MADOPAR-INDUCED DYSKINESIA IN 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE (MPTP) HEMIPARKINSONIAN MONKEY MODEL

Infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into the right common carotid artery produced hemiparkinsonian syndrome on contralateral limbs in 5 rhesus monkeys. The hemiparkinsonian syndrome produced responded to madopar medication and the circling motion changed from toward the MPTP-treated side to away from the MPTP-treated side. Long term use of madopar developed a peak-dose dyskinesia of the face and limbs at the contralateral side. The toxic effect of MPTP was confirmed biochemically by reduction of nigrostriatal DA and histologically by degeneration of nigral neurons on the MPTP-treated side. It is concluded that this hemiparkinsonian monkey model will be of value in the elucidation of the neural mechanism underlying L-DOPA or DA agonists induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease and in the search for newer methods of treatment which would produce less dyskinesia.

Differential protein expression in substantia nigra induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine in a mouse model of chronic Parkinson’s disease

BACKGROUND： To date, a complete protein expression profile of the midbrain substantia nigra in a mouse model of chronic Parkinson＇s disease, induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine （MPTP）, does not exist. In addition, there are no reports of analysis of differential protein expression. OBJECTIVE： To separate and evaluate MPTP-induced differential protein expression through the use of proteomics in the substantia nigra of a mouse model of chronic Parkinson＇s disease. DESIGN： Randomized controlled animal study. SETTING： Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University. MATERIALS： Sixteen 8-10-week old, healthy, male, C57BL mice, weighing 20-25 g, and of clean grade, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Chongqing Medical University. The experimental animals were disposed according to ethical criteria. MPTP was provided by Sigma Company, USA; Pdquest 2D image analysis software and gelatum/irradiance image analysis system （ChemiDoc XRS） by Bio-Rad, USA; and Voyager DE-PROMALD1-TOF-MS mass spectroscopy analyzer by AB1 Company, USA. METHODS： This study was performed in Chongqing Neurological Laboratory between November 2006 and July 2007. Mice were randomly divided into model and control groups, with 8 mice in each group. Mice in the model group were received a subcutaneous injection of MPTP （25 mg＆g）, twice a week, for five successive weeks, to establish a chronic Parkinson＇s disease model. Mice in the control group received the same volume of a subcutaneous saline injection at the same time points. Mice were sacrificed by anesthesia to rapidly obtain the midbrain for protein separation of the substantia nigra. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） 2-ED handbook （Bio-Rad Company） was referenced for two-dimensional electrophoresis, （2） PDQUEST8,0 analytical electrophoresis pattern was adopted to evaluate differential protein expression. （3） Peptide mass finger print map and data were retrieved on http：//www.prospector.ucsf.edu to compare differential substantia nigral protein expression in the two groups. RESULTS： Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of substantia nigra tissue indicated that there were 33 differential protein expressions between the two groups. Three new proteins were evaluated, including α -enolase, which exhibited regulated expression, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B. CONCLUSION： There are three proteins that exhibit differential expression in the substantia nigra- α -enolase, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B.

Establishing motor disorder mouse models of Parkinson disease Comparison of 6-hydroxydompamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

