高压管汇材料疲劳性能测试及P-S-N模型曲线的拟合

高压管汇作为压裂设备中的主要易损件之一,其失效危害较大。它的失效原因主要是疲劳、冲蚀、腐蚀或者材料缺陷引起的刺漏和爆裂,其中尤以疲劳失效最不可预估。目前,对于高压管汇材料的疲劳性能研究不够深入,为解决高压管汇材料疲劳寿命的准确描述问题,以某国产高压管汇材料为例,进行了一系列疲劳试验,并基于试验数据,采用多种分布模型和不同S-N模型进行拟合分析,得出综合评价拟合能力最强的P-S-N模型。结果表明,该材料在中长疲劳寿命区,Weibull三参数模型在7级应力水平下综合评价能力最好;在存活率分别为50%、90%、99%、99.9%时,指数S-N模型的拟合系数均大于0.98,拟合能力最好。得出的P-S-N模型曲线可以为高压管汇的疲劳寿命以及安全设计提供依据。

多孔n-GaN/p-Zn_(x)Cu_(1-x)S异质结的制备及紫外探测性能研究

本文首先采用紫外光辅助电化学刻蚀(UV-EC)方法制备出了孔隙密度为1.51×10^(10)cm^(-2)、平均孔径为38 nm的多孔n-GaN薄膜;随后在其上通过水浴法沉积了一系列Zn_(x)Cu_(1-x)S复合薄膜,x为0.0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0,形成的多孔n-GaN/p-Zn_(x)Cu_(1-x)S异质结带隙在2.34~3.51 eV调控;最后基于这些异质结构建出p-n结型紫外探测器。I-V曲线结果表明这些探测器均具有良好的整流特性,特别是n-GaN/p-Zn_(0.4)Cu_(0.6)S探测器性能最优。在暗态下,I_(+3 V)/I_(-3 V)约为1.78×10^(5);在偏压为-3 V、光功率密度为432μW/cm^(2)(365 nm)的条件下,光暗电流比超过10^(3),上升/下降时间为0.09/39.8 ms,响应度(R)为0.352 A/W,外量子效率(EQE)为119.6%,探测率(D^(*))为3.21×10^(12)Jones。I-t曲线结果表明,多孔n-GaN/p-Zn_(x)Cu_(1-x)S异质结紫外探测器在连续开-关光循环过程中拥有稳定的光电流响应。该研究为制备异质结紫外探测器提供了一定的理论指导和实验数据。

GENERALIZED FORELLI-RUDIN TYPE OPERATORS BETWEEN SEVERAL FUNCTION SPACES ON THE UNIT BALL OF C^(N)

In this paper,we investigate sufficient and necessary conditions such that generalized Forelli-Rudin type operators T_(λ,τ,k),S_(λ,τ,k),Q_(λ,τ,k)and R_(λ,τ,k)are bounded between Lebesgue type spaces.In order to prove the main results,we first give some bidirectional estimates for several typical integrals.

HRB400级钢筋母材疲劳性能试验及P-S-N曲线确定

针对HRB400、HRBF4002种型号及16 mm、20 mm、25 mm、32 mm 4种不同直径的钢筋母材,研究了高强钢筋母材疲劳性能的试验,其应力比为0.4。通过试验结果对比分析不同直径对钢筋疲劳性能的影响,利用数据统计方法对试验结果进行了统计分析并获得了S-N和P-S-N曲线。试验结果表明:对于HRB400与HRBF4002种型号的钢筋来说,其均具有随钢筋直径增大,钢筋母材的疲劳性能不断降低的规律;对比HRB400与HRBF4002种型号的钢筋母材疲劳性能发现,HRBF400级钢筋母材疲劳性能优于HRB400级;分析HRB400与HRBF4002种型号高强钢筋不同直径的总体数据样本,发现400级高强钢筋在中长寿命区的m值约为5.346,同时确定了总体样本下的P-S-N曲线,为400级高强钢筋在后续的疲劳设计及工程建设等方面提供了理论参考。

