Apple Polisher

An“apple polisher” is one who gives gifts to win friendship orspecial treatment.It is not exactly a bribe but is is close to it.“Apple-polishing”is as old as human society,but the phrase it-self is recent,about 50 years old.It comes from the schoolroom.For a long time,some schooboys would leave a shiny apple

A novel approach of jet polishing for interior surface of small-grooved components using three developed setups

It is a challenge to polish the interior surface of an additively manufactured component with complex structures and groove sizes less than 1 mm.Traditional polishing methods are disabled to polish the component,meanwhile keeping the structure intact.To overcome this challenge,small-grooved components made of aluminum alloy with sizes less than 1 mm were fabricated by a custom-made printer.A novel approach to multi-phase jet(MPJ)polishing is proposed,utilizing a self-developed polisher that incorporates solid,liquid,and gas phases.In contrast,abrasive air jet(AAJ)polishing is recommended,employing a customized polisher that combines solid and gas phases.After jet polishing,surface roughness(Sa)on the interior surface of grooves decreases from pristine 8.596μm to 0.701μm and 0.336μm via AAJ polishing and MPJ polishing,respectively,and Sa reduces 92%and 96%,correspondingly.Furthermore,a formula defining the relationship between linear energy density and unit defect volume has been developed.The optimized parameters in additive manufacturing are that linear energy density varies from 0.135 J mm^(-1)to 0.22 J mm^(-1).The unit area defect volume achieved via the optimized parameters decreases to 1/12 of that achieved via non-optimized ones.Computational fluid dynamics simulation results reveal that material is removed by shear stress,and the alumina abrasives experience multiple collisions with the defects on the heat pipe groove,resulting in uniform material removal.This is in good agreement with the experimental results.The novel proposed setups,approach,and findings provide new insights into manufacturing complex-structured components,polishing the small-grooved structure,and keeping it unbroken.

Energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing techniques for diamond:A review

Diamond is a highly valuable material with diverse industrial applications,particularly in the fields of semiconductor,optics,and high-power electronics.However,its high hardness and chemical stability make it difficult to realize high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond.To address these challenges,several polishing methods have been developed for both single crystal diamond(SCD)and polycrystalline diamond(PCD),including mechanical,chemical,laser,and ion beam processing methods.In this review,the characteristics and application scope of various polishing technologies for SCD and PCD are highlighted.Specifically,various energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing technologies,such as laser polishing,ion beam polishing,plasma-assisted polishing,and laser-assisted polishing,are summarized.The current research progress,material removal mechanism,and infuencing factors of each polishing technology are analyzed.Although some of these methods can achieve high material removal rates or reduce surface roughness,no single method can meet all the requirements.Finally,the future development prospects and application directions of different polishing technologies are presented.

Technological advancements in millet dehulling and polishing process: An insight into pretreatment methods, machineries and impact on nutritional quality

Millets are widely recognized for their nutritional significance;however, the methods employed for their processing are currently lacking. This article primarily focuses on the advanced technologies and progressions in millet dehulling and polishing. These technologies operate based on the fundamental principles of compression-shearing, abrasion-friction, and centrifugal-impact forces. Processing of millets can be challenging because of the physical characteristics and tight attachment of hull and bran to the endosperm. However, several dehullers have been designed to solve this problem for different kinds of millets. In addition, the nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics undergo alterations due to both dehulling and polishing processes. These alterations are thoroughly examined and discussed in this article. Specifically, anti-nutrients such as tannins and phytate are predominantly found in the outer pericarp of the grain and experience a reduction after undergoing dehulling and polishing. The nutritional properties are also subjected to a reduction;however, this reduction can be mitigated by subjecting the grains to certain pretreatments before dehulling and polishing. These treatments serve to enhance dehulling efficiency and nutrient digestibility while simultaneously reducing the presence of anti-nutrients. Novel thermal and non-thermal methodologies such as microwave, hydrothermal, high-pressure processing, and ohmic heating can be employed for processing millets, thereby diminishing the loss of nutrients. Additional research can be carried out to investigate their impact on the dehulling and polishing of millets.

Pingyao Hand-Polished Lacquerware

PINGYAO hand-polished lacquerware has been widely considered as one of the four most famed lacquerware types in China.It originated more than 2,000 years ago in what is called Pingyao County today,in Jinzhong City,central China’s Shanxi Province.Its fame is due to the exquisite and unique skill of polishing lacquered coating with bare hands during the manufacturing process.This quaint and durable lacquerware boasts both aesthetic and practical values,and is characterized by its distinguished appearance and glossy sheen.It comes in the forms of jewelry boxes,utensils and stationery,screens and furniture.