At present, pathogenesis and mechanism of Parkinson disease （PD） are still unclear. Animal models of PD are essential tools in studies on etiology and therapy and should mimic the chronic pathological process, histological characteristics and motor behavior dysfunction. In recent years, transgenic mice have been widely utilized to study the mechanism of PD, and it has become imperative that a PD mouse model of motor behavioral dysfunction be established. OBJECTIVE： To compare the behavioral and histochemical characters of two neurotoxic mice model induced with 6-hydroxydopamine （6-OHDA） or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6 -tetrahydropyridine （MPTP）, and a better method to mimic Parkinson disease will be found out. DESIGN： Parallel experiment. SETTING： Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tohg University. MATERIALS： Sixty 129Sv/C57BL6J male wild mice, SPF grade, 8 - 12 weeks old, weighing 20 - 25 g, were provided by Experimental Animal Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All the surgery operation was performed according to the rules of Shanghai Jiaotong University Animal Committee. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics （National Key Laboratory）, Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Ttong University from March to August 2006. ①Thirty-two male mice were randomly divided into control group and drug treatment group with 16 mice in each group. Surgery was carried out and 6-OHDA was administrated to substantia nigra pars compacta （SNpc） and nigra-striatum pathway according to the different parameters with intoxication apparatus. Saline was injected to the other 16 mice according to the same paradigm. 1 mg/kg apomorphine was injected intraperitoneally 2 weeks later after surgery to induce the imbalanced rotation behavior for 40 minutes. ②Twenty-eight mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 7 in each group, including low-dose, moderate-dose, high-dose groups and negative control group. Then, mice in the drug treatment group were injected intraperitoneally with 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg MPTP for 9 successive days. In addition, mice in the control group were injected with the same volume of saline for 9 days. Pole test and stride length test were utilized to detect coordinative behavioral dysfunction. Mice were sacrificed 20 days after MPTP treatment, and histochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxynase （TH） was used to observe the loss of dopaminergic neuron in SNpc. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Success ratio of each model establishment method; ② inducible asymmetric cycle behavior test 2 weeks after 6-OHDA injection; ③behavioral dysfunction in pole test and stride length, morphological changes in brain tissue. RESULTS： Totally sixty mice were used in this experiment and 3 mice were excluded because of the hypersensitivity or the clumsy reaction in motor behavioral detection before MPTP treatment, therefore, data was analyzed with the rest 57 mice. ① Lethal ratio： Three out of 16 mice died in striatum injection group and 5 out of 16 mice died in nigro-striatal pathway group. No mouse died in MPTP treatment groups. ② Locomotor behavior： No dysfunction of locomotor was found in 6-OHDA treatment groups. However, several motor behavioral dysfunction were start to present at the 4th day of MPTP injection. ③ Asymmetric cycle behavior： No asymmetric cycle was induced successfully two weeks after 6-OHDA surgery. Mice show hypersensitive behavior 10 minutes after apomorphine injection, which lasted for about 20 minutes. ④ Pole test： From the 4^th day of MPTP treatment, mice started to display coordinate dysfunction, such as climbing down along the pole in spiral, moving slowly with hesitation. Some mice could not grab the pole and slide down along the pole at 4th day post injection. Comparing with 0 dose control group, all the threedrug treatment groups show significant different dysfunction from the 4th day to the 20th day post injection （P 〈 0.01）. ⑤ stride length test： Mice＇s stride length decreased, when treated with MPTP, and the mice in the high dose group displayed obviously. ⑥ Dopaminergic neuron stained with TH in nigra pars compacta： The results indicated that administrated MPTP （from low dose to high dose） by intraperitoneal cause chronic lesions on the dopaminergic neuron in the SNpc. CONCLUSION： PD mice models induced with 6-OHDA show high mortality ratio and no asymmetric cycle was found after apomorphine injection. However, injection of MPTP intraperitoneally can simulate the chronic pathway of PD, typical histological changes are found and stable motor behavioral dysfunctions are displayed.

MPTP处理的小鼠和6-OHDA损毁的大鼠帕金森病模型病理变化的比较

目的比较ＭＰＴＰ处理的小鼠与６－ＯＨＤＡ损毁大鼠ＰＤ模型的病理变化。方法应用免疫组化方法观察两种ＰＤ模型的中脑腹侧多巴胺能神经元，星形胶质细胞的变化。结果免疫组化方法结果表明：Ｃ５７ＢＬ小鼠在ＭＰＴＰ处理后，脑内酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元的数目从第４ｄ开始有所减少；黑质区域的ＧＦＡＰ免疫阳性星形胶质细胞数目从第１ｄ起即有增加。大鼠ＰＤ模型较早出现损毁侧ＴＨ免疫阳性神经元明显减少的现象，损毁２月后几乎完全消失；而在黑质区的ＧＦＡＰ免疫阳性星形胶质细胞数目增多现象出现较晚。结论两种动物模型从不同侧面反映了帕金森病的病理特征，６－ＯＨＤＡ损毁中脑ＤＡ能神经元制成的大鼠ＰＤ模型比ＭＰＴＰ处理的Ｃ５７ＢＬ小鼠ＰＤ模型更接近反映ＰＤ的病理变化。

6-OHDA损毁帕金森大鼠模型和MPTP诱导帕金森小鼠模型的比较(综述)

