Influence of Ethanol Addition on the Spray Auto-ignition Properties of Gasoline and Its Relationship with Octane Number

In this study,the spray auto-ignition properties of binary primary reference fuels(PRFs)of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and n-heptane with different research octane numbers(RONs)were measured according to the industry standard NB/SH/T 6035 to determine their ignition delay times at various initial temperatures.Furthermore,the auto-ignition properties were investigated after blending the PRFs with various amounts of ethanol.The results revealed a very good correlation between the derived cetane number and the RON for the PRFs in both the presence and absence of ethanol.In addition,a concept of ignition delay sensitivity was developed for ethanol-containing fuels that exhibited a close relationship with the octane sensitivity,which is defined as the RON minus the motor octane number(MON).Finally,the developed method was applied to conveniently estimate the RON and MON values of several ethanol-containing fuels by simply measuring their auto-ignition properties.

Synthesis of La-Modified Ultra Stable Zeolite L and Its Application to Catalytic Cracking Catalyst

A new type of zeolite La-USL （ultra stable zeolite L （zeolite USL） modified by La）, which has superior activity, stability and selectivity in catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons and thus can be used as an active catalyst component, is reported in this paper. The zeolite L with relative crystallinity of above 90% was synthesized by the hydrothermal crystallization method under optimum conditions and characterized by means of XRD, NH3-TPD and isotherm adsorption techniques. The in-situ synthesized zeolite L with a SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of 5-6 was modified by cation ion exchange, hydrothermal dealumination and chemical modifications with La in order to prepare La-containing USL with a higher framework SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of 15-30. The modified zeolite La-USL was used as an active additive component of fluid catalytic cracking （FCC） catalyst and the resulting catalysts were evaluated by microactivity test （MAT） and fixed-fluidized bed （FFB） experiments using heavy oil as feedstock. The influence of La content in La- USL on cracking product distribution, gasoline group composition and research octane number （RON） was investigated. The results showed that when La content in La-USL was 0.8 wt%, the addition of the corresponding La-USL could result in a FCC catalyst that produced significant improvement in product distribution and gasoline quality.

Analysis of Measures and Effect on Reducing Olefin Content in Gasoline

This article refers to major measures for reducing olefin content of automotive gasoline and the effect after adoption of these measures. The key for reducing olefin content in China's automotive gasoline pool is to reduce the olefin content of FCC naphtha. The domestic refiners apply the olefinreducing catalyst to decrease the olefin content of FCC gasoline as a convenient and cheap means to meet the national standard for automotive gasoline at the present phase. Furthermore, the novel domestic FCC reaction processes, such as the MIP, MGD, FDFCC and other processes can also apparently reduce olefin content in FCC gasoline. In order to further reduce the olefin content in gasoline to meet more stringent standard for automotive gasoline, Chinese refiners should optimize the processing scheme while aggressively disseminating hydrogenation process along with development of catalytic reforming,alkylation, etherification and other processes to completely change the simplistic composition of domestic gasoline pool.

Application of Olefin-Reducing Catalyst in FCC Unit at Daqing Petrochemical Company

This article refers to the application of DOCO olefin-reducing catalyst developed by RIPP and manufactured by the Catalyst Factory of Changling Refining and Chemical Company in the 1.4 Mt/a RFCCU at Daqing Petrochemical Company. Results of operation over two months had revealed that this catalyst had good olefin-reducing ability and heavy oil converting ability adapted to paraffinic feedstock. The gasoline olefin yield had been reduced to 36.1 v% from 54.2 v% with gasoline RON rating decreased by 1.4 units. The induction period of gasoline had significantly increased to 952 mm, while the coke yield was increased by 0.05 percentage point with light oil yield dropping by only 0.02 percentage point. The FCC product distribution is favorable.

Development of FCC Naphtha Hydrodesulfurization and Aromatization Process

This articles refers to the development of the technology for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and aromatization of FCC naphtha This technology adopts a catalyst with aromatization performance, which does not reduce the octane rating of gasoline in the course of HDS of FCC naphtha. Experimental results have shown that the sulfur removal rate of FCC naphtha could reach over 85%, with the RON of gasoline increased by 0.2-0.6 units, the MON increased by 1.3-1.8 units and the antiknock index of the gasoline increased by around one unit. The total C5+ liquid yield was over 95%. The activity of regenerated catalyst could be restored to be equal to that of fresh one after coke burning on the spent catalyst.