On Some Topological Properties of Normed Boolean Algebras

This paper concerns the compactness and separability properties of the normed Boolean algebras (N.B.A.) with respect to topology generated by a distance equal to the square root of a measure of symmetric difference between two elements. The motivation arises from studying random elements talking values in N.B.A. Those topological properties are important assumptions that enable us to avoid possible difficulties when generalising concepts of random variable convergence, the definition of conditional law and others. For each N.B.A., there exists a finite measure space ( E,ℰ,μ ) such that the N.B.A. is isomorphic to ( ℰ ˜ , μ ˜ ) resulting from the factorisation of initial σ-algebra by the ideal of negligible sets. We focus on topological properties ( ℰ ˜ , μ ˜ ) in general setting when μ can be an infinite measure. In case when μ is infinite, we also consider properties of ℰ ˜ fin ⊆ ℰ ˜ consisting of classes of measurable sets having finite measure. The compactness and separability of the N.B.A. are characterised using the newly defined terms of approximability and uniform approximability of the corresponding measure space. Finally, conditions on ( E,ℰ,μ ) are derived for separability and compactness of ℰ ˜ and ℰ ˜ fin .

Functional properties,antioxidant activity and in-vitro digestibility characteristics of brown and polished rice flours of Indian temperate region

The present investigation was aimed to study functional properties,antioxidant activity and in-vitro digestibility characteristics of brown and polished flours obtained from four rice cultivars(SR-4,K-39,Mushq Budij and Zhag)of Kashmir.Brown rice flours had higher total dietary fibre(3.08%-3.68%),oil absorption(116.0%-139.0%),emulsion capacity(4.78%-9.52%),emulsion stability(87.46%-99.93%)and resistant starch content(6.80%-9.00%)than polished flours.However,polished flours presented greater water absorption(102.0%-122.0%),foaming capacity(8.00%-13.63%),apparent amylose(19.16%-22.62%),peak(2260.0-2408.0 cP),trough(1372.0-1589.0 cP)and breakdown(714.0-978.0 cP)viscosities than their brown counterparts.Brown rice flours depicted highest total phenolic content(4.40-6.40 mg GAE/g)and inhibition of lipid peroxidation(19.50%-33.20%).However,equilibrium starch hydrolysis percentage(C∞)and predicted glycemic index of brown rice flours were lower than their polished counterparts.Among rice cultivars,brown Zhag flour had the highest total dietary fibre(3.68%),emulsion capacity(9.52%),emulsion stability(99.93%),resistant starch(9.00%),DPPH radical scavenging activity(85.45%)and inhibition of lipid peroxidation(33.20%),respectively.Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability were positively correlated with protein content of rice flours.However,peak,trough,breakdown and setback viscosities were negatively correlated with protein and fat contents of rice flour.The present investigation will be helpful in identifying nutritive role of rice flours from studied cultivars in human diet.

What is attractive rural landscape?Differences in the social and expert assessment of the changes in the rural landscape of the Carpathian region in Poland with regard to the need of its protection

Contemporary villages of the mountain region are subject to uncontrolled structural and spatial transformations,which cause deformation of centuries-old spatial systems of high cultural and natural value.The aim of the study is to confront the opinions of the inhabitants and experts regarding the condition of the cultural landscape of the villages in south-eastern Poland.This area belongs to the Carpathian region of Central Europe.The historical and economic conditions of the studied region,related to the functioning in the post-war period,and then its breakdown and the development of the free market economy,constitute an interesting background for the proposed research.Local communities still remembering the period of difficulties related to the period of systemic transformations,are currently experiencing a relative prosperity,many difficulties related to the period of systemic transformations,are currently experiencing a relative prosperity,which is also expressed in a completely new,previously unknown way of managing the landscape.Investments implemented in villages are associated by the inhabitants with the improvement of the standards and quality of life.They assess them rather positively.An expert assessment of these landscape transformations indicates their negative dimension and the risk of losing timeless values.The discrepancy in the assessment of experts and local residents creates difficulties in the protection of the rural landscape.Therefore,high-quality visual landscape features among rural residents is necessary from the point of view of its multi-faceted and effective protection.Local initiatives and actions in the field of industry policy should play a significant role in this respect by consolidating the images of a harmonious landscape in the public awareness.

Multi-physical Modeling and Adjusting for Ultrasonic Assisted Soft Abrasive Flow Processing

The polishing efficiency of the soft abrasive flow(SAF)method is low,which is not in line with the concept of carbon emission reduction in industrial production.To address the above issue,a two-phase fluid multi-physics modeling method for ultrasonic-assisted SAF processing is proposed.The acoustics-fluid coupling mechanic model based on the realizable k-ε model and Helmholtz equation is built to analyze the cavitation effect.The results show that the pro-posed modeling and solution method oriented to ultrasonic-assisted SAF processing have better revealed the flow field evolution mechanism.The turbulence kinetic energy at different ultrasonic frequencies and amplitudes is stud-ied.Simulation results show that the ultrasonic vibration can induce a cavitation effect in the constrained flow chan-nel and promote the turbulence intensity and uniformity of the abrasive flow.A set of comparative polishing experiments with or without ultrasonic vibration are conducted to explore the performance of the proposed method.It can be found that the ultrasonic-assisted SAF method can improve the machining efficiency and uniformity,to achieve the purpose of carbon emission reduction.The relevant result can offer a helpful reference for the SAF method.