帕金森病动物模型是研究帕金森病病因、病机、病理、症状体征、神经保护、药物治疗的必备工具。在众多帕金森病动物模型中目前应用最广泛的是6-OHDA损毁帕金森大鼠模型和MPTP诱导帕金森小鼠模型。为了明确各自特点,作者将两者制备原理、制作方式、检测实验、稳定性、难易度等考虑因素进行对比及评价,以期在帕金森病研究中更好选择和充分利用。

敲除TRPC6对MPTP诱导小鼠神经炎性损伤的影响

目的在小鼠MPTP(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)诱导的神经炎症模型中检测小胶质细胞的TRPC6通道的表达,并探究TRPC6通道对于炎症表达和多巴胺能神经元损伤的影响。方法在MPTP注射的小鼠中,用标记CD11b的磁珠分选出黑质区域的小胶质细胞,并通过蛋白质免疫印迹的方法检测TRPC6的表达。在构建CD11b-TRPC6^(-/-)小鼠后,通过免疫荧光的方法检测MPTP诱导的小胶质细胞的增殖以及多巴胺能神经元的损伤。同时结合蛋白质免疫印迹和实时荧光定量PCR的方法,在MPTP模型中检测TRPC6敲除后cryαB蛋白水平和炎症因子表达。结果在MPTP注射的小鼠中,小胶质细胞中TRPC6通道的表达显著上调。另外,在注射MPTP的CD11b-TRPC6^(-/-)小鼠中,小胶质细胞中的cryαB蛋白水平被上调。同时,MPTP诱导的小胶质细胞的增殖以及炎症因子表达增强被抑制,而多巴胺能神经元的损伤得到缓解。结论小胶质细胞中TRPC6通道表达在MPTP模型中上调,而TRPC6的敲除可增加小胶质细胞中cryαB蛋白水平,并降低炎症因子的表达,从而减少多巴胺能神经元的损伤。

Prenatal and Postnatal Exposures to 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra Hydropyridine (MPTP) Impaired Mouse Midbrain Dopamine System and May Produce a Predisposing and Inducing Model for Parkinson’s Disease

Dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and with their terminals projecting to the neostriatum form the nigrostriatum and these dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Based on metabolic and func- tional specialization of the cell bodies versus the axon terminals, the level and disposition of dopamine, its metabolites and enzymes are different in both regions and are likely to be affected differently in PD. We examined changes in the midbrain dopamine system following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), to test the hypothesis that a predisposing/sensitization stage and a inducing/precipitating stage underlie PD. Pregnant mice were treated with a low dose of MPTP during gestation days 8 - 12 to model the predisposing/sensitization stage, by interrupting the fetal mid- brain dopamine system during its neurogenesis. For the inducing/precipitating stage, the 12-weeks offspring were ad- ministered MPTP. The prenatal-MPTP offspring appear normal, but midbrain dopamine, 3,4-di-hydroxy-phenyl-acetic- acid, 3-methoxytyramine, tyrosine-hydroxylase and L-aromatic-amino-acid-decarboxylase, were reduced by 49.6%, 48%, 54%, 20.9% and 25%. Postnatal-MPTP of 10, 20, 30 mg/kg administered to the prenatal-PBS vs prenatal-MPTP offspring reduced midbrain dopamine by 43.6%, 47.2%, 70.3% vs 85.4%, 89.1%, 95.2%;tyrosine-hydroxylase by 30%, 63%, 81% vs 30.7%, 70.4%, 91.4%;L-aromatic-amino-acid-decarboxylase by 0%, 2%, 40% vs 32%, 40%, 58%. The prenatal-MPTP may render the DA system sensitive by causing sub-threshold reduction of DA, its metabolites and en- zymes, enabling postnatal-MPTP to reduce dopamine above the 70% - 80% PD-inducing threshold. Thus, the study may produce a prenatal predisposing/sensitization and postnatal inducing/precipitation model of PD. It also indicates that some cases of PD may have a fetal basis, in which sub-threshold nigrostriatal impairments occur early in life and PD-symptoms are induced during aging by further insults to the dopaminergic system that would not cause PD symptoms in normal indi-viduals.

