Lateral clavicle fracture-plating options and considerations

Clavicle fractures are among the most prevalent types of fractures with numerous treatment strategies that have evolved over time.In the realm of lateral-third clavicle fracture management,several surgical methods are available,with plate and screw constructs being one of the most frequently employed options.Within this construct,numerous choices exist for fixing the fracture.This editorial provides an overview of the common plate options utilized in the management of distal third clavicle fractures underscoring the critical considerations and approaches that guide clinicians in selecting the most appropriate fixation techniques,considering the complex landscape of clavicle fractures and their challenging management.

Early Treatment Outcome of Humeral Shaft Fracture Non-Union in Adults: Comparative Study of Plating versus Interlocking Nailing

Background: Fractures of humeral shaft in adults are common injuries. Humeral shafts non-union either from late presentation after initial treatment by traditional bone setters or failed non-operative orthodox care is a major problem in this part of the world. This non-union is a major treatment challenge with increased cost of care and morbidity in this part of the world. Humeral shaft non-union can be treated with locked intra-medullary nailing (LIMN) or dynamic compression plating (DCP). Study on comparison of these methods of fixation in this part of the world is scarce in literature search, hence the reason for this study. Objective: The objectives of this study are: (1) to compare early clinical outcome following fixation of humeral shaft fracture nonunion with DCP versus LIMN;(2) to compare the time of radiologic fracture union of DCP with LIMN;(3) to compare complications following fixation of humeral shaft fracture nonunion with DCP versus LIMN. Patients and Methods: This was a randomized control study done for 2 years in which fifty adult patients with humeral shaft non-union were recruited. The patients were grouped into 2 (P = DCP & N = LIMN). Forty five of the patients completed the follow up periods of the study and then analyzed. The P group had ORIF with DCP while the N group had ORIF with LIMN. Both groups had grafting with cancellous bones. Each patient was followed up for a period of 6 months at the time which radiographic union is expected. Any patient without clinical and/or radiographic evidence of union after six months of surgery was diagnosed as having recurrent non-union. The data generated was analyzed using SPSS Version 23. The results were presented in charts and tables. The paired t-test was used while considering p value Result: Forty five patients completed follow up. There was a male preponderance (4:1), right humerus predominated (3:2). Motor vehicular accidents were the commonest cause of the fractures (62%). Most non-union fractures occurred at the level of the middle 3rd of the humeral shaft (60%). Failed TBS treatment was the commonest indication for the osteosynthesis (71%). More patients had plating (53%) compared to 47% who had LIMN. Most patients (93.4%) had union between 3 to 6 months irrespective of fixation type with no significant statistical difference between the union rate of DCP and LIMN (p value 0.06) with similar functional outcome and complication rates irrespective of the type of fixation. Conclusion: This study showed that the success rates in term of fracture union, outcome functional grades and complication rates were not directly dependent on the types of the fixation: plating or locked intra-medullary nailing.

Distal clavicle fractures treated by anteroinferior plating with a single screw: Two case reports

BACKGROUND For the treatment of distal clavicle fractures,each treatment method has its own advantages and disadvantages,and there is no optimal surgical solution.CASE SUMMARY Based on this,we report 2 cases of distal clavicle fractures treated utilizing an anterior inferior plate with a single screw placed in the distal,in anticipation of providing a better surgical approach to distal clavicle fracture treatment.Two patients were admitted to the hospital after trauma with a diagnosis of distal clavicle fracture,and were admitted to the hospital for internal fixation of clavicle fracture by incision and reduction,with good postoperative functional recovery.CONCLUSION With solid postoperative fixation and satisfactory prognostic functional recovery,this technique has been shown to be simple,easy to perform and effective.

High-Performance 3D Li-B-C-Al Alloy Anode and its Twofold Li Electrostripping and Plating Mechanism Revealed by Synchrotron X-Ray Tomography

The uncontrollable Li electrostripping and plating process that results in dendritic Li growth and huge volume change of Li anode limits the practicality of Li metal batteries(LMBs).To simultaneously address these issues,designing three-dimensional(3D),lithiophilic and mechanically robust electrodes seems to be one of the cost-effective strategies.Herein,a new 3D Li-B-C-Al alloy anode is designed and fabricated.The prepared 3D alloy anode exhibits not only superior lithiophilicity that facilitates uniform Li nucleation and growth but also sufficient mechanical stability that maintains its structural integrity.Superior performance of the prepared 3D alloy is demonstrated through comprehensive electrochemical tests.In addition,non-destructive and 3D synchrotron X-ray computed tomography(SX-CT)technique is employed to investigate the underlying working mechanisms of the prepared alloy anode.A unique twofold Li electrostripping and plating mechanism under different electrochemical cycling conditions is revealed.Lastly,improved performance of the full cells built with the 3D alloy anode and LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)cathode corroborate its potential application capability.Overall,the current work not only showcases the superiority of the 3D alloy as potential anode material for LMBs but also provides fundamental insights into its underlying working mechanisms that may further propel its research and development.