Numerical Analysis on the Effect of n-Si on Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Based Thin-Films for High-Performance Solar Cells by 1D-SCAPS

We report the performances of a chalcopyrite Cu(In, Ga)Se2 CIGS-based thin-film solar cell with a newly employed high conductive n-Si layer. The data analysis was performed with the help of the 1D-Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (1D-SCAPS) software program. The new device structure is based on the CIGS layer as the absorber layer, n-Si as the high conductive layer, i-In2S3, and i-ZnO as the buffer and window layers, respectively. The optimum CIGS bandgap was determined first and used to simulate and analyze the cell performance throughout the experiment. This analysis revealed that the absorber layer’s optimum bandgap value has to be 1.4 eV to achieve maximum efficiency of 22.57%. Subsequently, output solar cell parameters were analyzed as a function of CIGS layer thickness, defect density, and the operating temperature with an optimized n-Si layer. The newly modeled device has a p-CIGS/n-Si/In2S3/Al-ZnO structure. The main objective was to improve the overall cell performance while optimizing the thickness of absorber layers, defect density, bandgap, and operating temperature with the newly employed optimized n-Si layer. The increase of absorber layer thickness from 0.2 - 2 µm showed an upward trend in the cell’s performance, while the increase of defect density and operating temperature showed a downward trend in solar cell performance. This study illustrates that the proposed cell structure shows higher cell performances and can be fabricated on the lab-scale and industrial levels.

基于断裂力学的腐蚀钢丝疲劳S-N曲线研究

高强冷拔钢丝因其优异的力学性能被广泛应用于缆索承重结构,服役过程中钢丝腐蚀与断裂威胁着结构安全。钢丝腐蚀后表面的蚀坑因应力集中效应易产生疲劳裂纹,因此腐蚀钢丝剩余疲劳寿命主要取决于裂纹的扩展阶段,且裂纹扩展受到腐蚀程度(初始损伤)的显著影响。精确表征腐蚀程度并准确评估服役期钢丝腐蚀后的剩余寿命,仍是亟待解决的维修难题。首先采用蚀坑最大深度表征钢丝腐蚀程度,以应力强度因子幅作为裂纹扩展驱动力指标,基于断裂力学的Paris公式建立受拉钢丝裂纹扩展理论模型,进而推导腐蚀钢丝的疲劳S-N曲线。大量既有的腐蚀钢丝疲劳试验结果与理论预测值的比较验证了所提理论模型及疲劳S-N曲线的合理性和有效性。含多个蚀坑的钢丝裂纹扩展有限元模拟表明,等效单裂纹适用于多腐蚀坑钢丝疲劳寿命的简化分析。参数分析表明,蚀坑深度和腐蚀环境是腐蚀钢丝疲劳强度的关键影响因素,而应力比和疲劳加载频率影响较小,所提出的S-N曲线在钢丝常规服役条件下适用于评估其剩余寿命,可得到合理的预测结果。基于断裂力学所提的理论方法和疲劳S-N曲线可为腐蚀钢丝的疲劳强度和寿命评估提供参考。

Analysis Approach to Durability Based on Material Initial Fatigue Quality and S-N Curve

Based on probabilistic fracture mechanics approach, a new concept of material initial fatigue quality （MIFQ） is developed. Then, the relation between S-N curve and crack propagation curve is studied. From the study, a new durability analysis method is presented. In this method, S-N curve is used to determine crack growth rate under constant amplitude loading and evaluate the effects of different factors on durability and then the structural durability is analyzed. The tests and analyses indicate that this method has lower dependence on testing, and higher accuracy, reliability and generality and is convenient for application.

Reconstruction of probabilistic S-N curves under fatigue life following lognormal distribution with given confidence

When the historic probabilistic S-N curves are given under special survival probability and confidence levels and there is no possible to re-test, fatigue reliability analysis at other levels can not be done except for the special levels. Therefore, the wide applied curves are expected. Monte Carlo reconstruction methods of the test data and the curves are investigated under fatigue life following lognormal distribution. To overcome the non-conservative assessment of existent man-made enlarging the sample size up to thousands, a simulation policy is employed to address the true production where the sample size is controlled less than 20 for material specimens, 10 for structural component specimens and the errors matching the statistical parameters are less than 5 percent. Availability and feasibility of the present methods have been indicated by the reconstruction practice of the test data and curves for 60Si2Mn high strength spring steel of railway industry.

