Impact of nutrient losses from agricultural lands on nutrient stocks in Dianshan Lake in Shanghai, China

Abstract： The water quality of Dianshan Lake in Shanghai Municipality, China, is impacted by nutrient losses from agricultural lands around the lake. In this study, nine types of agricultural land use were monitored in 2010 and 2011, and a correlation analysis between nutrient losses from agricultural non-point sources （NPS） and nutrient stocks in the lake was conducted over monthly and seasonal time periods. The results indicate that the monthly average concentration of total nitrogen （TN） ranged from 1.41 to 7.34 mg/L in 2010 and from 1.52 to 5.90 mg/L in 2011, while the monthly average concentration of total phosphorous （TP） ranged from 0.11 to 0.26 mg/L in 2010 and from 0.13 to 0.30 mg/L in 2011. The annual loss of TN from agricultural NPS was 195.55 tons in 2010 and 208.40 tons in 2011. The cultivation of water oat made the largest contribution to the loss of TN. The annual loss of TP was 44.58 tons in 2010 and 48.12 tons in 2011, and multi-vegetable cultivation made the largest contribution to the loss of TP. The results of correlation analysis show that the monthly stocks of TN and TP in the lake have a positive correlation with the monthly losses of TN and TP from agricultural NPS. According to the seasonal data, the stocks of TN and TP in the lake both have a much stronger correlation with the losses of TN and TP from agricultural NPS in summer than in other seasons. Agricultural NPS pollution control should be the main focus for the water resource conservation in this area.

Soil nutrient loss due to tuber crop harvesting and its environmental impact in the North China Plain

Soil loss due to crop harvesting （SLCH） is a soil erosion process that signiifcantly contributes to soil degradation in crop-lands. However, little is known about soil nutrient losses caused by SLCH and its environmental impacts. In the North China Plain area, we measured the losses of soil organic carbon （SOC） and nitrogen as wel as phosphorus due to SLCH and assessed their relationship with soil particle size composition, agronomic practices and soil moisture content. Our results show that the losses by harvesting potato of SOC, total nitrogen （TN）, available nitrogen （AN）, available phosphorus （AP） and total phosphorus （TP） were 1.7, 1.8, 1.8, 15.9 and 14.1 times compared by harvesting sweet potato, respectively. The variation of SOC, N and P loss by SLCH are mainly explained by the variation of plant density （PD） （17–50%）, net mass of an individual tuber （Mcrop/p） （16–74%）, soil clay content （34–70%） and water content （19–46%）. Taking into account the current sewage treatment system and the ratio of the nutrients adhering to the tubers during transportation from the ifeld （NTRP/SP）, the loss of TN and TP by harvesting of potato and sweet potato in the North China Plain area amounts to 3% N and 20% P loads in the water bodies of this region. The fate of the exported N and P in the sewage treatment system ultimately controls the contribution of N and P to the polution of lakes and rivers. Our results suggest that a large amount of SLCH-induced soil nutrient export during transportation from the ifeld is a potential polutant source for agricultural water for vast planting areas of tuber crops in China, and should not be overlooked.

Nutrient Losses in Soils on Loess Plateau

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Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion on Soil Nutrient Loss After Deforestation on the Loess Plateau

Soil erosion and nutrient losses on newly-deforested lands in the Ziwuling Region on the Loess Plateau of China were monitored to quantitatively evaluate the effects of accelerated soil erosion, caused by deforestation, on organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Eight natural runoff plots were established on the loessial hill slopes representing different erosion patterns of dominant erosion processes including sheet, rill and shallow gully (similar to ephemeral gully). Sediment samples were collected after each erosive rainfall event. Results showed that soil nutrients losses increased with an increase of erosion intensity. Linear relations between the losses of organic matter, total N, NH4-N, and available P and erosion intensity were found. Nutrient content per unit amount of eroded sediment decreased from the sheet to the shallow gully erosion zones, whereas total nutrient loss increased. Compared with topsoil, nutrients in eroded sediment were enriched, especially available P and NH4-N. The intensity of soil nutrient losses was also closely related to soil erosion intensity and pattern with the most severe soil erosion and nutrient loss occurring in the shallow gully channels on loessial hill slopes. These research findings will help to improve the understanding of the relation between accelerated erosion process after deforestation and soil quality degradation and to design better eco-environmental rehabilitation schemes for the Loess Plateau.

