Raster flite视景系统数据库建模分析

视景系统为飞行员提供虚拟的外部世界,它是模拟飞行仿真的关键技术之一。视景系统是否真实取决于机场视景数据库的建模逼真度。本文分析了Raster flite视景系统数据库的特点、开发过程和在全任务飞行模拟机上的安装、调试方法。其主要开发工具采用Multigen Creator、Photoshop和Raster flite视景数据库开发软件包。

栅格数据地理信息系统(Raster GIS)关键技术分析

数据是地理信息系统的基础,强大的地理信息分析功能对地图数据有很高的要求。国内外大多数应用型地理信息系统都是基于矢量地图数据格式的。这样的系统在提供便利操作的同时,增加了系统开发成本和开发周期。如果建立基于栅格数据的地理信息系统,不需要数字化编辑处理地图数据,节省了矢量化数据的成本,并且地图显示更为形象、直观。在分析栅格数据和矢量数据的基础上,探讨了基于栅格数据的地理信息系统体系框架,并就基于栅格数据的地理信息系统开发中的基本地图操作、属性查询、地图分析等关键技术进行研究,提出了一些思路和解决办法。同时,将该技术成功应用到军事演习系统中,取得了良好的效果。

Using ALS raster data in forest planning

Raster type of forest inventory data with site and growing stock variables interpreted for small squareshaped grid cells are increasingly available for forest planning.In Finland,there are two sources of this type of lattice data:the multisource national forest inventory and the inventory that is based on airborne laser scanning(ALS).In both cases,stand variables are interpreted for 16 m×16 m cells.Both data sources cover all private forests of Finland and are freely available for forest planning.This study analyzed different ways to use the ALS raster data in forest planning.The analyses were conducted for a grid of 375×375 cells(140,625 cells,of which 97,893 were productive forest).The basic alternatives were to use the cells as calculation units throughout the planning process,or aggregate the cells into segments before planning calculations.The use of cells made it necessary to use spatial optimization to aggregate cuttings and other treatments into blocks that were large enough for the practical implementation of the plan.In addition,allowing premature cuttings in a part of the cells was a prerequisite for compact treatment areas.The use of segments led to 5–9%higher growth predictions than calculations based on cells.In addition,the areas of the most common fertility classes were overestimated and the areas of rare site classes were underestimated when segments were used.The shape of the treatment blocks was more irregular in cell-based planning.Using cells as calculation units instead of segments led to 20 times longer computing time of the whole planning process than the use of segments when the number of grid cells was approximately 100,000.

A New Method of Embedded Fourth Order with Four Stages to Study Raster CNN Simulation

A new Runge-Kutta （PK） fourth order with four stages embedded method with error control is presentea m this paper for raster simulation in cellular neural network （CNN） environment. Through versatile algorithm, single layer/raster CNN array is implemented by incorporating the proposed technique. Simulation results have been obtained, and comparison has also been carried out to show the efficiency of the proposed numerical integration algorithm. The analytic expressions for local truncation error and global truncation error are derived. It is seen that the RK-embedded root mean square outperforms the RK-embedded Heronian mean and RK-embedded harmonic mean.

An easy approach to assess the susceptibility of a landslide by utilizing simple raster overlay methods: A case study on Huangtupo landslide(P.R. China)

Semi qualitative index based methods using rankings and ratings are commonly used in susceptibility estimations over a wide area. However, generalized ranking and ratings are not applicable for one single landslide. This paper gives an easy and transferable approach to a susceptibility assessment of Huangtupo landslide(P.R. China), using raster addition without taking account for ranking and ratings. Slope, aspect, curvature, location and drainage buffer distance raster data sets have been obtained out of open source digital elevation models using ESRI's Arc GIS. These conditioning factor raster data sets have been translated into raster data sets including simple yes or no criteria, referring to triggering or not. Subsequently they have been added by raster math to acquire a simple raster overlay map.After that this map is compared to initial displacement measurements, obtained by using a ground based synthetic aperture radar device. Acquired data is recalculated to a raster data set using the same spatial extent, to provide the possibility of comparison of the two raster data sets. The results reveal, that 76.35% of all measured movements occur in areas where raster cells include three or more conditioning factors, indicating that easy raster math operations can lead to satisfying results in local scale.

