What are the underlying causes and dynamics of land use conflicts in metropolitan junction areas?A case study of the central Chengdu–Chongqing region in China

Land use conflicts(LUCs),as a spatial manifestation of the conflicts in the human-land relationships,have a profound impact on regional sustainable development.For China’s metropolitan junction areas(MJAs),the existence of“administrative district economies”has made the issue of LUCs more prominent.Based on a case study of the central Chengdu–Chongqing region,we conducted an exploratory spatial data analysis of the evolutionary process of regional LUCs.Furthermore,structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the dynamic mechanism of LUCs in MJAs,with a particular emphasis on exploring the influences of administrative boundary.The results showed that from 2010 to 2020,LUCs in the central Chengdu–Chongqing region continued to worsen,and the spatial process conflict and spatial structure conflict indices increased by more than 30.0%.The intensification of LUCs in the central Chengdu–Chongqing region from 2010 to 2020 was mainly the result of the deterioration of conflicts in evaluation units with low conflict levels.LUCs in China’s metropolitan areas generally presented a circular gradient distribution,weakening from the core to the periphery,but there were some strong isolated conflict zones in the outer regions.LUCs in China’s MJAs were the result of interactions among multiple factors,e.g.,natural environment,socio-economic development,policy and institutional processes,and administrative boundary effects.Administrative boundary affected the flow of socio-economic elements,changing the supply-and-demand competition of stakeholders for land resources,consequently exerting an indirect influence on LUCs.This study advances the theory of the dynamic mechanism of LUCs,and provides theoretical support for the governance of these conflicts in transboundary areas.

Adjustment of Administrative Divisions and Upgrading of Industrial Structure in Hefei Metropolitan Area:Taking"Partitions of Chaohu"as a Quasi-natural Experiment

Administrative regions are an important environment for the operation of China's market economy.The relevant economic subjects cannot predict the policy of adjustment of administrative divisions and carry out conscious migration behavior,adjustment of administrative divisions can be regarded as a quasi-natural experiment.The three cities of Hefei,Wuhu,and Ma'anshan,which are directly related to the adjustment of the administrative division of Chaohu,are taken as the treatment group,and the seven adjacent cities of Lu'an,Huainan,Chuzhou,Bengbu,Anqing,Chizhou,and Tongling are taken as the control group.Differences-in-Differences method and relevant control variables affecting the upgrading of industrial structure are used to test.The test results show that"Partitions of Chaohu"has a significant industrial structure upgrading effect by promoting the optimization of spatial layout,the cross-regional flow of production factors and the effective management of Chaohu Lake Basin.At the same time,the increase of total retail sales of consumer goods,urban fixed assets investment,public utility expenses in science,education,culture and health,and population plays a significant positive role in promoting the upgrading of industrial structure,while foreign direct investment plays a certain inhibition role in the upgrading of industrial structure.In order to meet the ever-developing space demands and enhance the impact on surrounding areas,the Hefei metropolitan area should be driven by technological innovation,strengthen the integration of industrial chains,improve the business environment and transportation network,and continuously promote the upgrading of industrial structure and the formation and development of new productive forces.

Research on the Construction of Pharmacy Organization and the Development of Pharmaceutical Services in China’s Primary Medical and Health Institutions—Based on the Survey of 5 Provinces

Objective To explore the current situation and problems of the pharmacy organization and pharmaceutical services in primary medical and health institutions so as to provide a reference for improving relevant policies.Methods Multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to collect questionnaires from primary medical and health institutions in 5 provinces,and 102 questionnaires were distributed.Then Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS 21.0 software were applied for descriptive statistical analysis,chi-square test and multiple response analysis.Results and Conclusion A total of 92 primary medical and health institutions participated in the survey,and 92 valid questionnaires were recovered.The survey shows that 54.1%of the institutions have established more than 8 pharmaceutical administration regulations.63.5%and 31.8%of the institutions have formulated pharmaceutical administration and pharmacotherapy team charters(or management systems).29.7%of institutions have pharmacy personnel in accordance with relevant regulations.The higher proportion of pharmacy services are prescription review and adjustment,medication guidance,collecting and reporting adverse reactions,medication errors and medication hazard information.Primary medical and health institutions still need to further improve their pharmaceutical administration system,organizational structure,pharmacy professional training and clinical pharmacy service.

