recommended that Fe3O4/Perlite composite had a great potential as an economic and efficient adsorbent of Cr(VI)from contaminated water,which has huge application potential.

Structural,magnetic and antibacterial properties of manganese-substituted magnetite ferrofluids

Manganese-substituted magnetite ferrofluids(FFs)Mnx Fe_(1-x)Fe_(2)O_(4)(x=0–0.8)were prepared in this work through a chemical coprecipitation reaction.The controlled growth of FF nanomaterials for antibacterial activities is challenging,and therefore,very few reports are available on the topic.This research focuses on stabilizing aqueous FFs with the tetramethylammonium hydroxide surfactant to achieve high homogeneity.Morphological characterization reveals nanoparticles of 5–11 nm formed by the chemical reaction and nanocrystalline nature,as evident from structural investigations.Mn-substituted magnetic FFs are analyzed for their structural,functional,and antibacterial performance according to the Mn-substituent content.Optical studies show a high blue shift for Mn^(2+)-substituted Mnx Fe_(1-x)Fe_(2)O_(4)with the theoretical correlation of optical band gaps with the Mn content.The superparamagnetic nature of substituted FFs causes zero coercivity and remanence,which consequently influence the particle size,cation distribution,and spin canting.The structural and functional performance of the FFs is correlated with the antibacterial activity,finally demonstrating the highest inhibition zone formation for Mnx Fe_(1-x)Fe_(2)O_(4)FFs.

磁场诱导矩形通道内铁磁流体流动及强化传热

为深入研究外加磁场作用下矩形通道中铁磁流体的流动及换热性能,基于有限体积法对其进行数值仿真计算。分析铁磁流体在不同雷诺数Re、磁场强度B下对努塞尔数Nu及流体阻力系数f的影响,重点对比3种热边界条件下磁场诱导铁磁流体旋流流动的特点、强化传热效果及综合强化性能。结果表明:当外加磁场作用于铁磁流体时,由于磁场-流场-温度场的协同作用,3种热边界条件下,矩形通道内的铁磁流体均产生不同结构的旋流流动,明显强化其传热效果,且施加的磁场强度越大,强化传热效果越好,综合性能更优。在研究范围内,通过对3种热边界条件的比较,四面受热、上下两面受热和底面受热的综合强化因子最大值分别达到了1.372、2.277、2.299。

离心式铁磁流体微泵的设计及流动特性分析

铁磁流体微泵由于其自润滑性和自密封性,使其更加符合微流控技术应用在生物医学、生命科学、化学分析、航空航天等领域的需求,而在目前的结构设计中无法同时满足加工简单、可靠性高、流动稳定等优势,因此限制其应用及发展。为提高铁磁流体微泵的可靠性和稳定性,促进其发展和应用,本研究基于铁磁流体的外场控制原理、磁流变效应及介质流体的流体力学行为设计了一种离心式的新型铁磁流体微泵,并应用数值计算分析了介质流体流动特性。结果表明:该微泵可以有效实现泵送过程,当转速为10 r/min时,一个周期内的泵送净流量可达0.07 kg/T,且在两股铁磁流体的交替作用下可以阻断泵腔进口与出口的介质流体质量交换;由于铁磁流体与泵腔结构的动静干涉作用,导致出口流量存在轻微脉动(数量级为10^(-5)),但仍处于层流状态(Re<1),并且由于惯性力与特征尺寸相关而黏滞力与特征尺寸无关等力学因素,导致泵送动力对出口尺寸长度非常敏感,在转速4 r/min、出口段长度9 mm时无法实现有效泵送。同时对铁磁流体与泵送介质流体之间的相界面压力波动和自密封性能进行分析,得到相界面上的压力波动峰值远小于铁磁流体自密封性能,相差3个数量级,从铁磁流体的密封稳定性和界面稳定性角度验证了离心式铁磁流体微泵的可行性。