Shortening the delivery time of proton therapy by real-time compensation method with raster scanning

Among the various scanning techniques, spot and raster scanning are the most frequently adopted. Raster scanning turns off the beam only when each isoenergy slice irradiation is completed. This feature intrinsically solves the leakage dose and frequent beam-switching problems encountered during spot scanning. However, to shorten the delivery time of raster scanning, a sophisticated dose control strategy is required to guarantee dose distribution.In this study, a real-time compensation method with raster scanning for synchrotron systems was designed. It is characterized by a small spot-spacing planning strategy and real-time subtraction of the transient number of particles delivered between two planning-spot positions from the planned number of particles of the subsequent raster point.The efficacy of the compensation method was demonstrated by performing accurate raster scanning simulations with an in-house simulation code and accurate final dose evaluations with a commercial treatment planning system.Given the similar dose evaluation criteria under a practical high scanning speed, compared with the spot scanning method, the total delivery time of the compensated raster scanning method was significantly shortened by 53.3% in the case of irradiating a cubical target and by 28.8% in a pelvic case. Therefore, it can be concluded that real-time compensated raster scanning with a fast scanning configuration can significantly shorten the delivery time compared to that of spot scanning. It is important to reduce the pressure on patients caused by prolonged immobilization and to improve patient throughput capacity at particle therapy centers.

An improved method to distinguish between scanned and rasterized document images

Office automation （OA） has evolved with the development of computer science,improving staff efficiency.Unstructured information processing is an important aspect of OA; therefore,in this paper,we propose an efficient method for distinguishing scanned and rasterized document images which can be used in this process.To ensure the efficiency and precision of our method,two steps are included：rapid processing and classification using noise features.In the first step,color,skew,and isolated noise features are used to identify the source of the images.In the second step,noise features are extracted from the input image and a support vector machine （SVM） classifier is used for classification.Our experiments show that our method has high precision and speed for distinguishing scanned and rasterized document images.

An enhanced method for estimating snow water equivalent in the central part of the Tibetan Plateau using raster segmentation and eigenvector spatial filtering regression model

Snow water equivalent(SWE)is an important factor reflecting the variability of snow.It is important to estimate SWE based on remote sensing data while taking spatial autocorrelation into account.Based on the segmentation method,the relationship between SWE and environmental factors in the central part of the Tibetan Plateau was explored using the eigenvector spatial filtering(ESF)regression model,and the influence of different factors on the SWE was explored.Three sizes of 16×16,24×24 and 32×32 were selected to segment raster datasets into blocks.The eigenvectors of the spatial adjacency matrix of the segmented size were selected to be added into the model as spatial factors,and the ESF regression model was constructed for each block in parallel.Results show that precipitation has a great influence on SWE,while surface temperature and NDVI have little influence.Air temperature,elevation and surface temperature have completely different effects in different areas.Compared with the ordinary least square(OLS)linear regression model,geographically weighted regression(GWR)model,spatial lag model(SLM)and spatial error model(SEM),ESF model can eliminate spatial autocorrelation with the highest accuracy.As the segmentation size increases,the complexity of ESF model increases,but the accuracy is improved.

Measurement of Protein 53 Diffusion Coefficient in Live HeLa Cells Using Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS)

We have applied Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS) technique to characterize the dynamics of protein 53 (p53) in living cells before and after the treatment with DNA damaging agents. HeLa cells expressing Green Fluores-cent Protein (GFP) tagged p53 were incubated with and without DNA damaging agents, cisplatin or eptoposide, which are widely used as chemotherapeutic drugs. Then, the diffusion coefficient of GFP-p53 was determined by RICS and it was significantly reduced after the drug treatment while that of the one without drug treatment was not. It is suggested that the drugs induced the interaction of p53 with either other proteins or DNA. Together, our results demonstrated that RICS is able to detect the protein dynamics which may be associated with protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions in living cells and it may be useful for the drug screening.