Single-neuron neurodegeneration as a degenerative model for Parkinson’s disease

The positive effect of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease,although it is limited in time and has severe side effects,has encouraged the scientific community to look for new drugs that can stop the neurodegenerative process or even regenerate the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons.Successful preclinical studies with coenzyme Q10,mitoquinone,isradipine,nilotinib,TCH346,neurturin,zonisamide,deferiprone,prasinezumab,and cinpanemab prompted clinical trials.However,these failed and after more than 50 years levodopa continues to be the key drug in the treatment of the disease,despite its severe side effects after 4–6 years of chronic treatment.The lack of translated successful results obtained in preclinical investigations based on the use of neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body as new drugs for Parkinson’s disease treatment is a big problem.In our opinion,the cause of these failures lies in the experimental animal models involving neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body,such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 6-hydroxydopamine,that induce a very fast,massive and expansive neurodegenerative process,which contrasts with the extremely slow one of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons.The exceedingly slow progress of the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson’s patients is due to(i)a degenerative model in which the neurotoxic effect of an endogenous neurotoxin affects a single neuron,(ii)a neurotoxic event that is not expansive and(iii)the fact that the neurotoxin that triggers the neurodegenerative process is produced inside the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons.The endogenous neurotoxin that fits this degenerative model involving one single neuron at a time is aminochrome,since it(i)is generated within neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons,(ii)does not cause an expansive neurotoxic effect and(iii)triggers all the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.In conclusion,based on the hypothesis that the neurodegenerative process of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease corresponds to a single-neuron neurodegeneration model,we must search for molecules that increase the expression of the neuroprotective enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2.It has been observed that the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway is associated with the transcriptional activation of the DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase genes.

川芎嗪对MPTP所致小鼠多巴胺能神经元损伤的保护作用及机制

目的探讨川芎嗪对MPTP所致小鼠多巴胺能神经元损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法C57BL/6J雄性小鼠32只,随机分为4组:生理盐水对照组(NS+NS)、生理盐水组(NS+MPTP)、川芎嗪高剂量组(LT50+MPTP)、川芎嗪低剂量组(LT20+MPTP),每组8只动物。分别采用HPLC法检测纹状体中DA的含量,免疫组化检测黑质中TH阳性细胞数,荧光显色法检测黑质SOD活力、GSH含量。结果LT50+MPTP组纹状体DA含量、黑质DA神经元数量、黑质SOD活力、黑质GSH含量较NS+MPTP组显著增高(P<0.01)。结论川芎嗪对对MPTP所致的小鼠多巴胺能神经元损伤具有保护作用,其保护机制可能与其调节调节小鼠黑质中的SOD、GSH含量有关。

MPTP致小鼠黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元损伤及定量研究

目的建立正常小鼠黑质致密部部位细胞数量标准曲线,并以之判定MPTP损伤的小鼠PD模型中多巴胺能神经元的损失。方法根据小鼠大脑解剖图谱观察小鼠黑质致密部的走向,酪氨酸羟化酶免疫组化染色显示正常小鼠大脑黑质致密部及多巴胺能神经元;观察计数MPTP处理小鼠的大脑黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元,与正常小鼠的相似部位进行比较。结果建立了正常小鼠黑质致密部部位细胞数量分布图,利用曲线对MPTP处理小鼠所得到的切片进行分析,发现样本中多巴胺能神经元明显减少,证明判定方法可行而有效。结论本实验成功建立了MPTP致小鼠黑质致密部多巴胺神经元损伤模型,并对其损伤判定进行了标准化。

氯化锂对MPTP致帕金森病小鼠模型行为学及黑质多巴胺能神经元影响的研究

目的探讨氯化锂对MPTP致帕金森病小鼠模型行为学及黑质多巴胺能神经元保护作用的影响。方法实验小鼠随机分为MPTP组、NS(生理盐水)组、LM(LiCl+MPTP)组、PM(PBS+MPTP)组;通过行为学观察各组震颤麻痹、移动格子数、站立次数、滚轴次数、游泳能力;免疫组织化学染色与免疫印迹技术观察各组酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和钙结合蛋白(CB)的表达变化。结果行为学检测LM组震颤麻痹评分、移动格子数、站立次数、滚轴实验、游泳能力都显著高于PM组(P<0.05);免疫组织化学染色结果显示LM组黑质致密部TH与CB阳性神经元数量显著多于PM组;Western blot免疫印迹结果显示LM组TH、CB蛋白含量表达水平显著高于PM组(P<0.01或0.05)。结论氯化锂可明显改善MPTP所致小鼠PD模型的运动障碍,且对其引起的DA神经元损伤起到保护作用,这种保护作用与细胞内CB表达增加有关;PD模型行为学与多巴胺能神经元的变化具有一致性。