分子动力学模拟巴氏合金界面磁性液体润滑行为

磁性液体因其顺磁可控的流变特性,可满足极端工况对滑动轴承润滑油膜稳定性不断提高的要求,在轴承润滑方面具有良好的应用前景。为探究磁性液体微观润滑机制,采用分子动力学模拟方法构建和优化巴氏合金界面磁性液体润滑的微观模型,并根据实际工况进行限制性剪切模拟,研究温度和剪切速度对PAO6基磁性液体在巴氏合金界面润滑行为的影响;通过分析滑动过程中相对浓度分布、温度分布、速度分布、均方位移和界面吸附能等参数的变化,从分子层面揭示磁性液体微观润滑的作用机制。结果表明:PAO6基磁性液体具有良好的扩散性和散热性,可以粘附在巴氏合金摩擦界面起到很好的承载和减磨作用;在高温和高剪切速度下,磁性液体润滑膜仍呈现出良好的稳定性,磁性颗粒具有良好的扩散能力。研究结果有助于完善纳米薄膜润滑理论,对磁性液体的工程应用具有现实指导意义。

Wave nature of Rosensweig instability

The explicit analytical solution of Rosensweig instability spikes'shapes obtained by Navier-Stokes(NS)equation in diverse magnetic field H vertical to the flat free surface of ferrofluids are systematically studied experimentally and theoretically.After carefully analyzing and solving the NS equation in elliptic form,the force balanced surface equations of spikes in Rosensweig instability are expressed as cosine wave in perturbated magnetic field and hyperbolic tangent in large magnetic field,whose results both reveal the wave-like nature of Rosensweig instability.The results of hyperbolic tangent form are perfectly fitted to the experimental results in this paper,which indicates that the analytical solution is basically correct.Using the forementioned theoretical results,the total energy of the spike distribution pattern is calculated.By analyzing the energy components under different magnetic field intensities H,the hexagon-square transition of Rosensweig instability is systematically discussed and explained in an explicit way.

Impact of a Magnetic Dipole on Heat Transfer in Non-Conducting Magnetic Fluid Flow over a Stretching Cylinder

The thermal behavior of an electrically non-conducting magnetic liquid flowing over a stretching cylinder under the influence of a magnetic dipole is considered.The governing nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically using a finite element approach,which is properly validated through comparison with earlier results available in the literature.The results for the velocity and temperature fields are provided for different values of the Reynolds number,ferromagnetic response number,Prandtl number,and viscous dissipation parameter.The influence of some physical parameters on skin friction and heat transfer on the walls of the cylinder is also investigated.The applicability of this research to heat control in electronic devices is discussed to a certain extent.

磁性液体性能及运行工况对密封耐压值的影响

为研究不同种类磁性液体及密封工况对密封效果的影响,以Fe_(3)O_(4)为磁性颗粒,以链状氟醚油为基液,制备一系列不同颗粒含量、基液分子量的磁性液体,对磁性颗粒及磁性液体的结构、性能进行表征,在搭建的密封试验台上测试磁性液体种类及运行工况对密封耐压效果的影响。结果表明:制备的磁性颗粒粒径为纳米级,呈近球形形貌,具有较高的饱和磁化强度,磁性液体具有较好的分散稳定性;随颗粒含量增加、基液分子量增大,密封耐压值先增大后减小;在颗粒质量分数为30%、基液分子量为4600 g/mol时,密封耐压值最高;随主轴转速增大,密封耐压值逐渐减小;随密封时间延长,密封耐压值先减小后趋于稳定。

Preparation of PMAA-coated Dysprosium Ferrite Ferrofluids and Study on the Superparamagnetism

The present paper covers the unprecedented preparation of stable aqueous Dy-ferrite ferrofluids, whereby colloidal Dy_ δ Fe_ 3- δ O_4 ultrafine particles were dispersed by using polymeric surfactant PMAA. The stabilities of the series of the ferrofluids were studied according to the stability indexes. The susceptibility measurements were made with a Farady-type magnetic balance at various temperatures and magnetic field intensities. In terms of Langevin function, the σ versus H/T curves showed that Dy-ferrite ferrofluids exhibited superparamagnetism behavior and the blocking temperatures were in the range from 160 to 200 K. Moreover, the ferrofluids were characterized by means of Infra-red spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Mssbauer spectroscopy.