Nutrient Loss from Various Land-Use Areas in Shixia Small Watershed of Miyun County, Beijing, China

In the Shixia small watershed, twenty experimental plots and two monitoring channels, the residential area and livestock areas were used to monitor the flow, runoff and erosion. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations associated with various land uses were analyzed at the same time. The results are presented as follows: (1) TP, TN and COD concentrations of runoff samples in the residential area and livestock areas are nearly 10 times those in other land-use areas. High nutrient loads are associated with village land use, which is due to unsuitable livestock rising. These areas should be treated as the critical areas of non-point source pollution. (2) Different land-use influences intensity the loss of nutrients, especially slope tillings in agricultural land. The amount of nutrient loss from agricultural land per unit is highest, that from forestry is intermediate and that from pastures is lowest. However, in consideration of the variability of land-use areas, agricultural land contributes the greatest to TP and forestry land to TN. (3) The concentrations of TN and TP in sediments from gangues are highest, those in forestry land are intermediate, and those in agricultural land are lowest. Nutrient loss from hilly areas is much greater than from mountainous areas.

Effects of tillage practices on nutrient loss and soybean growth in red-soil slope farmland

Field experiments were conducted to examine the effect of tillage practices on sediment and nutrient loss and soybean growth under natural rainfall conditions.Three tillage practices were applied:downslope ridge(check),downslope ridge+contour living hedgerow,and cross ridge.Cross ridge tillage reduced surface runoff by 69%and sediment yield by 86%,compared to the check treatment.The downslope ridge with a contour living hedgerow reduced surface runoff by 24%and sediment yield by 53%.Additionally,compared to the check plot,nutrient losses carried by runoff were reduced by over 68%and that carried in the sediment was reduced more than 85%in the cross ridge plot.Nutrient losses in runoff were reduced by 20%to 30%in the downslope ridge and contour living hedgerow plot and those carried in the sediment were reduced by 44%to 57%.Cross ridge tillage soybean yields exceeded those of the downslope ridge and downslope ridge+contour living hedgerow treatments by 16%-18%.Cross ridge tillage could contribute to the prevention sediment and nutrient loss and could improve crop yield,and thus it is recommended to be applied to mild slopes in the red soil region.

Runoff and nutrient losses in alfalfa(Medicago sativa L)production with tied-ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting on sloping land

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting(RFRH)is known to be effective in controlling water loss and soil erosion,and increasing soil moisture and crop yield in semiarid regions.However,it can cause water-logging,ridge overtopping,and harvest failure if not properly designed.A four consecutive-year field trial was carried out to assess the impacts of various slope gradients and tillage practices on soil moisture,runoff,sediment yield,associated soil nutrient losses,fodder yield,and water use efficiency(WUE)of alfalfa in the Loess Plateau,China.The trial adopted a split-plot design,taking slope gradient(5and 10)as main plot treatment and tillage practice(traditional tillage,open-ridging,and tied-ridging)as split-plot treatment,from 2015 to 2018.There were greater variations in runoff,sediment yield,and associ-ated soil nutrient losses than in fodder yield and WUE.Tied-ridging and open-ridging resulted in decreased runoff and reduced sediment transport and associated soil nutrient losses,and increased soil moisture,fodder yield,and WUE.Runoff,sediment transport,and associated soil nutrient losses inclined with increasing slope;while fodder yield and the WUE declined.For slopes of 5and 10,the average decrease in runoff,sediment yield,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and organic matter losses for open-ridging were 47.7e56.2%,91.0e92.7%,90.4e93.1%,90.1e92.2%,and 88.9e90.2%,respectively,while these for tied-ridging were 62.4e68.4%,94.5e96.4%,93.6e95.5%,93.9e95.9%,and 93.0e94.9%,over 4 years as compared with traditional tillage.The mean annual runoff,sediment,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and organic matter losses for slopes of 10were 1.31,1.96,1.87,1.99,and 1.64 times greater than the corresponding values for slopes of 5,respectively.The increase of fodder yield and WUE for open-ridging and tied-ridging was 40.1e45.6%and 16.0e17.5%,and 3.66e5.99 and 1.35e2.50 kg ha^(-1)mm^(-1),respectively,for slopes of 5and 10.The average fodder yield and WUE for slopes of 5were 1.19 and 1.23 times greater than corresponding values for slopes of 10,respectively.The disparities in fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa between slopes of 5and 10were not clear in dry years,but were evident in wet years.Tied-ridging was recommended for water and soil conservation,while open-ridging was recommended for increase of fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa.The implementation of RFRH in crop production should be evaluated by the use of a model in accordance with climatic conditions,soil type,and plant species.