Sun Raster格式图像文件数据存储结构详解

本文详细阐述了SunSolaris中Raster格式光栅图像文件存储结构 ,编写了解编程序 ,为异类平台上不同典型格式图像文件的转换和应用提供了技术基础。

Errors Prediction for Vector-to-Raster Conversion Based on Map Load and Cell Size

Vector-to-raster conversion is a process accompanied with errors.The errors are classified into predicted errors before rasterization and actual errors after that.Accurate prediction of the errors is beneficial to developing reasonable rasterization technical schemes and to making products of high quality.Analyzing and establishing a quantitative relationship between the error and its affecting factors is the key to error prediction.In this study,land cover data of China at a scale of 1:250 000 were taken as an example for analyzing the relationship between rasterization errors and the density of arc length(DA),the density of polygon(DP) and the size of grid cells(SG).Significant correlations were found between the errors and DA,DP and SG.The correlation coefficient(R2) of a model established based on samples collected in a small region(Beijing) reaches 0.95,and the value of R2 is equal to 0.91 while the model was validated with samples from the whole nation.On the other hand,the R2 of a model established based on nationwide samples reaches 0.96,and R2 is equal to 0.91 while it was validated with the samples in Beijing.These models depict well the relationships between rasterization errors and their affecting factors(DA,DP and SG).The analyzing method established in this study can be applied to effectively predicting rasterization errors in other cases as well.

Design and implementation of a multi-tile parallel scanning rasterization accelerator

In the design of a graphic processing unit(GPU),the processing speed of triangle rasterization is an important factor that determines the performance of the GPU.An architecture of a multi-tile parallel-scan rasterization accelerator was proposed in this paper.The accelerator uses a bounding box algorithm to improve scanning efficiency.It rasterizes multiple tiles in parallel and scans multiple lines at the same time within each tile.This highly parallel approach drastically improves the performance of rasterization.Using the 65 nm process standard cell library of Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation(SMIC),the accelerator can be synthesized to a maximum clock frequency of 220 MHz.An implementation on the Genesys2 field programmable gate array(FPGA)board fully verifies the functionality of the accelerator.The implementation shows a significant improvement in rendering speed and efficiency and proves its suitability for high-performance rasterization.

数字低空空域栅格化的表征度量与最优标定

低空飞行空间范围小、目标速度慢、环境要素杂,传统的经纬度表征方式无法满足智联环境下的低空精细管理要求,为此本文研究了数字低空空域栅格化的表征度量与最优标定问题。首先,从“点-线-面”视角构建了多维度低空空域结构要素量化表征规则,提出了低空空域多层级栅格量化表征方法;然后,通过判定不同空域栅格的“点-线-面”位置关系,提出了基于栅格交集矩阵的低空空域拓扑关系度量方法;最后,综合考虑低空无人机碰撞指数、低空栅格利用指数等优化目标,以及节点与栅格匹配约束、空间位置约束、无人机与无人机/障碍物安全约束等限制条件,建立了面向多维性能的低空空域栅格粒度最优标定模型。针对城市低空典型飞行任务场景对所提方法的有效性及优化效果进行了验证分析。实验结果表明,针对任意设定的低空空域和无人机飞行任务,在可接受的无人机碰撞指数和栅格利用指数下,所提方法可对数字低空栅格粒度进行最优配置,从根源上有效确保低空飞行活动的安全和高效。研究成果对于支撑数字低空空域精细化管理和异质飞行器融合运行具有一定的理论价值和应用意义。

一种针对“低慢小”目标的栅格化感知系统设计

针对“低慢小”目标探测面临的问题,提出了一种栅格化理念解决问题思路,给出了栅格化感知系统的定义,设计了栅格化感知系统,包括传感器分系统、通信分系统、管理控制中心和综合保障分系统等组成和工作过程。分析了栅格化感知系统的关键技术,包括传感器低成本设计、“低慢小”目标检测、数据融合处理等技术。研究了栅格化感知系统的部署原则,建立部署原则模型,对于解决“低慢小”目标探测具有现实指导意义。

基于轻量化特征选择的镜片多尺度缺陷检测系统研究

为解决对镜片缺陷识别和定位困难的问题,设计了一种基于轻量化特征选择(LFSN)的镜片多尺度缺陷检测系统。首先通过四步相移栅格光成像系统采集缺陷图像,基于傅里叶变换对图像进行融合以提高图像质量;然后,LFSN使用自动特征层选择结构,在训练过程中计算无锚框分支损失,获得最优特征层信息,更新参数,从而优化模型对不同缺陷大小信息的学习能力;还使用了深度分离可变卷积,通过双线性插值增加像素点在平面的偏移量,从而提升模型对缺陷形貌的主动学习能力,并一定程度减少模型训练参数量,降低检测时间,同时优化回归定位损失明确各阶段训练任务,利用一次惩罚项指导前期预测框中心距离回归;利用归一化二次项,指导后期预测框大小比例回归,使预测框更接近真实值;最后,通过实验采集镜片缺陷图像,并构建数据集进行对比实验。实验结果表明:识别和定位镜片的缺陷的准确率为96.3%,单幅检测时间为24.9 ms。