An Uncertainty Analysis of Downward Pressure Applied to the Wafer Based on a Flexible Airbag by a Double Side Polishing Machine

The process of wafer polishing is known to be highly demanding,and even small deviations in the processing parameters can have a significant impact on the quality of the wafers obtained.During the process of wafer polishing,maintaining a constant pressure value applied by the polishing head is essential to achieve the desired flatness of the wafer.The accuracy of the downward pressure output by the polishing head is a crucial factor in producing flat wafers.In this paper,the uncertainty component of downward pressure is calculated and its measurement uncertainty is evaluated,and a method for calculating downward pressure uncertainty traceable to international basic unit is established.Therefore,the reliability of double side polishing machine has been significantly improved.

National Revival and Workers Liberation in the Polish Issue-The Differences Between Marx and Engels and Proudhonists During the First International

In the international communist movement in the 19th century,the national uprising in Europe and the workers’movement were intertwined,forming a complex historical background.The Polish National Uprising in 1863 became a historical opportunity for the establishment of the First International.Although the unity of the British workers and the French workers was the realistic basis of the First International,the French workers showed a vague attitude different from the British workers on the Polish issue.In the first Congress of the First International,the French workers who almost are Proudhonists rejected the issue of supporting the Polish nation against the Tsar Russian oppression.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon did not link the Polish issue with the workers’movement,while he insisted that social and economic issues should not be confused with political reconstruction,and artificially separated national revival from workers’liberation.In order to promote and assist the establishment of the First International,Marx made certain consideration and concessions on national issues in the formulation of its declaration and constitution.Then Engels,commissioned by Marx,made some specific interpretations that they based on the difference between nation and nationality,and adhere it to the international national principle,both clearly shows the Marxism view of nation state,reveals the risk if international communist movement limited to the principle of nationalities,and also further reveals the importance to combine two great cause,national revival and workers liberation.

稀土抛光粉产业发展现状与前景

This article briefly introduces the current industrial development status of rare earth polishing powder at home and abroad,summarizes and classifies the types and production processes of existing rare earth polishing powder,analyzes its technical status and existing problems,and the application prospects of rare earth polishing powder.

An Improved Angle Polishing Method for Measuring Subsurface Damage in Silicon Wafers

We present an improved angle polishing method in which the end of the cover slice near the glue layer is beveled into a thin,defect-free wedge,the straight edge of which is used as the datum for measuring the depth of subsurface damage. The bevel angle can be calculated from the interference fringes formed in the wedge. The minimum depth of the subsurface damage that can be measured by this method is a few hundred nanometers. Our results show that the method is straightforward, accurate, and convenient.

拟连续Domain的若干拓扑性质(英文)

对拟连续Domain D证明了:(1)双拓扑空间(D,σ(D),(D))为两两完全正则空间;(2)若D有可数基,则(max(D),σ(D)max(D))为正则空间当且仅当它为Polish空间;(3)拓扑空间(D,σb(D))为零维Tychonoff空间,其中σb(D)为D上Scott拓扑的b-拓扑。

随机单调算子的随机不动点定理

讨论了随机单调增(减)算子和随机混合单调算子的随机不动点的存在性,得到一些新的随机不动点定理.

STUDIES ON POLYURETHANE FOAM POLISHING TOOL

This paper deals with Polyurethane Foam Polishing Tool (PFPT), which has three dimensional softness and are adapted to polishing sophisticated curved surfaces. The manufacturing technology, the equilibrium theory of matter and energy have been discussed and the PFPT is produced successfully at our laboratory. After investigating their properties, the effective factors to the behavior of the PFPT are studied. The microcosmic construction of the PFPT have been observed by sweep electron microscope(SEM) and the polishing mechanism studied. A great deal of experiments have been carried out to optimize the manufacturing parameters.

一类分段压缩含参数随机算子方程组的解

本文讨论了一类非单调的具有分段压缩性质的含参数随机算子方程组的解的存在性和唯一性.并在此基础上,给出了其解关于参数的连续依赖性.

独立不同分布经验过程的大偏差原理

设 (Xn) n≥ 1是取值于可测空间 (E,E)的一串独立随机变量 ,考虑经验过程 Ln(f) =1n∑ni=1f(Xi) ,f 属于某个有界函数集 F.运用 Talagrand- Ledoux偏差不等式 ,我们得到其大偏差估计的充分必要条件 .最后推广到无界函数族情形 .

剪切增稠抛光方法的基础研究

如何实现目标工件的高效、高质量、低成本加工是目前精密与超精密加工领域的研究热点。为此,本文提出一种基于非牛顿幂律流体剪切增稠效应的新型加工方法——剪切增稠抛光（Shear-thickening polishing,STP）：利用抛光液的剪切增稠流变特性达到增强把持磨粒的约束力而形成类似＂柔性固着磨具＂、增大接触区域面积而具有良好的面形适应性,从而可实现工件表面的高效精密抛光。

Polish空间中随机相容算子的公共随机不动点

引入了随机相容算子、随机序列可交换等一些新的概念,并利用实值比较函数的性质,在Polish空间中研究了满足一定条件下的两个随机相容算子的公共随机不动点,并证明其唯一性,获得若干新的结果。