Effects of nano carbon on soil erosion and nutrient loss in a semi-arid loess region of Northwestern China

Since 2005,the application of nano carbon(NC)in agriculture and environmental remediation has received considerable attention with most of the research focusing on plant growth and heavy metal absorption.However,little is known about the potential effects of NC on soil erosion and nutrient loss.In this study,rainfall simulation tests were conducted on a soil plot(1 m×1 m,located in a semi-arid loess region of northwestern China),in which a mixture(5-cm below the soil surface)of NC(0,0.1%,0.5%,0.7% and 1.0% on a mass base)and sandy soil(same as the one in the plot)was embedded as three bands(5 cm wide,1 m long and 5 cm thick)at the three positions(top,middle and bottom of the plot),respectively.Before the rainfall simulation test,a mixed solution of potassium bromide(1.0 mol/L KBr),potassium nitrate(1.0 mol/L KNO_(3)),monopotassium phosphate(1.0 mol/L KH_(2)PQ_(4))was sprayed on the soil surface.Results showed that the sandy soil on the Loess Plateau with 0.7%NC addition(36.47 kg/hm^(2) on a mass basis)could improve soil water runoff,sediment yield,and nutrient loss in the semi-arid loess region of northwestern China,in addition to preventing soil water from deep percolation.Therefore,NC may have a great potential in soil erosion control on the Loess Plateau of China.

Effect of Polyacrylamide Application on Runoff,Erosion,and Soil Nutrient Loss Under Simulated Rainfall

Soil erosion affects soil productivity and environmental quality.A laboratory research experiment under simulated heavy rainfall with tap water was conducted to investigate the effects of anionic polyacrylamide(PAM) application rates(0,0.5,1.0,and 2.0 g m-2) and molecular weights(12 and 18 Mg mol-1) on runoff,soil erosion,and soil nutrient loss at a slope of 5°.The results showed the two lower rates of PAM application decreased runoff while the highest rate increased runoff as compared with the control.Sediment concentration and soil mass loss increased significantly with the increasing PAM application rate.Compared with the control,PAM application decreased K+,NH4+,and NO3-concentrations in sediment and K+ and NH+4 concentrations in runoff,but significantly increased the mass losses of K+,NH4+,and NO-3 over soil surface except for the NH4+ at PAM application rate lower than 1.0 g m-2.PAM application decreased the proportion of K+ loss with runoff to its total mass loss over soil surface from 60.1% to 16.4%.However,it did not affect the NH4+ and NO3-losses with runoff,and more than 86% of them were lost with runoff.A higher PAM molecular weight resulted in less soil erosion and K+ mass loss but had little effect on runoff and NH+4 and NO3-losses.PAM application did not prevent soil erosion and the mass losses of K+ and NO3-under experimental conditions.

Prediction Model of Soil Nutrients Loss Based on Artificial Neural Network

On the basis of Artificial Neural Network theory, a back propagation neural network with one middle layer is building in this paper, and its algorithms is also given, Using this BP network model, study the case of Malian-River basin. The results by calculating show that the solution based on BP algorithms are consis- tent with those based multiple - variables linear regression model. They also indicate that BP model in this paper is reasonable and BP algorithms are feasible.