Need for education of psychiatric evaluation of offenders with mental disorders:A questionnaire survey for Japanese designated psychiatrists

BACKGROUND The management of offenders with mental disorders has been a significant concern in forensic psychiatry.In Japan,the introduction of the Medical Treatment and Supervision Act in 2005 addressed the issue.However,numerous psychiatric patients at risk of violence still find themselves subject to the administrative involuntary hospitalization(AIH)scheme,which lacks clarity and updated standards.AIM To explore current as well as optimized learning strategies for risk assessment in AIH decision making.METHODS We conducted a questionnaire survey among designated psychiatrists to explore their experiences and expectations regarding training methods for psychiatric assessments of offenders with mental disorders.RESULTS The findings of this study’s survey suggest a prevalent reliance on traditional learning approaches such as oral education and on-the-job training.CONCLUSION This underscores the pressing need for structured training protocols in AIH consultations.Moreover,feedback derived from inpatient treatment experiences is identified as a crucial element for enhancing risk assessment skills.

Evolutionary Pattern and Effect of Administrative Division Adjustment During Urbanization of China:Empirical Analysis on Multiple Scales

The adjustment of administrative divisions is one of the important factors guiding China's urbanization, which has profound economic and social effects for regional development. In this paper, we comprehensively describe the process of the adjustment of administrative divisions at provincial and municipal levels in China and summarize the effects on the basic structure and patterns of the spatial development. We quantitatively assess the effects on fields such as urbanization and social economy through the use of multidimensional scaling. The results show that: 1) Upgrading county to municipality(or city-governed district) is the main way of adjusting the administrative divisions. It is also an important factor in the spatial differentiation of interprovincial urbanization. China's population urbanization can be divided into four patterns including interprovincial migration, provincial migration, natural growth, and growth caused by the adjustment of administrative divisions, which is also the main reason for the increased Chinese urbanization rate at the provincial level. 2) Taking the city of Beijing as an example, we generalize five adjustment patterns made to administrative divisions: the set-up of sub-districts, the set-up of regional offices, the upgrading of townships to sub-districts, the upgrading of townships to towns, and the set-up of towns and the addition of new regional offices. We summarize the municipal urban spatial structure, including the sub-district office area in the central urban area, the regional office area in the new urban area, the mixed area of villages, towns, and sub-district offices in the suburb area, and the township area in the outer suburb area. 3) The adjustment of administrative divisions triggers a significant circulative accumulation effect, resulting in the spatial locking of population and industrial agglomeration. It affects the evolution of the urban spatial form and plays an important role in shaping the urban spatial structure to move to the characteristic of multicenter. In general, the adjustment of administrative divisions was an important factor affecting the inflated statistical level of urbanization and also an important driving force for the evolution of Chinese urban spatial organization structure.

嵌入治理的激励与培养:乡镇人事结构再生产机制研究

乡镇人事结构是乡镇治理的深层基础。面对乡镇的一线治理场景,行政包干的人事整合机制具有社会激励与团队培养的效应,赋予乡镇人事结构以灵活性。而人事分流拓展了乡镇干部激励与培养的空间,且维系了人事结构的稳定性和公共性。乡镇人事结构再生产嵌入一线治理场景,实现了激励、培养与治理的统一,从而适应了乡镇治理的现实需要。乡镇机构改革须立足乡镇治理情境,在推进乡镇治理机制创新时注重发挥乡镇干部的主体性和能动性,优化乡镇人事结构,激发乡镇治理活力。