A new method of testing pile using dynamic P-S-curve made by amplitude of wave train

A new method of detecting the vertical bearing capacity for single-pile with high strain is discussed in this paper. A heavy hammer or a small type of rocket is used to strike the pile top and the detectors are used to record vibra- tion graphs. An expression of higher degree of strain (deformation force) is introduced. It is testified theoretically that the displacement, velocity and acceleration cannot be obtained by simple integral acceleration and differential velocity when long displacement and high strain exist, namely when the pile phase generates a whole slip relative to the soil body. That is to say that there are non-linear relations between them. It is educed accordingly that the force P and displacement S are calculated from the amplitude of wave train and (dynamic) P-S curve is drew so as to determine the yield points. Further, a method of determining the vertical bearing capacity for single-pile is dis- cussed. A static load test is utilized to check the result of dynamic test and determine the correlative constants of dynamic-static P(Q)-S curve.

A new method for testing pile by sin- gle-impact energy and P-S curve

By studying the pile-formula and stress-wave methods (e.g., CASE method), the authors propose a new method for testing piles using the single-impact energy and P-S curves. The vibration and wave figures are recorded, and the dynamic and static displacements are measured by different transducers near the top of piles when the pile is im- pacted by a heavy hammer or micro-rocket. By observing the transformation coefficient of driving energy (total energy), the consumed energy of wave motion and vibration and so on, the vertical bearing capacity for single pile is measured and calculated. Then, using the vibration wave diagram, the dynamic relation curves between the force (P) and the displacement (S) is calculated and the yield points are determined. Using the static-loading test, the dynamic results are checked and the relative constants of dynamic-static P-S curves are determined. Then the sub- sidence quantity corresponding to the bearing capacity is determined. Moreover, the shaped quality of the pile body can be judged from the formation of P-S curves.

基于S-N曲线的汽车波纹管位移循环载荷寿命研究

建立了汽车波纹管有限元模型,研究了位移循环载荷对汽车波纹管寿命的影响规律,探明了汽车波纹管不同结构参数与等效应力、应变和疲劳寿命之间的关系,并通过正交试验优化了波纹管结构参数。分析了疲劳失效后309S不锈钢汽车波纹管微观组织。结果表明:随着位移循环载荷增大,波纹管疲劳寿命降低,疲劳寿命有限元结果和试验结果误差小于8.8%。增大波高、波距、波宽及减小壁厚有利于提高波纹管疲劳寿命,通过正交试验优化,等效应力由670.5 MPa减小到582.3 MPa,疲劳寿命由80060次增加到241450次。在水涨成形阶段,由于冷变形产生了部分马氏体,位移循环载荷作用下波纹管断裂处硬度接近200 HV,波峰处有明显的裂纹,其内部存在疲劳特征。

基于等效结构应力法的高强钢焊接结构低温主S-N曲线

现有的疲劳S-N曲线已不再适用于北极的低温环境,为了评估北极海洋工程设备材料的低温疲劳寿命,有必要建立金属结构尤其是焊接结构的低温疲劳S-N曲线。本文基于等效结构应力法,计算出Q690高强钢管环焊缝的主S-N曲线,并通过共振疲劳试验对该方法进行了验证。在此基础上,结合大量的高强钢焊接结构试验结果,将温度敏感因子c引入到低温疲劳主S-N曲线的推导中,首次建立了基于低温金属焊接结构的主S-N曲线,并对文献中的疲劳S-N试验数据和ASME中的修正方法进行了对比和验证。结果表明,等效结构应力法能够较准确地计算出焊缝疲劳S-N曲线,推导出的金属焊接结构低温主S-N曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,能够满足低温地区工程要求,可为高强钢焊接结构在北极地区低温环境中的广泛应用提供理论指导。该方法可以为金属焊接结构的低温疲劳研究节省大量的成本,减少非标准试验操作造成的不必要的误差。这对北极海洋工程设备的设计、安全运行和疲劳评估具有重要意义。