秸秆还田及不同比例控失尿素对华北平原小麦产量及潮土性质影响

为探讨不同控失尿素比例和秸秆还田对华北平原小麦产量及潮土化学性质的影响,本研究以华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,以秸秆还田为主区,控失尿素比例为副区。秸秆还田模式设秸秆全量还田(S1)、秸秆不还田(S0)2种;控失尿素比例设不施肥(CK)以及控失尿素占总施氮量比例为0、40%、70%和100%(LCU0、LCU40、LCU70、LCU100)5个处理。在作物收割后进行产量测定,并采集0~20 cm耕层土壤进行常规土壤养分含量测定。结果表明:与S0处理相比,S1处理显著提高土壤有机质和速效钾含量。控失尿素显著提高土壤硝态氮含量,其他土壤养分含量无显著变化。秸秆不还田条件下,施用化肥显著降低了土壤pH值。控失尿素比例为70%时土壤养分含量最高。秸秆还田对小麦产量及吸氮量无显著影响,控失尿素对小麦产量及吸氮量增加具有极显著影响。在所有处理中,S1-LCU40处理的籽粒和秸秆产量最高,籽粒产量达7009.26 kg·hm^(-2),秸秆产量达11361.38 kg·hm^(-2)。秸秆还田对土壤氮素依存率具有显著影响,不同比例控失尿素对氮素收获指数具有显著影响,对氮肥表观利用率、土壤氮素依存率具有极显著影响。控失尿素比例为40%或70%时氮素吸收利用指标较优。综上,在华北平原潮土区,秸秆还田与40%控失尿素比例配施可以显著提升土壤供氮能力,提高小麦产量和氮素吸收与利用指标,是较为适宜的管理措施,但其机理及长期效应还需进一步研究。

黄河源高寒退化草地典型鼠丘土壤风蚀及养分流失规律研究

黄河源高寒草地啮齿动物活动区存在大量鼠丘,在干燥、大风等气候影响下极易产生土壤风蚀,为阐明鼠丘土壤风蚀侵蚀特征与规律,本研究以黄河源流域不同海拔与植被覆盖度下14个试验区的高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠鼠丘为研究对象,采用野外模拟风力侵蚀试验装置,对不同风速下各区域鼠丘土壤流失量及其养分流失规律进行分析和讨论。结果表明:(1)鼠丘土壤风蚀量在各区域之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),风速较小时,2种不同鼠丘土壤流失差异不显著,当风速增加到12 m·s^(-1)时,高原鼠兔鼠丘土壤流失量>高原鼢鼠鼠丘土壤流失量(P<0.05);风速从3 m·s^(-1)增大到12 m·s^(-1),2种鼠丘土壤流失的平均增幅分别为238.16%和146.31%。(2)各试验区鼠丘土壤风蚀率总体呈现先快后慢的递减趋势,植被盖度是低风速下影响鼠丘土壤流失的显著因子,且与海拔高度有关。(3)随草地退化程度加剧,土壤全氮含量、碱解氮、速效钾、有机质含量都有明显下降,而全磷、全钾、速效磷呈现上升的趋势。本研究表明黄河源不同区域鼠丘土壤风蚀作用的差异性与土壤含水率、颗粒大小、风速等密切相关。

生物炭施加垄沟集雨种植对水土流失及紫花苜蓿草产量的影响

为缓解我国黄土高原区干旱胁迫和控制水土流失,本研究采用裂区设计,生物炭施加模式(生物炭施加和无生物炭施加)为主区,耕作模式(打结垄、开敞垄和平作)为副区,研究不同生物炭施加模式和耕作模式对土壤水分、径流、泥沙流失、养分流失、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)干草产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明,在2019和2020年紫花苜蓿生育期,与平作处理相比,开敞垄和打结垄处理的径流量、泥沙、全氮、全磷、有机质流失量分别减少20.1%~37.7%和60.1%~64.7%,54%~75.5%和77.1%~87.6%,44.4%~65.5%和49.0%~81.8%,36.7%~75.3%和48.6%~87.3%,48.2%~72.9%和58.6%~85.4%,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率分别增加39.5~52.1和31.2~60.5 mm,26.2%~31.7%和26.5%~35.2%,10.07~14.86和12.14~16.55 kg·hm^(-2)·mm^(-1)。与无生物炭施加处理相比,生物炭施加处理的径流量、泥沙、全氮、全磷和有机质流失量分别减少48%~69%,94%~125%,12%~24%,28%~46%和35%~48%,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率分别增加42.93~26.09 mm,106%~111%和1.96~6.90 kg·hm^(-2)·mm^(-1)。本研究表明,生物炭施加打结垄沟集雨种植是该区域适宜耕作模式。

