Unreduced gametes through chromosome doubling play a major role in the process of plant polyploidization.Our previous work confirmed that Camellia oleifera can produce natural 2n pollen,and it is possible to induce th...Unreduced gametes through chromosome doubling play a major role in the process of plant polyploidization.Our previous work confirmed that Camellia oleifera can produce natural 2n pollen,and it is possible to induce the 2n pollen formation by high temperature treatment.This study focused on the optimization of the 2n pollen induction technique and the mechanisms of high temperature-induced2n pollen formation in C.oleifera.We found that the optimal protocol for inducing 2n pollen via high temperature was to perform 45℃with4 h at the prophaseⅠstage of the pollen mother cells(PMCs).Meanwhile,high temperature significantly decreased the yield and fertility of2n pollen.Through the observation of meiosis,abnormal chromosome and cytological behaviour was discovered under high-temperature treatment,and we confirmed that the formation of 2n pollen is caused by abnormal cell plate.Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis,fifteen hub genes related to cell cycle control were identified.After male flower buds were exposed to heat shock,polygalacturonase gene(CoPGX3)was significantly upregulated.We inferred that high temperature causes the CoPGX3 gene to be overexpressed and that CoPGX3 is redistributed into the cytosol where it degrades cytoplasmic pectin,which leads to an abnormal cell plate.Furthermore,abnormal cytokinesis resulted in the formation of dyads and triads,and PMCs divided to produce 2n pollen.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of 2n pollen induced by high temperature in a woody plant and lay a foundation for further ploidy breeding of C.oleifera.展开更多
Cytological mechanisms of 2n pollen formation in ' Zenjimaru' nonastringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) were studied. The following abnormalities in meiosis were found to be responsible for the production ...Cytological mechanisms of 2n pollen formation in ' Zenjimaru' nonastringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) were studied. The following abnormalities in meiosis were found to be responsible for the production of 2n pollens: (1) disoriented spindles, including parallel, fused and tripolar spindles, were formed at metaphase II and anaphase II; (2) the nuclei at telophase II were arranged to two poles, each of which contained two nuclei, or to three poles, one of which contained two nuclei, the other two contained one nucleus respectively; (3) dyads and triads were produced at the tetrad stage. The dyad would develop into two 2n pollens, and the triad would develop into one 2n and two n pollens. The 2n pollens produced by this mechanism were genetically equivalent to FDR (first division restitution) gametes, thus providing a potential value for sexual polyploidization.展开更多
Diploid hybrid derived from dihaploid Neo-tuberosum × Solanum phurejaand progeny of the diploid hybrid backcrossed to dihaploid Neo-tuberosum,which could produce 2n pollen, were crossed as male to S.tuberosumssp....Diploid hybrid derived from dihaploid Neo-tuberosum × Solanum phurejaand progeny of the diploid hybrid backcrossed to dihaploid Neo-tuberosum,which could produce 2n pollen, were crossed as male to S.tuberosumssp. tubersumc.v. NEA303. The performance of the 4x hybrids obtained from 4x × 2x cross was investigated for yield and yield components in the first year clonal generation. The 4x hybrids shown a drastic heterosis in plant height. Marketable yield/plant for the 4x hybrid was no better than that for the 4x cultivar, but the best hybrid individual of the two hybrid populations exceeded the best individual of the cultivar by 260 g/plant and 60 g/plant, respectively. Total yield/plant for the 4x hybrids performed drastic heterosis, however tuber number/plant was high and mean tuber weight low. These limit the use of 4x × 2x hybrids in potato breeding programs and need to be improved in near future.展开更多
Microscopic examination and AFLP molecular markers were employed to determine the incidence and related markers of 2n pollen (unreduced pollen) in Populus tomentosa Carr. The parallel and tripolar spindle at metaphase...Microscopic examination and AFLP molecular markers were employed to determine the incidence and related markers of 2n pollen (unreduced pollen) in Populus tomentosa Carr. The parallel and tripolar spindle at metaphase Ⅱ and the absence of cytokinesis at telophase Ⅱ led to the formation of 2n pollen. A group of 298 clones came from their indigenous areas was investigated for the production of 2n pollen based on the pollen size differences, within a clone and between n and 2n pollen. Pollen grains of 224 clones were collected, six of them only produced normal pollen, and the rest produced 2n pollen at different frequencies (0.6% -21.9%). Clones producing six normal and 22 2n pollen were selected for AFLP analysis. Following an initial screening with 55 primer combinations, the E50-M38 (CAT/ACT) primer was identified, which generated a PCR fragment (246 bp) from the normal clones, but not from the 2n pollen producers. In addition, the E31-M50 (AAA/CAT) amplified DNA fragment (204 bp) that was present in 2n pollen producers, and absent in normal clones. Two polymorphic bands were found and they were distinguished between normal and 2n pollen clones. They are very useful as AFLP markers for molecular-assisted selection in triploid breeding of 2n gametes in P.tomentosa.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32101489)Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.XLK202101-2)Science and Technology Innovation Platform and Talent Program of Hunan Province(Grant Nos.2023RC3164,2021NK1007)。