Bridge plating in the setting of radiocarpal instability:Does distal fixation to the second or third metacarpal matter?A cadaveric study

BACKGROUND Radiocarpal dislocations are rare but potentially devastating injuries.Poorer outcomes are associated with inadequate or lost reduction,such as ulnar translocation,but no consensus exists on the ideal fixation technique.Dorsal bridge plate fixation has been described for various settings in the treatment of complex distal radius fractures and can be fixed distally to the second or third metacarpal,but its application for radiocarpal dislocations has not been established.AIM To determine whether distal fixation to the second or third metacarpal matters.METHODS Using a cadaveric radiocarpal dislocation model,the effect of distal fixation was studied in two stages:(1)A pilot study that investigated the effect of distal fixation alone;and(2)a more refined study that investigated the effect of described techniques for distal and proximal fixation.Radiographs were measured in various parameters to determine the quality of the reduction achieved.RESULTS The pilot study found that focusing on distal fixation alone without changing proximal fixation results in ulnar translocation and volar subluxation when fixing distally to the second metacarpal compared with the third.The second iteration demonstrated that anatomic alignment in coronal and sagittal planes could be achieved with each technique.CONCLUSION In a cadaveric radiocarpal dislocation model,anatomic alignment can be maintained with bridge plate fixation to the second metacarpal or the third metacarpal if the described technique is followed.When considering dorsal bridge plate fixation for radiocarpal dislocations,the surgeon is encouraged to understand the nuances of different fixation techniques and how implant design features may influence proximal placement.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited by arc ion plating with separate targets

TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings were prepared by arc ion plating with separate targets. In order to decrease the unfavorable macroparticles, a straight magnetized filter was used for the low melting aluminium target. The results show that the output plasmas of titanium target without filter and aluminium target with filter reach the substrate with the same order of magnitude. Meanwhile, the number of macropartieles in TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited with separate targets is only 1/10-1/3 of that deposited with alloy target reported in literature. Al atom addition may lead to the decrease of peak at （200） lattice plane and strengthening of peak at （111） and （220） lattice planes. The measured hardness of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coatings accords with the mixture principle and the maximum hardness is HV2495. The adhesion strength reaches 75 N.

Electroless Ni-P plating on Mg-Li alloy by two-step method

Pretreated Mg-Li alloy sheets were pre-plated in a NiCO3？2Ni（OH）2？4H2O solution to form a thin Ni-P alloy film and then plating in a NiSO4？6H2O solution was carried out to obtain a protective coating.The surface morphology,structure and corrosion resistance of the coating were studied.The results showed that a flat,bright and compact plating layer,which was integrated into the matrix metal,was obtained.The P content of the Ni-P coating reached 13.56%（mass fraction）.The hardness value of the Ni-P coating was about HV 549.The polarization curve showed that the corrosion potential of the Ni-P coating reached ？0.249 V（vs SCE）.A long passivation region was found on the polarization curve,and this phenomenon indicated that the coating has an excellent anti-corrosion property.

Structure and effects of electroless Ni-Sn-P transition layer during acid electroless plating on magnesium alloys

An electroless ternary Ni-Sn-P transition layer with high corrosion resistance was applied for acid electroless nickel plating on magnesium alloys. The surface morphologies and microstructure of the traditional alkaline electroless Ni-P and novel Ni-Sn-P transition layers were compared by SEM and XRD, and the bonding strengths between the transition layers and AZ31 magnesium alloys were tested. The corrosion resistance of the samples was analyzed by porosity test, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS） in acid electroless solution at p H 4.5 and immersion test in 10% HCl. The results indicate that the transition layer is essential for acid electroless plating Ni-P coatings on magnesium alloys. Under the same thin thickness（-6 μm）, the electroless Ni-Sn-P transition layer possesses superior properties to the traditional Ni-P transition layer, including high amorphization, smooth and dense surface without pores, enhanced bonding strength and corrosion resistance. Most importantly, acid electroless Ni-P coatings can be successfully deposited on magnesium alloys by using Ni-Sn-P transition layer.