Polydispersity effects on the magnetization of diluted ferrofluids:a lognormal analysis

Based on a lognormal particle size distribution, this paper makes a model analysis on the polydispersity effects on the magnetization behaviour of diluted ferrofluids. Using a modified Langevin relationship for the lognormal dispersion, it first performs reduced calculations without material parameters. From the results, it is extrapolated that for the ferrofluid of lognormal polydispersion, in comparison with the corresponding monodispersion, the saturation magnetization is enhanced higher by the particle size distribution. It also indicates that in an equivalent magnetic field, the lognormally polydispersed ferrofluid is magnetically saturated faster than the corresponding monodispersion. Along the theoretical extrapolations, the polydispersity effects are evaluated for a typical ferrofluid of magnetite, with a dispersity of σ = 0.20. The results indicate that the lognormal polydispersity leads to a slight increase of the saturation magnetization, but a noticeable increase of the speed to reach the saturation value in an equivalent magnetic field.

Splitting Regularities of Thin Ferrofluid Layer Manipulated by Vertical Magnetic Field

The regular distribution of micro-droplets splitting from thin ferrofluid layer is systematic experimentally investigated, as the layer is placed in a vertical magnetic field. In this work, the field is applied in an instant manner and a slow manner, respectively; the field strength is linear increased. With instantly raising the field, it is observed that the ferrofluid layer is split into several regularly distributed micro-droplets, and that the number of micro-droplets is linear to the magnetic field strength and the thickness of the liquid layers. When the field is slowly increased, a liquid ring together with several micro-droplets appears from the ferrofluid layer splitting. A spatial drift of the micro-droplets is also observed in the process of increasing the magnetic field. Our results are useful for manipulating the splitting regularities of ferrofluid layers by magnetic field, which may be used in non-contact segmentation, and magnetically manipulated drug carriers for targeting the therapy, etc.

FERROFLUID CONTAINING SOLUBLE CONDUCTIVE POLYANILINE AND ITS FREESTANDING FILMS

Ferrofluid containing highly conductive polyaniline (PANI) was prepared, in which soluble PANI solutions dopedwith 10-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) and dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) were used as the basic solution and Fe_3O_4nanoparticles (d = 10 nm) as the magnetic material. Moreover, the freestanding films of the resulting ferrofluid can beobtained by an evaporation method. The electrical and magnetic properties of the ferrofluid or its films can be adjustedthrough changing the content of PANI and Fe_3O_4. High saturated magnetization (≈ 30 emu/g) and high conductivity(≈ 250 S/cm) of the composite films can be achieved when the composite film contains 26.6 wt% of Fe_3O_4. In particular, itwas found that the composite films exhibit a super-paramagnetic behavior (Hc = 0) attributed to the size of Fe_3O_4 particles on the nanometer scale.

Ferrofluid Actuated Thermal Overload Relay

Thermal overload relays are economic electromechanical protection devices which offers reliable protection for electric motors in the event of overload or phase failure. Presently there are two types of overload relays which depend on the temperature characteristics of metals to provide protection by tripping the circuit. These relays lack accuracy as they do not activate the trip circuit at any exact specified temperature. In this paper we introduce a new form of thermal over-load relay actuated by ferrofluid. The ferrofluid has a very accurate transition temperature known as curie temperature. It acts as a ferromagnetic material below the curie temperature and loses the property of ferromagnetism above this temperature. By using this property of the fluid we propose an alternative method for more accurate op-eration under overload condition. This relay finds application in the protection system of electrical machines. Thus, in this paper we present a novel and simple technique for protection against thermal overloading using ferrofluid.

Interfacial instability of ferrofluid flow under the influence of a vacuum magnetic field

This study is to numerically test the interfacial instability of ferrofluid flow under the presence of a vacuum magnetic field.The ferrofluid parabolized stability equations(PSEs)are derived from the ferrofluid stability equations and the Rosensweig equations,and the characteristic values of the ferrofluid PSEs are given to describe the ellipticity of ferrofluid flow.Three numerical models representing specific cases considering with/without a vacuum magnetic field or viscosity are created to mathematically examine the interfacial instability by the computation of characteristic values.Numerical investigation shows strong dependence of the basic characteristic of ferrofluid Rayleigh-Taylor instability(RTI)on viscosity of ferrofluid and independence of the vacuum magnetic field.For the shock wave striking helium bubble,the magnetic field is not able to trigger the symmetry breaking of bubble but change the speed of the bubble movement.In the process of droplet formation from a submerged orifice,the collision between the droplet and the liquid surface causes symmetry breaking.Both the viscosity and the magnetic field exacerbate symmetry breaking.The computational results agree with the published experimental results.