人参皂苷Rg1拮抗MPTP诱导小鼠黑质中铁增高的作用

目的研究人参皂苷Rg1(ginsenoside Rg1,Rg1)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)致帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)小鼠黑质多巴胺(dopamine,DA)能神经元变性的保护作用及其可能机制。方法 C57BL6小鼠随机分为正常对照组(NS,i.p.)、MPTP组(30 mg/kg×5 d,i.p.)及Rg1(5 mg/kg×8 d,i.p.)预处理组。应用免疫组织化学法、Perls’铁染色、逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)以及图像分析等技术观察黑质内多巴胺转运蛋白(dopamine transporter,DAT)免疫反应活性变化、铁染色阳性细胞数的变化和DAT mRNA的表达水平的变化,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测小鼠纹状体内DA及其代谢物二羟基苯乙酸(dihydroxyphenylacetic acid,DOPAC)和高香草酸(homovanillic acid,HVA)含量。结果与正常对照组相比,MPTP组黑质内铁染色阳性细胞数增高以及纹状体内DA及其代谢产物DOPAC和HVA的含量明显减少;与MPTP组相比,Rg1预处理组黑质内铁染色阳性细胞数降低以及纹状体内DA及其代谢产物DOPAC和HVA的含量明显增加(P<0.01)。与正常对照组相比,MPTP组黑质内DAT免疫反应活性和DAT mRNA的表达明显降低(P<0.01);与MPTP组相比,Rg1预处理组黑质内DAT免疫反应活性和DAT mRNA的表达有所增高(P<0.05)。结论 Rg1对MPTP致PD小鼠黑质DA能神经元的损伤具有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与Rg1能通过降低MPTP诱导的铁过多聚积从而拮抗氧化应激反应有关。

绿茶对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶致帕金森病小鼠模型神经行为学的防治作用

目的观察绿茶对1-甲基-4-苯基^(-1),2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)所致帕金森病(PD)小鼠的防治作用。方法 C57BL/6小鼠腹腔注射MPTP 30 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),连续4 d,制备PD模型,并随机分为5组:模型组、绿茶多酚组(GTP)、绿茶低(L)、中(M)、高(H)剂量组,另取正常组作对照。GTP组灌胃GTP 0.625 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),绿茶L、M、H剂量组灌胃0.312、0.625、1.250 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),正常组和模型组灌胃生理盐水10 ml·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),连续14 d。于灌胃第8天起,GTP组、绿茶各剂量组和模型组小鼠腹腔注射MPTP 30 mg/kg,连续4 d。模型组、GTP组和绿茶L、M、H剂量组于第11天腹腔注射MPTP后,进行震颤麻痹评分实验,各组于第15天进行小鼠肢体运动功能(爬杆、游泳)检测。结果绿茶对小鼠肢体运动功能的减退有不同程度的调节和改善作用。结论绿茶L、M、H剂量组对改善PD小鼠行为学异常均有一定的效果,效果等同于甚至优于GTP,且绿茶H组(1.250 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))效果最好。可推算出体重60 kg的普通居民每日通过饮用3.03、6.08和12.15 g绿茶对防治PD有一定效果。

帕金森病MPTP模型小鼠两种行为学检测方法的比较研究

目的在帕金森病MPTP模型小鼠对爬杆法(pole test)和转棒法(rotarod test)两种行为学检测方法进行比较研究。方法C57/BL小鼠腹腔注射1-甲基-4-苯基1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)30mg/kg,每天1次,连续5天,于第1、2、3、4、5天分别用爬杆法和转棒法进行行为学检测。结果爬杆法的调头时间和爬下时间与小鼠的适应性行为有关,且其评分标准易掺杂主观因素;而转棒法是小鼠的被动运动,潜伏期和掉落次数均为客观的观察指标。结论与爬杆法相比,转棒法是更为客观的帕金森模型小鼠的行为学检测方法。

