Interannual variability of carbon cycle implied by a 2-D atmospheric transport model

A 2-dimensional atmospheric transport model is deployed in a simplified CO 2 inverse study. Calculated carbon flux distribution for the interval from 1981 to 1997 confirms the existence of a terrestrial carbon sink in mid-high latitude area of North Hemisphere. Strong interannual variability exists in carbon flux patterns, implying a possible link with ENSO and other natural episodes such as Pinatubo volcano eruption in 1991. Mechanism of this possible link was investigated with statistic method. Correlation analysis indicated that in North Hemisphere, climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation, to some extend, could influence the carbon cycle process of land and ocean, thus cause considerable change in carbon flux distribution. In addition, correlation study also demonstrated the possible important role of Asian terrestrial ecosystems in carbon cycle.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE 2-D COUPLED STRATOSPHERICTROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICAL-RADIATIVE-CHEMICAL MODEL—PART Ⅱ:THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS

By using the 2-D stratospheric-tropospheric dynamic-radiative-chemical coupled model,some sensitivity experiments have been done,which are interactions among ozone,radiation and temperature,vapor effects,as well as effects of source and sink.The result of temperature experiment shows that feedback interaction among ozone,radiation and temperature,mainly occurs in the upper and middle stratosphere,the maximum of ozone concentration decrease is 1 ppm,the maximum of temperature change is 6 K,and the maximum of total ozone change is 20 DU.From the experiment of water vapor,we can see that the area of the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere is sensitive to vapor change.When the maximum difference between both surface sources is in the Antarctic,the maximum of ozone change is also there.Because the character of surface varies with latitude,dry deposition is different in different latitudes.The change of dry deposition makes ozone in boundary layer quite obvious,especially in both poles. The maximum change of total volume ozone in experiments of vapor,source and sink is more than 12 DU.

Simulation of Tropospheric Ozone with MOZART-2:An Evaluation Study over East Asia

Climate changes induced by human activities have attracted a great amount of attention. With this, a coupling system of an atmospheric chemistry model and a climate model is greatly needed in China for better understanding the interaction between atmospheric chemical components and the climate. As the first step to realize this coupling goal, the three-dimensional global atmospheric chemistry transport model MOZART-2 (the global Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2) coupled with CAM2 (the Community Atmosphere Model, version 2) is set up and the model results are compared against observations obtained in East Asia in order to evaluate the model performance. Comparison of simulated ozone mixing ratios with ground level observations at Minamitorishima and Ryori and with ozonesonde data at Naha and Tateno in Japan shows that the observed ozone concentrations can be reproduced reasonably well at Minamitorishima but they tend to be slightly overestimated in winter and autumn while underestimated a little in summer at Ryori. The model also captures the general features of surface CO seasonal variations quite well, while it underestimates CO levels at both Minamitorishima and Ryori. The underestimation is primarily associated with the emission inventory adopted in this study. Compared with the ozonesonde data, the simulated vertical gradient and magnitude of ozone can be reasonably well simulated with a little overestimation in winter, especially in the upper troposphere. The model also generally captures the seasonal, latitudinal and altitudinal variations in ozone concentration. Analysis indicates that the underestimation of tropopause height in February contributes to the overestimation of winter ozone in the upper and middle troposphere at Tateno.

Numerical Simulation of CO_2 Concentrations in East Asia with RAMS-CMAQ

The regional air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality) was developed by incorporating a vegetation photosynthesis and respiration module(VPRM) and used to simulate temporal-spatial variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations in East Asia,with prescribed surface CO2 fluxes(i.e.,fossil fuel emission,biomass burning,sea-air CO2 exchange,and terrestrial biosphere CO2 flux).Comparison of modeled CO2 mixing ratios with eight ground-based in-situ measurements demonstrated that the model was able to capture most observed CO2 temporal-spatial features.Simulated CO2 concentrations were generally in good agreement with observed concentrations.Results indicated that the accumulated impacts of anthropogenic emissions contributed more to increased CO2 concentrations in urban regions relative to remote locations.Moreover,RAMS-CMAQ analysis demonstrates that surface CO2 concentrations in East Asia are strongly influenced by terrestrial ecosystems.

Middle-High Latitude N_2O Distributions Related to the Arctic Vortex Breakup

The relationship of N2O distributions with the Arctic vortex breakup is first analyzed with a probability distribution function （PDF） analysis. The N2O concentration shows different distributions between the early and late vortex breakup years. In the early breakup years, the N2O concentration shows low values and large dispersions after the vortex breakup, which is related to the inhomogeneity in the vertical advection in the middle and high latitude lower stratosphere. The horizontal diffusion coefficient （Kyy） shows a larger value accordingly. In the late breakup years, the N2O concentration shows high values and more uniform distributions than in the early years after the vortex breakup, with a smaller vertical advection and Kyy after the vortex breakup. It is found that the N2O distributions are largely affected by the Arctic vortex breakup time but the dynamically defined vortex breakup time is not the only factor.

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

ＮＣＡＲ 的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（ＳＯＣＲＡＴＥＳ） 移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验， 用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下， 模式积分多年， 计算结果稳定， 模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化， 模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照， 结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡 （ＱＢＯ） 对平流层微量气体分布的影响， 我们做了ＱＢＯ 强迫的数值试验， 即在模式中加入ＱＢＯ 强迫， 并与不考虑ＱＢＯ 强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明，ＱＢＯ 与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化，使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。

A two-dimensional simulation method for investigating charge transport behavior in 3-D charge trapping memory

This work presents a self-consistent two-dimensional(2-D) simulation method with unified physical models for different operation regimes of charge trapping memory. The simulation carefully takes into consideration the tunneling process, charge trapping/de-trapping mechanisms, and 2-D drift-diffusion transport within the storage layer. A string of three memory cells has been simulated and evaluated for different gate stack compositions and temperatures. The simulator is able to describe the charge transport behavior along bitline and tunneling directions under different operations. Good agreement has been made with experimental data,which hence validates the implemented physical models and altogether confirms the simulation as a valuable tool for evaluating the characteristics of three-dimensional NAND flash memory.

重特大危险化学品道路运输事故原因与预防

为分析发生重特大危险化学品道路运输事故的原因,以2011—2020年我国发生的8起重特大事故案例为例,基于事故致因“2-4”模型,从事故发生的时间、地点、车辆类型、碰撞形态等方面,归纳事故的共性特征及安全监管重点,对引发事故个体层面的不安全动作和习惯性行为,物态层面的货物、车辆、道路和环境的不安全状态,以及组织层面的安全管理体系和安全文化缺陷进行挖掘与归类,明确引发该类事故的关键因素及共性原因。根据致因分析结果,提出基于“知识控制”和计划、执行、检查、处理(plan、do、check、act,PDCA)循环模式的个体及组织事故预防对策。

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND-INDUCED MOTION IN SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

In regions with broad water surfaces such as lakes, reservoirs and coastal areas, the wind stress on the flow motion generates a significant impact. The wind stress is an unsteady force which makes numerical simulation difficult. This paper presents a two-dimensional （2-D） mathematical model of the impact of wind-induced motion on suspended sediment transport at Beijing＇s 13-Ling Reservoir. The model uses the Diagonal Cartesian Method （DCM） with a wetting-drying dynamic boundary to trace variations in the water level. The calculation results have been tested against in situ measurements. The measurements confirm the model＇s accuracy and agreement with the actual situation at the reservoir. The calculations also indicate that wind stress holds the key to suspended sediment transport at Beijing＇s 13-Ling Reservoir, especially when westerly winds prevail.