高校高水平运动队建设路径的逻辑辨识与行动方略——基于行政型体育组织的考察

从组织管理过程的基本属性行政化入手,依托结构功能主义与组织行为学观点,以个体行动作为逻辑起点,对我国高校高水平运动队实践样态加以剖判并进行类型学建构,归纳其在宏观、中观和微观层面的3类建设路径,由此判辨各路径在建设过程中存在的问题,再结合“制度-利益-观念”概念性框架对其进行消解,进而探索高校高水平运动队未来的行动方略。研究认为,我国高校高水平运动队主要呈现出“层层加码”“水平比码”“主体择码”3类建设路径,且分别存在制度环境的行政力量产生锁入效应、高校职能部门间利益分配的非帕累托改变、行政官员对多重建设目标的选择偏颇问题,而这可从制度的规范引导、利益的有效激励和观念的柔性约束3个方面对其进行改善。

综合行政执法改革过程中的多维结构变迁与能动者策略

推动执法权属地化与综合化是夯实基层政权建设的重要一环,但在政策实践中,并不必然带来治理效能的提升。事权下放后,基层治理结构的实质性变革如何形塑执法主体的行为策略,以提升事权承接的有效性,是亟待回答的重要议题。文章从“结构—过程—功能”的视角出发,对一个街道综合行政执法体制改革进行系统考察,构建理解多维结构变迁中能动者策略生成的分析框架。研究发现,在改革过程中,综合执法部门所嵌入的横向结构在权力、责任和资源维度发生系统性变迁。执法主体在基层治理结构所设定的规则约束与行动空间中,基于复杂性和概率性两个维度,划分四种类型的执法任务,并能动地创设动员式、裁剪式、扩容式等执法策略,衔接再配置的结构性要素与复杂外部事务治理环节,从而有效回应“块块”运作规则和事权下放的内在要求。

预防与控制:能源市场准入制度因应“双碳”目标的法律机理

能源结构低碳化转型作为“双碳”目标推进的重要战略,需要一系列制度措施来促进“清洁用能”和“能源供给”兼备的能源结构格局之形成。市场机制是能源结构低碳化转型的主要驱动,而能源市场准入制度是发挥市场机制秩序稳定与风险防范作用的重要约束和规制工具。因此,能源结构低碳化转型须构建完善的能源市场准入制度予以落实。传统能源市场准入制度对低碳治理的规制存在局限,革新的能源市场准入制度应当体现出维护能源市场秩序与气候公共利益实现的双重价值追求,功能定位在“预防—控制”的二元结构。“预防—控制”的功能定位呼唤能源市场准入制度明确更为科学的立法导向,该制度的规范建构须分别在“碳源”阶段与“碳流”阶段实施不同的功能分配、资源整合与立法策略:前者聚焦于调适能源开发利用中传统化石能源、清洁能源与可再生能源的比例,促进能源结构的低碳升级;后者注重能源产业的资质准入与行为监督,在保障能源合理供给的基础上强化低碳治理。由此切入,能源市场准入制度的革新应当按照统一性与差异性相结合的原则,从能源供给与低碳控制两个层面归纳所涉制度要素并对之定性,进一步完善准入标准、许可事务、准入审批与后续监管等要素的规范形态,充实规范内容与程序结构,提升制度能力。具言之,一是以协调能源供给与低碳控制为原则,注重不同能源准入情景下需要何种强度的资格准入、规模准入、项目审查等标准的实践性指向,形成具备稳定性与定量性的准入标准;二是以“能源供给的必要性”和“碳风险程度”为划分标准,根据不同能源开采企业与加工转换企业的特性来识别差异化的运营需求与行为要求,进而厘定各类能源产业的许可条件设定与事务分配;三是以准入审批与后续监管并重的结构化联结为理念,构建以“准入事务与标准的履行能力”为中心的专项审查模式与以“能源供给与低碳控制的义务履行实效”为中心的后续监管模式,强化被准入主体的能源服务供给与低碳义务的履行。

工业设计组织的管控策略思考

从设计管理的角度来思考工业设计组织架构系统,希望对工业设计产业在中国的持续发展起到促进作用。通过解释设计管理、工业设计组织架构的基本概念和现状,提出了工业设计组织架构所面临的问题,以图文并茂的形式阐述了对创新组织架构创新管理技术的思考。工业企业强化其组织机构管控及产品制造能带来事业的高速发展,其中工业设计组织架构及其优良管控,也必然导致其研发效率的提高。