Study on Prediction Method of Structural Three-parameter Power Function P-S-N Curve

This paper applies weighted least square method to estimate the three-parameter power function equation of the fatigue life curve, and uses comprehensive fatigue life coefficient to correct the equation, and at the same time combines probability statistics method to bring out the prediction method of structure＇s three- parameter power function P-S-N curve, finally applies the prediction method to a ship＇s frame-type elevate, based on the fatigue test data of it＇s material-SA06 aluminium alloy, to obtain it＇s structure＇s three-parameter power function P-S-N curve. Compared with the conventional least square method, the presented method can give

地铁齿轮的C-P-S-N曲线研究及其可靠性分析

在对齿轮进行寿命设计与可靠性分析时,了解齿轮的强度和寿命分布极为重要。为此,以弯曲疲劳、接触疲劳实验数据为基础,对某地铁齿轮的C-P-S-N曲线进行了研究,对其可靠性进行了分析。首先,针对P-S-N曲线的失真,提出了一种利用拟合材料参数的修正方法,分别计算了齿轮不同置信度下的接触和弯曲C-P-S-N曲线;然后,以置信度为95%的C-P-S-N曲线为基准,得出了郑州某地铁齿轮箱在不同工况下的疲劳寿命分布参数,并分析了其寿命离散度规律;最后,运用顺序可靠度理论,对齿轮多工况下的综合可靠度进行了评判。研究结果表明:与其他方法相比,采用拟合材料参数的方法得到的疲劳强度差异最大为0.48%,与采用其他方法所得结果具有相同的参考性;随着置信度的增加,齿轮疲劳强度的离散度也随之增加;弯曲疲劳强度的变异系数约为0.096,接触疲劳强度的变异系数约为0.062,且接触疲劳寿命的可靠度小于弯曲疲劳寿命,即小齿轮更容易发生接触疲劳破坏;当地铁运行里程达到1.36×10^(7)km时,不发生接触疲劳破坏的概率约为0.989。

基于n阶S形曲线的SCARA多目标运动规划

为了对SCARA机器人运动过程中产生的振动进行有效抑制,首先,建立了SCARA机器人的简化浮动坐标法动力学模型;然后,利用n阶S形曲线构造了同时对定位时间和SCARA机器人受到的冲击进行优化的多目标优化模型;最后,采用基于Kriging模型的NSGA-Ⅱ算法对优化问题进行求解。得到的多目标优化问题的Pareto前沿表明,四阶S形曲线的定位时间与三阶S形曲线大致相当,但是引起的冲击远小于三阶S形曲线。对优化结果的仿真也表明,以四阶S形曲线驱动的SCARA机器人运行过程更平滑,产生的残余振动也远小于三阶S形曲线。研究表明,四阶S形曲线具备比三阶S形曲线更加优良的振动抑制性能,在工程中具有广泛的应用价值。

基于贝叶斯神经网络的金属材料P-S-N曲线估计

疲劳破坏是机械结构的主要失效形式,而依据试验数据获取高精度的S-N曲线,是开展机械结构疲劳寿命预测的前提。但疲劳试验数据往往展示出较大的分散性,采用概率疲劳寿命(P-S-N)曲线进行应力循环关系的描述更为恰当。为了克服现有经典机器学习模型在材料疲劳数据分析中仅能给出疲劳寿命的确定值而无法定量其分散性的局限性,文中提出了一种基于贝叶斯神经网络(BNN)模型的金属材料P-S-N曲线估计方法。首先将传统神经网络模型的权重参数视为随机变量,采用贝叶斯参数估计方法,根据训练样本对权重参数的后验分布进行估计;然后,考虑到已有后验分布估计方法容易低估权重参数的不确定性程度,文中引入了一种基于α散度的黑盒(BB-α)算法,对权重参数进行后验估计;最后,采用BNN模型对2524-T3铝合金、2024-T4铝合金和S420MC钢的疲劳数据进行了分析。结果表明:BNN可以作为一个有效、稳健的模型,用于疲劳数据的拟合和不确定性量化;基于BB-α算法的BNN模型,可以更加准确地给出疲劳数据的不确定性量化结果。