Effect of immersion Ni plating on interface microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu bimetal

A nickel-based coating was deposited on the pure Al substrate by immersion plating,and the Al/Cu bimetals were prepared by diffusion bonding in the temperature range of 450-550 ℃.The interce microstructure and fracture surface of Al/Cu joints were studied by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）.The mechanical properties of the Al/Cu bimetals were measured by tensile shear and microhardness tests.The results show that the Ni interiayer can effectively eliminate the formation of Al-Cu intermetallic compounds.The Al/Ni interface consists of the Al3Ni and Al3Ni2 phases,while it is Ni-Cu solid solution at the Ni/Cu interce.The tensile shear strength of the joints is improved by the addition of Ni interiayer.The joint with Ni interiayer annealed at 500 ℃ exhibits a maximum value of tensile shear strength of 34.7 MPa.

Over-plating工艺过程的变网格数值模拟(英文)

考察了over-plating工艺中不同线距、线宽条件下的电沉积规律。利用数值模拟方法对图形结构轮廓和电沉积速度之间的相互影响进行了分析,同时采用变网格方法来适应电沉积过程中结构轮廓的不断变化。数值模拟结果表明:当线距/线宽较大( >12)时,相邻图形的电沉积速度受到的影响很小,图形的横向和纵向的电沉积速度逐渐趋于一致;而当线距/线宽较小( <6)时,相邻电沉积图形之间相互影响显著,线距/线宽越小,纵向电沉积速度和横向电沉积速度之比越大,因此相邻电沉积图形中间区域可能产生空洞,从而出现电镀缺陷的情形。对于上述工艺缺陷,可以通过增加辅助导电层进行消除,实验结果表明效果良好。

Progress of electroplating and electroless plating on magnesium alloy

The current research processes of electroplating and electroless Ni-P alloy plating on magnesium alloys were reviewed. Theoretically,the reason for difficulties in electroplating and electroless plating on magnesium alloys was given.The zinc immersion, copper immersion,direct electroless Ni-P alloy plating and electroplating and electroless plating on magnesium alloys prepared by chemical conversion coating were presented in detail.Especially,the research development of magnesium alloy AZ91 and AZ31 was discussed briefly.Based on the analysis,the existing problems and future research directions were then given.

Electroless Nickel Plating and Electroplating on FBG Temperature Sensor

Metal-coated fiber Bragg grating（FBG）temperature sensors were prepared via electroless nickel（EN）plating and tin electroplating methods on the surface of normal bare FBG.The surface morphologies of the metal-coated layers were observed under a metallographic microscope.The effects of pretreatment sequence,pH value of EN plating solution and current density of electroplating on the performance of the metal-coated layers were analyzed.Meanwhile, the Bragg wavelength shift induced by temperature was monitored by an optical spectrum analyzer.Sensitivity of the metal-coated FBG（MFBG）sensor was almost two times that of normal bare FBG sensor.The measuring temperature of the MFBG sensor could be up to 280℃,which was much better than that of conventional FBG sensor.

XPS AND UPS STUDIES OF THE INTERFACIAL INTERACTION IN Ni ZrO 2 COMPOSITE PLATING

The interfacial interaction existing in the Ni ZrO 2 composite plating has been investigated. The experimental results show that no new phases were formed in the interfacial regions between matrix Ni and ZrO 2 particles, but an orbital interaction through the mutual overlap of the d orbits does exist in the interfacial regions between Ni atoms and Zr 3+ ions.

Stimulation of Rare Earths in Quartz Optical Fiber Surface Metallization by Electroless Plating and Electroplating

This research aims to use several kind of rare earth oxides, such as Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Ce2O3 and La2O3, to improve the electroless plating and electroplating processes for surface metallization of quartz optical fiber (silicon fiber) for its practical uses. The effects of the rare earth oxides on the deposition rate of Ni-P-B, the stability of the plating solution and the surface property of the film were investigated and the comparisons of their behaviours were made. The effects of rare earth oxide of La2O3 on the hardness and surface property of the Ni film prepared by electroplating process were studied. The surface morphonogies, compositions and hardness of the Ni-P-B and Ni films were characterized and analyzed by SEM, MSM, ICP and DIMHM, respectively. The experimental results showed that Ce2O3 with the concentration of 4 mg·L-1 was the best one among the four rare earth oxides with suitable concentrations in increasing the deposition rate, enhancing the stability of the electroless plating solution and improving the surface property of the Ni-P-B film. The improvements of the hardness and surface property of the Ni film prepared by electroplating with adding La2O3 were discovered. No obvious influences of Ce2O3 and La2O3 on the compositions of Ni-P-B and Ce free in the Ni-P-B film were found because of its much more nagative deposition potential than those of the used reducing agents in this experiment. The total diameter of the quartz optical fiber with deposited Ni-P-B film and Ni film was about 1.7 mm, which could be satisfactorily for the practical uses of quartz optical fiber in many fields.