Ferrofluid nucleus phase transitions in an external uniform magnetic field

The phase transition between a massive dense phase and a diluted superparamagnetic phase has been studied by means of a direct molecular dynamics simulation. The equilibrium structures of the ferrofluid aggregate nucleus are obtained for different values of a temperature and an external magnetic field magnitude. An approximate match of experiment and simulation has been shown for the ferrofluid phase diagram coordinates ＂field-temperature＂. The provided phase coexistence curve has an opposite trend comparing to some of known theoretical results. This contradiction has been discussed. For given experimental parameters, it has been concluded that the present results describe more precisely the transition from linear chains to a dense globes phase. The theoretical concepts which provide the opposite binodal curve dependency trend match other experimental conditions： a diluted ferrofluid, a high particle coating rate, a high temperature,and/or a less particles coupling constant value.

PREPARATION OF FERROFLUID FOR MINERAL PROCESSING AND ITS PROPERTIES

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Effect of temperature dependent viscosity on revolving axi-symmetric ferrofluid flow with heat transfer

The prime objective of the present study is to examine the effect of tempera- ture dependent viscosity/z（T） on the revolving axi-symmetric laminar boundary layer flow of an incompressible, electrically non-conducting ferrofiuid in the presence of a stationary plate subjected to a magnetic field and maintained at a uniform temperature. To serve this purpose, the non-linear coupled partial differential equations are firstly converted into the ordinary differential equations using well-known similarity transformations. The popular finite difference method is employed to discretize the non-linear coupled differ- ential equations. These discretized equations are then solved using the Newton method in MATLAB, for which an initial guess is made with the help of the Flex PDE Solver. Along with the velocity profiles, the effects of temperature dependent viscosity are also examined on the skin friction, the heat transfer, and the boundary layer displacement thickness. The obtained results are presented numerically as well as graphically.

Hydrodynamic modeling of ferrofluid flow in magnetic targeting drug delivery

Among the proposed techniques for delivering drugs to specific locations within human body, magnetic drug targeting prevails due to its non-invasive character and its high targeting efficiency. Magnetic targeting drug delivery is a method of carrying drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles to a target tissue target under the applied magnetic field. This method increases the drug concentration in the target while reducing the adverse side-effects. Although there have been some theoretical analyses for magnetic drug targeting, very few researchers have addressed the hydrodynamic models of magnetic fluids in the blood vessel. A mathematical model is presented to describe the hydrodynamics of ferrofiuids as drug carriers flowing in a blood vessel under the applied magnetic field. In this model, magnetic force and asymmetrical force are added, and an angular momentum equation of magnetic nanoparticles in the applied magnetic field is modeled. Engineering approximations are achieved by retaining the physically most significant items in the model due to the mathematical complexity of the motion equations. Numerical simulations are performed to obtain better insight into the theoretical model with computational fluid dynamics. Simulation results demonstrate the important parameters leading to adequate drug delivery to the target site depending on the magnetic field intensity, which coincident with those of animal experiments. Results of the analysis provide important information and suggest strategies for improving delivery in clinical application.

All-optical modulator based on a ferrofluid core metal cladding waveguide chip

We propose a novel optical intensity modulator based on the combination of a symmetrical metal cladding optical waveguide （SMCW） and ferrofluid, where the ferrofluid is sealed in the waveguide to act as a guiding layer. The light matter interaction in the ferrofluid film leads to the formation of a regular nanoparticle pattern, which changes the phase match condition of the ultrahigh order modes in return. When two lasers are incident on the same spot of the waveguide chip, experiments illustrate all-optical modulation of one laser beam by adjusting the intensity of the other laser. A possible theoretical explanation may be due to the optical trapping and Soret effect since the phenomenon is considerable only when the control laser is effectively coupled into the waveguide.