权力监督何以有效——传统中国权力监督的分工式结构及运作困境的现代审思

有效性是权力监督的重要价值和目标。传统中国自上而下的集权分工式官僚结构是皇权专制政治的产物。随着古代监察制度的不断充实、发展与完善,监督的途径和方式趋于多样化,多种监督手段得到综合运用,形成一套完备的分工式权力监督体系。秦汉以来“设官分职”分工式分权模式,在维护传统中国权力监督的有效性、保证传统官僚体制正常运转的同时,存在着集权专制、人治传统以及程序缺失等诸多制度性缺陷,导致权力监督趋于低效空转乃至最终失效,对王朝政治产生严重的负面影响。有效的监督制约是通过科学的权力系统和结构设计,明确权力界限和职责、疏通权力通道、防止并纠正权力倾斜,使权力在既定的空间范围内畅通无阻地发挥作用,让权力监督达到最佳境界,在防范权力越轨的同时,最大程度地实现行政效能的传统中国权力监督思想与实践,为当前我国监察制度改革和权力监督有效性的建构提供了宝贵的历史资源。

行政区划调整与城市空间结构演化——基于撤县设区的视角

在新型城镇化建设对城市紧凑集约发展提出更高要求的背景下,探讨行政区划调整对城市空间结构的影响具有重要意义。基于2000—2016年全国范围内演进的撤县设区数据,深入考察了撤县设区带来的城市空间结构演化效应的研究发现:(1)撤县设区促使了城市空间形态松散化和内部低密度发展,该结论在考虑多种指标、方法以及政策滞后效应之后仍成立。(2)撤县设区政策对东部城市的空间结构松散化影响更强,且不利于其发挥中心集聚优势;相比于建设规制较弱的城市,规制较强的城市受到撤县设区对城市空间结构分散化的影响更为显著。(3)进一步研究表明,自主选择型撤县设区对城市空间结构分散化的影响更加明显,而顺应融入型撤县设区则会在一定程度上促进城市空间结构趋于紧凑化。

公共管理硕士研究生知识转移影响因素分析

文章旨在探究公共管理硕士研究生知识转移的影响因素及作用机理。基于已有文献构建假设模型,借助问卷调查数据,采用偏最小二乘法结构方程建模方法(PLS-SEM)对假设模型进行验证。研究发现:转移动机对项目知识转移有显著正向影响,且在转移过程中发挥中介作用;学习结果对项目知识转移有显著正向影响,学习结果、感知内容效度通过转移动机对项目知识转移产生间接影响;使用机会对项目知识转移有显著正向影响,主管支持分别经由转移动机、使用机会对项目知识转移产生间接影响。基于研究结果提出实践建议:激发公共管理硕士研究生的知识转移动机;优化公共管理硕士教育项目的内容和形式;加强公共部门主管支持,创造更多使用机会。

基于易经地理思想的国家空间治理结构顶层设计

以国土空间治理能力现代化助推高质量发展,是保障中华民族伟大复兴、推进中国式现代化的必然要求。本文在继承和发展易经地理思想的基础上,构建了“太极空间治理结构模型”,确定山海关为“东亚太极点”。中国国家空间治理结构的顶层设计,应围绕“山海关”而层层展开。在中央核心区,按照“东亚陆海中心+陆地屏障+海洋屏障”的环首都治理结构,将北京扩容至山海关,河北省扩容至大兴安岭中央主峰,天津直辖市扩容至渤海海峡。在四方支撑区,各布局1个直辖市(上海、重庆、天骄、威虎),并增设云北省,扼控各方向的关键节点。在外围屏障区,增设澎湖、昆仑2大直辖市和楼兰、北庭2大特别行政区,形成最有利于中国长治久安的边疆治理结构。