基于Bootstrap法的轨道车辆镁合金主S-N曲线研究

在轨道车辆轻量化设计中采用镁合金可以达到显著减少车体质量、提高列车运行速度以及减轻运营能源消耗的优化目标。针对在小子样疲劳试验空间中,镁合金焊接结构各存活率下主S-N曲线获取较为困难的问题,首先提出结合Bootstrap自助法与等效结构应力法的疲劳评估方法。在此框架下,对不同板厚、材料、类型和应力比的镁合金焊接接头进行物理疲劳试验,并采用有限元仿真,进行试件接头焊趾处的等效结构应力数值模拟试验。其次,分别采用传统成组法和Bootstrap自助法拟合得出不同存活率下镁合金焊接结构疲劳寿命预测模型的统计参数。结果表明,Bootstrap自助法得到的镁合金疲劳试验样本拟合结果更趋于稳定,提高了镁合金疲劳寿命试验数据的拟合程度和样本数目较小时疲劳寿命预测的准确性。基于此方法得到并验证了镁合金焊接结构主S-N曲线的较精确回归模型。

Box-Cox变量变换拟合法估计三参数P—S—N曲线的研究

提出一种基于变量变换法的Box-Cox变量变换拟合法,可以解决不同应力水平下对数疲劳寿命不满足正态线性Gauss-Markov假设的三参数P—S—N曲线拟合问题;选取LC4、40CrNi Mo和LY12CS材料的试验数据对文中方法的有效性和可靠性进行验证。数据分析表明,文中方法估计的三参数P—S—N曲线比利用最小二乘法的拟合效果更好。在两种可靠度下曲线拟合的相对误差可降低至最小二乘法拟合的1/2,最大可降低至1/4,使变换后的模型残差达到最小。改善并稳定了回归模型的残差分布,得到回归系数估计值的最佳无偏估计,还原变换后得到非线性能力较强的幂函数模型,从而提高原始数据的三参数P—S—N曲线的拟合精度和可信度。

应用修正的P-S-N曲线计算齿轮疲劳寿命

疲劳破坏是机械结构的主要破坏形式之一,准确预测机械结构工作疲劳寿命至关重要。一般的线性损伤累积理论忽略了高频率低疲劳应力所引起的构件疲劳损伤,致使预测结果与实际寿命相差很大。为准确确定双圆弧齿轮的疲劳寿命,提出以修正的材料P-S-N曲线为基础,采用传统的名义应力法和Miner法则估算双圆弧齿轮的疲劳寿命,计算结果表明该方法可行,为预估螺杆泵的井下工作寿命提供了参考依据。

估计三种常用疲劳应力-寿命模型P-S-N曲线的统一经典极大似然法

拓展经典极大似然法到Langer模型，提出了估计三参数、Langer和Basquin三种常用疲劳应力-寿命模型P-S-N曲线及其置信限的统一方法。方法用于处理极大似然法疲劳试验得到的S-N数据。该试验在特别关注的参考载荷试验一组试样，其余试样在不同载荷下试验。以参考载荷试验数据的统计参量为基础，按照每个模型中材料常数协同处于相同概率水平原则，将曲线表示为对数疲劳寿命均值和均方差线的广义形式，至多4个材料常数。曲线中的材料常数按极大似然原理采用数学规划法求出。45＃碳钢缺口试样(kt＝20）对称循环加载试验数据的分析说明了方法的有效性。分析还揭示合理模型有必要通过比较拟合效果、预计误差和应用安全性来确定。三参数模型的拟合效果最好，Langer模型稍差，Basquin模型较差。从拟合效果、预计误差和应用安全性角度，Basquin模型不适于描述该套数据。此外，经典极大似然法估计结果可能因受局部统计参量影响而给出非安全估计，有必要发展改进的可以最大限度减小这种影响的方法。