华南冬瓜主产区土壤镁素淋洗损失规律

本研究在华南典型冬瓜种植区开展了为期两年的田间试验,试验共设置6个处理,分别是农户常规施肥(CK)、化肥减量(Mg0)及在化肥减量基础上增施30、60、90、120 kg/hm^(2) Mg O(Mg1、Mg2、Mg3、Mg4),通过测定不同处理冬瓜种植期内土壤Mg、N、P、K和Ca淋洗差异,评估土壤Mg营养平衡,分析不同土壤及环境因子对Mg淋洗损失的影响,旨在探明土壤Mg淋洗损失特点,明确加剧土壤Mg淋洗损失的关键因子。结果表明,与CK处理相比,化肥减量措施下,土壤Mg、N、P、K和Ca累积淋洗量分别减少36.19%~40.50%、29.68%~36.86%、21.14%~46.74%、39.65%~42.83%和29.65%~48.60%。外源添加镁肥会增加土壤Mg累积淋洗量,同时也提高了土壤交换性镁含量,与Mg0处理相比,Mg1、Mg2、Mg3和Mg4处理Mg累积淋失量分别显著增加了42.46%~78.79%、53.94%~69.92%、78.92%~101.83%、133.07%~134.37%;Mg3和Mg4处理下土壤交换性镁含量分别增加了69.02%~81.10%和68.70%~78.54%,土壤阳离子交换量分别提高了9.44%~34.93%和14.26%~38.31%。采用随机森林模型进行Mg淋洗影响因素相对重要性分析发现,土壤交换性镁含量、降雨量、阳离子交换量、交换性钙和速效钾含量均会显著影响土壤Mg的淋洗。因此,在华南冬瓜种植区开展Mg营养管理时,应注重施用缓效镁肥,同时注重其他养分平衡,以提高补Mg效率。

保存时间对黑水虻幼虫体重和营养物质的影响

试验旨在阐明不同日龄黑水虻幼虫活体保存期间体重和营养物质的变化规律。试验选取10日龄、12日龄、14日龄幼虫各6 kg,每个龄期为1个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1 kg,其中3个重复每天中午称量幼虫重量,用于测定体重损失;另外3个重复的幼虫在同样环境下存放,分别于第5、10、15、20天,每个重复取50 g幼虫称重,烘干后测定营养物质含量。结果显示:12日龄和14日龄幼虫鲜重第20天绝对损失均在50%左右。黑水虻幼虫活体保存15 d幼虫干物质含量显著高于保存5 d和10 d幼虫干物质含量(P<0.05);12日龄、14日龄黑水虻幼虫第10天和第20天粗蛋白含量高于第5天和初始幼虫粗蛋白含量(P<0.05),在保存第15天粗蛋白含量最高;14日龄幼虫初始粗脂肪含量显著高于其他阶段。保存时间与日龄具有交互作用,保存时间×日龄能显著影响黑水虻幼虫的粗脂肪、干物质含量(P<0.05)。本研究揭示了黑水虻活体保存期间幼虫体内营养物质变化规律和消耗程度,本试验条件下,10日龄黑水虻幼虫进行运输和鲜活保存,且保存时间10 d内能获得较高的营养物质。

Impact of Different Contour Hedgerows on Runoff,Nutrient and Soil on Sloping Farmland in Danjiangkou Reservoir Region of China