从私权视角论我国《商标法》的结构与重构

我国《商标法》四十余年的发展进程,既反映了从商标管理向商标权保护的转向,也是商标法向民法回归的过程。面对我国商标领域存在的诸多问题,《商标法》的修改不仅需要就具体的条文加以改进,更有必要进行结构性改革。新一轮的《商标法》修订应当遵循《民法典》所确立的保护知识产权的原则和精神,突出商标法的私权保护目标。通过梳理我国商标制度的历史演变,可以发现我国《商标法》虽经多次修改,但由于实行以商标管理为优先的宗旨,故其仍然具有明显的公法色彩,整体呈现为程序性公法规范较强而私法规范薄弱的特点。选择法国、德国、日本、英国和美国的商标法文本进行比较研究,详细分析它们的条文安排与结构特征,可从中归纳出不同的模式,根据“私法为体、公法为用”的原则,参酌国外立法模式,探讨我国《商标法》进行结构调整的可能方案。

我国反垄断法中罚款裁量因素的结构性功能重塑

就法律责任而言,《中华人民共和国反垄断法》的首次修订侧重责任类型的细化,而对罚款裁量问题的关注有所不足。在责任体系构建完成后,细化法律责任的科学性、合理性问题应提上日程。反垄断罚款制度包含高度复杂的结构和程序,在这一结构中基本裁量因素应发挥初步调整与平衡的功能,政策性裁量因素应发挥合理性调整与平衡的功能。但是,通过对我国2021年以来查处的42起违法垄断案件进行实证分析发现,我国反垄断罚款裁量因素呈现结构性功能缺失的问题,一定程度上偏离了应有的指导价值。导致该问题的主要原因是法定裁量因素模糊和“一步式”裁量过程隐形化,因此需要从明确裁量因素适用步骤、细化法定裁量因素类别、确定裁量因素对罚款比率的影响幅度三个方面进行反垄断罚款裁量因素结构性功能的重塑。

基于行政和几何中心的山区聚落空间结构对比: 以岷江上游为例

为了优化山区聚落空间格局与合理规划国土空间,进一步推进乡村振兴的进程,探究山区聚落的空间结构特征是重要目标之一。以岷江上游山区聚落为研究对象,基于城市位序-规模原理、聚集维数和关联维数方法对岷江上游聚落行政和聚落几何中心的空间结构特征进行分析和对比,并总结其造成误差的原因。结果表明:岷江上游首位分布城镇体系结构特征明显,县域人口的累积百分比曲线符合位序-规模的特征。岷江上游聚落空间结构分形特征显著,受经济因素的重要影响,聚落在空间上聚集分布,并以各首位城镇为中心向周边逐渐衰减。岷江上游关联维数和牛鸦维数比所揭示的城镇相互作用强度和交通通达性特征与实际情况一致。行政中心造成的误差与研究区平均海拔关系密切,聚落行政中心在平均海拔高的区域相对几何中心的偏离较大,应重视其偏离对研究结果的影响。

行政协议反向诉讼之容许性探析

行政协议这种柔性行政管理方式的出现,挑战着行政相对人不履行协议情形下现有解纷渠道的合理性,进而追问反向诉讼制度的构建可能。其构建面临行政协议的实体识别难题、“民告官”的传统思维定式、已存在非诉执行的解决策略等困境。但与此对应的是,行政法律关系论、诉权平等理论、司法最终原则和全域性控权目的等又为突破困境提供了智识支撑。在行政诉讼整体大局观的考量下,行政协议反向诉讼制度的建构仍有待制度有效性和权利保护必要性的博弈,因此短期内不具备现实可能性,但其彰显出的制度优势有在新的变革契机中得以发挥的可能。

论我国行政调解制度的文本冲突与规范路径

在建设“大调解”工作格局以及将“非诉纠纷解决机制”挺在前面的时代背景下,行政调解以其中立性、专业性与权威性深受青睐。但其生存空间却被人民调解和司法调解所挤压,我国现行法律文本中关于行政调解的规定在管辖主体、适用范围、程序设置、法律效力等方面也存在着冲突,影响其制度实效。为解决这些问题,有必要根据其适用范围的不同,采取二元结构,构建符合我国国情的行政调解制度,以实现纠纷的实质性化解,实现社会和谐。