Study of Modification and Performance of HZSM-5 Catalyst for Isomerization of Light Paraffin

The isomerization of light paraffin over HZSM-5-Ni-Mo-F synthetic zeolite catalysts was studied, and the effects of reaction conditions on the isomerization were investigated. The results show that the optimum reaction condition can be obtained to enhance the research octane number (RON) of product and the liquid yield. The optimum experimental condition is: HZSM-5 catalyst with 1.5wt% of Ni, 2wt% of Mo and 0.4wt% of F, at a temperature of 345℃ and a reaction mass hourly space velocity (MHSV) of 0.2 h-1. The isomerization reaction of light paraffin from Tarim refinery was studied and the research octane number (RON) of gasoline product could be enhanced by 20 units under the condition of nonhydrogenization and optimum experimental status.

Effect of Oxygenates Blending with Gasoline to Improve Fuel Properties

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of oxygenate additives into gasoline for the improvement of physicochemical properties of blends.Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether（MTBE）,Methanol,Tertiary butyl alcohol（TBA）,and Tertiary amyl alcohol（TAA） blend into unleaded gasoline with various blended rates of 2.5%,5%,7.5%,10%,15%,and 20%.Physicochemical properties of blends are analyzed by the standard American Society of Testing and Materials（ASTM） methods.Methanol,TBA,and TAA increase density of the mixtures,but MTBE decreases density.The addition of oxygenates lead to a distortion of the base gasoline＇s distillation curves.The Reid vapor pressure（RVP） of gasoline is found to increase with the addition of the oxygenated compounds.All oxygenates improve both motor and research octane numbers.Among these four additives,TBA shows the best fuel properties.

Commercial Application of the MIP Technology in RFCC Unit

PetroChina Jinxi Petrochemical Branch Company has applied the MIP technology in its RFCC unit to maximize the light distillate while using the paraffinic gas oil blended with resid and the coker gasoil as the feedstocks. The outcome of the unit operating according to the MIP mode has revealed that the olefin content in the stabilized gasoline could be reduced to less than 35 % with its research octane number equivalent to and its motor octane number slightly higher than the octane rating of the FCC naphtha obtained by the former operational mode of the RFCC unit, and the diesel yield could reach over 30 m%. The total liquid yield （LPG＋gasoline＋diesel） of the unit operating according to the MIP mode was by over 1.5 percentage points higher than that achieved in the former RFCC unit.

Performance and Commercial Application of the Promoter LCC-A for Maximization of Propylene Yield

The evaluation testing of propylene promoter LCC-A was carried out in a bench scale fixed fluidized bed reactor and a pilot scale riser. The commercial application experiments on this promoter were conducted in the #3 RFCCU at Dalian Petrochemical Co. and #1 integrated refining unit at Shanghai Petro- chemical Co. The test results have shown that after adding 5%—6% of the promoter LCC-A to the main FCC catalyst the propylene yield and selectivity were raised obviously. The octane rating of FCC gasoline was increased by more than one unit; which could alleviate the negative impact of octane number decline resulted from reduction of olefin content in FCC naphtha along with an increased propylene yield to meet the urgent market demand for propylene. The test results achieved at Shanghai Petrochemical Company have revealed that when the addition of the LCC-A promoter reached 5% of the catalyst inventory, its performance could be on a par with that of the overseas promoter OlefinsMax.

A novel fluid catalytic cracking process for maximizing /so-paraffins： From fundamentals to commercialization

The maximizing iso-paraffins （MIP） developed by RIPP has improved gasoline quality to meet the demand of motor gasoline specification. A concept that two different reaction zones include cracking zone and conversion zone is proposed as the fundamental of MIP by research on fluid catalytic cracking （FCC） reaction chemistry. Based on the concept, the MIP process is featured by applying a novel sequential two-zone riser in conjunction with proprietary catalyst and engineering technique. The developed MIP process can not only improve gasoline yield or gasoline plus propylene yields but also produce gasoline with a higher content of iso- paraffins and a lower content of sulfur. Aminimum octane number loss is achieved when MIP gasoline is treated by downstream desulfurization technology （RSDS/S Zorb）. The combination of MIP and RSDS/S Zorb processes creates a very competitive route, which is different from the technical route used by other developed countries, to upgrade the quality of motor gasoline with the lowest economic costs in China. In just one decade, the processing capacity of MIP units has accounted for about 60% of the domestic total processing capacity of FCC units. The MIP process is gradually becoming a new generation of FCC technology.