文摘Unreduced gametes through chromosome doubling play a major role in the process of plant polyploidization.Our previous work confirmed that Camellia oleifera can produce natural 2n pollen,and it is possible to induce the 2n pollen formation by high temperature treatment.This study focused on the optimization of the 2n pollen induction technique and the mechanisms of high temperature-induced2n pollen formation in C.oleifera.We found that the optimal protocol for inducing 2n pollen via high temperature was to perform 45℃with4 h at the prophaseⅠstage of the pollen mother cells(PMCs).Meanwhile,high temperature significantly decreased the yield and fertility of2n pollen.Through the observation of meiosis,abnormal chromosome and cytological behaviour was discovered under high-temperature treatment,and we confirmed that the formation of 2n pollen is caused by abnormal cell plate.Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis,fifteen hub genes related to cell cycle control were identified.After male flower buds were exposed to heat shock,polygalacturonase gene(CoPGX3)was significantly upregulated.We inferred that high temperature causes the CoPGX3 gene to be overexpressed and that CoPGX3 is redistributed into the cytosol where it degrades cytoplasmic pectin,which leads to an abnormal cell plate.Furthermore,abnormal cytokinesis resulted in the formation of dyads and triads,and PMCs divided to produce 2n pollen.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of 2n pollen induced by high temperature in a woody plant and lay a foundation for further ploidy breeding of C.oleifera.
文摘Cytological mechanisms of 2n pollen formation in ' Zenjimaru' nonastringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) were studied. The following abnormalities in meiosis were found to be responsible for the production of 2n pollens: (1) disoriented spindles, including parallel, fused and tripolar spindles, were formed at metaphase II and anaphase II; (2) the nuclei at telophase II were arranged to two poles, each of which contained two nuclei, or to three poles, one of which contained two nuclei, the other two contained one nucleus respectively; (3) dyads and triads were produced at the tetrad stage. The dyad would develop into two 2n pollens, and the triad would develop into one 2n and two n pollens. The 2n pollens produced by this mechanism were genetically equivalent to FDR (first division restitution) gametes, thus providing a potential value for sexual polyploidization.
文摘Diploid hybrid derived from dihaploid Neo-tuberosum × Solanum phurejaand progeny of the diploid hybrid backcrossed to dihaploid Neo-tuberosum,which could produce 2n pollen, were crossed as male to S.tuberosumssp. tubersumc.v. NEA303. The performance of the 4x hybrids obtained from 4x × 2x cross was investigated for yield and yield components in the first year clonal generation. The 4x hybrids shown a drastic heterosis in plant height. Marketable yield/plant for the 4x hybrid was no better than that for the 4x cultivar, but the best hybrid individual of the two hybrid populations exceeded the best individual of the cultivar by 260 g/plant and 60 g/plant, respectively. Total yield/plant for the 4x hybrids performed drastic heterosis, however tuber number/plant was high and mean tuber weight low. These limit the use of 4x × 2x hybrids in potato breeding programs and need to be improved in near future.
文摘Microscopic examination and AFLP molecular markers were employed to determine the incidence and related markers of 2n pollen (unreduced pollen) in Populus tomentosa Carr. The parallel and tripolar spindle at metaphase Ⅱ and the absence of cytokinesis at telophase Ⅱ led to the formation of 2n pollen. A group of 298 clones came from their indigenous areas was investigated for the production of 2n pollen based on the pollen size differences, within a clone and between n and 2n pollen. Pollen grains of 224 clones were collected, six of them only produced normal pollen, and the rest produced 2n pollen at different frequencies (0.6% -21.9%). Clones producing six normal and 22 2n pollen were selected for AFLP analysis. Following an initial screening with 55 primer combinations, the E50-M38 (CAT/ACT) primer was identified, which generated a PCR fragment (246 bp) from the normal clones, but not from the 2n pollen producers. In addition, the E31-M50 (AAA/CAT) amplified DNA fragment (204 bp) that was present in 2n pollen producers, and absent in normal clones. Two polymorphic bands were found and they were distinguished between normal and 2n pollen clones. They are very useful as AFLP markers for molecular-assisted selection in triploid breeding of 2n gametes in P.tomentosa.