服务业产业多样化对城市经济韧性的影响——来自地级市夜间灯光数据的证据

本文利用夜间灯光栅格数据,测算了2008—2019年我国281个地级市的经济韧性,并研究了服务业产业多样化类型对城市经济韧性的影响。研究发现:服务业产业无关多样化程度越高的城市经济韧性相对越强,而相关多样化对城市经济韧性具有部分负向作用。多种检验表明上述结果稳健。不同城市规模和区域一体化程度的产业多样化与城市经济韧性关系具有一定区别,但总体上同质性大于异质性。利用中介效应检验进行作用机制分析后发现,服务业无关多样化可通过提高服务业就业水平和产出水平提高城市的经济韧性。因此,城市经济规划建设中应将提升经济韧性作为重要考虑因素,结合服务业产业多样化特征因地制宜,根据城市规模适度提高城市产业多样化。

Spatial pattern recognition for near-surface high temperature increases in mountain areas using MODIS and SRTM DEM

Abrupt near-surface temperature changes in mountainous areas are a special component of the mountain climate system.Fast and accurate measurements of the locations,intensity,and width of the near-surface changes are necessary but highly difficult due to the complicated environmental conditions and instrumental issues.This paper develops a spatial pattern recognition method to measure the near-surface high temperature increase(NSHTI),one of the lesser-attended changes.First,raster window measurement was proposed to calculate the temperature lapse rate using MODIS land surface temperature and SRTM DEM data.It fully considers the terrain heights of two neighboring cells on opposite or adjacent slopes with a moving window of 3×3 cell size.Second,a threshold selection was performed to identify the NSHTI cells using a threshold of-0.65℃/100 m.Then,the NSHTI strips were parameterized through raster vectorization and spatial analysis.Taking Yunnan,a mountainous province in southwestern China,as the study area,the results indicate that the NSHTI cells concentrate in a strip-like pattern along the mountains and valleys,and the strips are almost parallel to the altitude contours with a slight northward uplift.Also,they are located mostly at a 3/5 height of high mountains or within 400 m from the valley floors,where the controlling topographic index is the altitude of the terrain trend surface but not the absolute elevation and the topographic uplift height and cutting depth.Additionally,the NSHTI intensity varies with the geographic locations and the proportions increase with an exponential trend,and the horizontal width has a mean of about 1000 m and a maximum of over 5000 m.The result demonstrates that the proposed method can effectively recognize NSHTI boundaries over mountains,providing support for the modeling of weather and climate systems and the development of mountain resources.

基于深度学习的栅格测井曲线数字化研究

栅格测井曲线是记录测井数据的模拟曲线,地质专家可根据所得曲线判断出具体岩性、层位等.目前无监督计算机视觉技术解释数字曲线算法中仍然存在对人工干预有依赖,处理时间较慢且准确率不高的问题,提出了一种基于深度学习的栅格测井曲线数字化研究方法.该方法采用改进的U⁃net启发架构作为基础模型,结合栅格测井图像分辨率高的特性改变上下采样的残差块数量,并利用注意力增强的处理策略平衡在处理不同的输入和输出大小时保留其关键信号,再对栅格图像中的曲线进行语义分割减少背景干扰,增加数字化准确率.实验结果表明,与多条曲线的二值分割的真实数据相比,所提出的架构有效地对曲线进行了分类和数字化,在栅格测井图像数字化方面表现出较高的准确度和性能.

基于栅格数据的辽中南城市群人居环境自然适宜性测评

以辽中南城市群为研究对象,基于1km×1km栅格数据,建立了基于地形起伏度、植被、水文、温湿指数的人居环境自然适宜性综合评价模型,对人居环境自然适宜性进行了综合评价与合理分区。研究结果表明:①辽中南城市群人居环境自然适宜性受地形条件限制较小,受水文、植被、气候条件限制较大。②辽中南城市群人居环境自然适宜性指数范围为19.03~84.15,在空间上总体呈现出西高东低的态势。③中度适宜地区分布最广,高度适宜地区与不适宜地区面积最小。④辽中南城市群64.48%的人口分布在中高度适宜地区。