Soil and water loss has been a major environmental problem in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region.A study of 14°sloping farmland was performed on impact of different contour hedgerows on runoff,losses of soil and nutrients during 2008 and 2011,with five treatments and three replications.The winter wheat and summer maize were used as the test crops.Treatments consisted of four hedgerows:Amorpha(Amorpha fruticosa L.),Honeysuckle(Lonicera japonica Thunb.),Day-lily flower(Hemerocallis citrina Baroni.),and Sabaigrass(Eulaliopsis binata),and a control without hedgerow.Result showed that the runoff under the control treatment was much higher than that of hedgerows.Amorpha could reduce the runoff by 35.2%compared with the control.Soil losses in four hedgerows showed significant reduction in four years(e.g.,Amorpha:78.3%;Honeysuckle:77.1%).Nutrient losses in winter were much higher than that in summer,especially total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium,even though there was an abundant precipitation in summer.Hedgerows greatly affected the soil and nutrient losses on slopping farmland compared with the control treatment,especially Amorpha treatment.The present study found that the Amorpha could be used as the hedgerow species for reducing soil and water loss in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region.

果蔬清洗机对蔬菜中营养物质的影响

以菠菜、胡萝卜、番茄和西兰花4种常见代表类型蔬菜为材料,使用电解水技术的果蔬清洗机,选择不同清洗时间和温度,利用单因素分析对蔬菜营养物质损失进行试验研究。结果表明:清洗时间越长,清洗机对蔬菜中的营养成分破坏程度越大;果蔬清洗机在清洗温度为15℃时,叶酸保留率最大;20℃时果蔬清洗机对蔬菜中维生素C、β-胡萝卜素以及抗氧化活性物质羟自由基保留率最大;在果蔬清洗机相同处理温度和时间下,对于不同类别蔬菜,对菠菜维生素C、西兰花叶酸、西兰花的羟自由基和β-胡萝卜素含量影响较大;在使用果蔬清洗机时应该选择清洗温度为20℃,清洗时间为10~15 min,蔬菜中营养物质保留率最高。

烹饪方法对食材营养成分的影响研究

本文分析了煮、蒸和炒3种常见烹饪方式对食材营养成分的影响,发现煮易导致蛋白质变性、脂肪氧化和维生素流失,蒸虽能保留部分矿物质,但维生素C损失严重,而炒可能导致蛋白质和脂肪的过度破坏。为保护食材营养,提出了低温烹调、合理搭配酸碱介质、优化烹饪时间与火候的策略。这些措施旨在减少烹饪过程中营养成分的损失,提高食物的营养价值,为人们提供科学的烹饪建议。

Variation of Nutrient Value in Selected Composted Farm Wastes

Smallholder farming is promoted for its environmental friendliness, assurance of food security sovereignty and conservation of indigenous knowledge. However, in actual practice, Smallholder farmers recycle farm plant waste to improve soil fertility. By so doing, they contribute to environmental pollution, emissions, and global warming. This situation is a Smallholder farmers’ challenge worldwide. One of these challenges is the inability to find cheaper sources of plant nutrients. These sources of nutrients are associated with environmental pollution, such as the release of Methane. This study focused on farm wastes (bean trash, maize trash, banana trash, cattle slurry, goat slurry, and pig slurry) commonly produced by smallholder farmers in two farming systems of Masaka and Lyantonde Districts to explore the effects of composting and surface decomposition on nutrients contained in farm wastes by specifically: estimating baseline nutrient contents in farm wastes before disposal, determining the variation of nutrients of farm wastes managed by composting and surface decomposition and the potential source of major nutrients among selected farm wastes. Through carbon analysis, Calorimetric determination of Nitrogen and Phosphorus analysis using a block digester and UV-Visible spectrometer, Carbon, Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus were determined from bean trash, maize trash, banana trash, cattle slurry, goat slurry, and pig slurry. Results revealed that goat slurry, chicken waste, maize trash and pig slurry contained more and retained more P, K, C and N, respectively, as compared to other farm wastes. Significant volumes of N and P were retained in composted materials as compared to those managed by surface decomposition.