Electroless plating and growth kinetics of Ni-P alloy film on SiC_p/Al composite with high SiC volume fraction

After Sn/Pd activating, the SiCp/Al composite with 65% SiC (volume fraction) was coated by electroless Ni?P alloy plating. Surface morphology of the composite and its effect on the Ni?P alloy depositing process and bonding action of Ni and P atoms in the Ni?P alloy were studied. The results show that inhomogeneous distribution of the Sn/Pd activating points results in preferential deposition of the Ni?P alloy particles on the Al alloy and rough SiC particle surfaces and in the etched caves. The Ni?P alloy film has an amorphous structure where chemical bonding between Ni and P atoms exists. After a continuous Ni?P alloy film formed, electroless Ni?P alloy plating is not affected by surface morphology and characteristics of the SiCp/Al composite any longer, but by the electroless plating process itself. The Ni?P alloy film follows linear growth kinetics with an activation energy of 68.44 kJ/mol.

Study on Misplating Problems of Composed of Wool and Lycra Plated Knitted Fabrics

By a great deal of experiments,the misplating problemsof plated knitted fabrics composed of wool and Lycra arediscussed and analyzed.The factors affecting the mis-plating problems on manually operated flat knitting ma-chine include the construction and adjustment of a plat-ing feeder,wool yarn count,feeding tension,takedowntension and the ground fabric structures.Some usefulresults can be derived from these works.

Homogenization pretreatment and electroless Ni-P plating on AZ91D magnesium alloy

Electroless nickel plating on AZ91D substrate with a new and eco-friendly pretreatment process based on tuning an electrochemical homogeneous surface was investigated. The morphology, deposition process, chemical composition and microstructure of Ni-P coating were studied. It is indicated that β phases are selectively removed, producing a microstructural homogeneous surface and the subsequent uniform and compact Zn immersion layer. A defect-free and well adhesive Ni-P coating can be successfully obtained due to its uniform nucleation and growth based on such pretreatment. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） tests reveal that Ni-P coating could significantly improve the corrosion resistance of AZ91D substrate.

Electroless Plating Lead and Lead-Tin on Copper Using an Eco-Friendly Plating Bath

Copper serpentines used in gas heaters are currently coated with lead-tin alloy using hot-dip technology where copper is immersed in molten lead (98%)-Tin at about 400&deg;C. The major drawback of this technique is the pollution resulted from lead vapors which cause much harm to the labors in the unit. The present work investigates an eco-friendly plating technique to replace the currently used technology. Electroless plating of copper samples with lead or Lead (98%)-Tin alloy is carried out from a plating bath contained lead salt, tin salt, reducing agent and stabilizing agent. The parameters affecting the coating quality such as the plating time, temperature and bath composition were optimized. The chemical analysis and coating morphology of the formed coatings are examined by XRD, SEM and EDS to reach the best bath composition as well as the best conditions to coat copper with lead or lead-tin electrolessly. The electrochemical properties of copper and copper coated samples are also examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Recovery of Copper（II） and Nickel（II） from Plating Wastewater by Solvent Extraction

The solvent extraction technology, was applied to recover Cu^2＋ and Ni^2＋ from plating wastewater.Lix984N was chosen as the extractant due to-its gooff extraction performance. The influence parame-ters were examlned. The results show that the separation of Cu^2＋ and Ni＂ from sulphate medium can be realized by adjusting pH value with the help of Lix984N. For extracting Cu^2＋ and Ni^2＋, the optimal pH values are 4 and 10.5, and the maximal extraction percentages are 92.9% and 93.0%, respectively .With recovered Cu^2＋ and Ni^2＋ stripped in 170g.L^ -1 and 200 g.L^-1 H2SO4 medium, the stripping percentages of Cu^2＋ and Ni^2＋ are 92.9% and 93.0%, respectively. This method is simple and can be used to recover Cu^2＋ and Ni^2＋ from plating wastewater. And a flow sheet for separation of Cu^2＋ and Ni^2＋ is presented.

Ti/(Ti,Cr)N/CrN multilayer coated 316L stainless steel by arc ion plating as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Arc ion plating (AIP) is applied to form Ti/(Ti,Cr)N/CrN multilayer coating on the surface of 316L stainless steel (SS316L) as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The characterizations of the coating are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Interfacial contact resistance (ICR) between the coated sample and carbon paper is 4.9 m Omega cm(2) under 150 N/cm(2), which is much lower than that of the SS316L substrate. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests are performed in the simulated PEMFC working conditions to investigate the corrosion behaviors of the coated sample. Superior anticorrosion performance is observed for the coated sample, whose corrosion current density is 0.12 mu A/cm(2). Surface morphology results after corrosion tests indicate that the substrate is well protected by the multilayer coating. Performances of the single cell with the multilayer coated SS316L bipolar plate are improved significantly compared with that of the cell with the uncoated SS316L bipolar plate, presenting a great potential for PEMFC application. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.