Genistein对MPTP致帕金森病去势模型小鼠多巴胺能神经元保护作用及其机制研究

目的研究大豆异黄酮活性成分genistein对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)制备的去卵巢(OVX)帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)模型小鼠多巴胺能神经元的保护作用及其可能机制。方法雌性C57BL6小鼠行双侧去卵巢手术(OVX)后,分为对照组、MPTP组、genistein预处理组和雌激素预处理组。采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、免疫组织化学染色以及图像分析等技术分别对黑质致密带(substantial nigra pars compacta,SNpc)多巴胺转运蛋白(dopaminetransporter,DAT)、bcl-2等指标的mRNA及蛋白质的表达水平进行考察。结果 Genistein及雌激素用药组SN内DAT、bcl-2 mRNA及其蛋白的表达水平较MPTP组显著升高(P<0.01),差异有统计学意义。结论 Genistein对MPTP制备的PD模型小鼠黑质DA能神经元有明显的保护作用,其作用机制可能与抗凋亡有关。

皮下注射MPTP诱导猕猴双侧慢性帕金森病模型的制作

目的探讨猕猴双侧慢性不可逆性帕金森病（PD）模型的制作方法。方法 4只猕猴分别采用不同剂量（0.1 mg/kg/d和0.4 mg/kg/d）和不同频率（每天一次和隔天一次）及不同次数皮下注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）制作PD模型,注射MPTP前后观察行为学表现并进行非人类灵长类PD评分量表（PPRS）评分。结果猕猴注射MPTP一段时间后开始出现PD症状,主要表现为倦怠、迟缓;继续给药PD症状会出现进行性快速加重导致后续动物因进食困难而死亡;若过早停止给药,则导致PD模型不稳定,动物症状可自愈。采用剂量为0.1 mg/kg/d的MPTP连续皮下注射14 d后,猕猴出现中度PD症状（PPRS评分为6~8分）时,改隔日注射一次,共4次,猕猴出现不可逆性PD症状,且可自主摄食并长期存活,是一个成功的模型。结论适量皮下注射MPTP可制作猕猴慢性、不可逆性、双侧PD模型,其更接近人PD的临床特征,且无需鼻饲喂养可长期存活。

The transient receptor potential melastatin 2:a new therapeutical target for Parkinson's disease?

The transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is a calcium-permeable cation channel member of the TRP family. Also known as an oxidative stress-activated channel, the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 gating mechanism is dependent on reactive oxygen species. In pathological conditions, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is overactivated, leading to a Ca~(2+) influx that alters cell homeostasis and promotes cell death. The role of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and ischemia, has already been described and reviewed. However, data on transient receptor potential melastatin 2 involvement in Parkinson's disease pathology has emerged only in recent years and the issue lacks review studies that focus specifically on this topic. The present review aims to elucidate the role of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in Parkinson's disease by reviewing, summarizing, and discussing the in vitro, in vivo, and human studies published until August 2022. Here we describe fourteen studies that evaluated the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson's disease model used, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antagonist and genetic approaches, and the main outcomes reported were discussed. The studies described transient receptor potential melastatin 2 activation and enhanced expression in different Parkinson's disease models. They also evidenced protective and restorative effects when using transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antagonists, knockout, or silencing. This review provides a literature overview and suggests where there is a need for more research. As a perspective point, this review shows evidence that supports transient receptor potential melastatin 2 as a pharmacological target for Parkinson's disease in the future.

Exendin-4 and linagliptin attenuate neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor has been shown to lower the incidence of Parkinson's disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.Therefore,using these two treatments may help treat Parkinson's disease.To further investigate the mechanisms of action of these two compounds,we established a model of Parkinson's disease by treating mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and then subcutaneously injected them with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 or the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor linagliptin.We found that both exendin-4 and linagliptin reversed motor dysfunction,glial activation,and dopaminergic neuronal death in this model.In addition,both exendin-4 and linagliptin induced microglial polarization to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.Moreover,in vitro experiments showed that treatment with exendin-4 and linagliptin inhibited activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-and leucine-rich-repeat-and pyrin-domaincontaining 3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway and subsequent pyroptosis by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species.These findings suggest that exendin-4 and linagliptin exert neuroprotective effects by attenuating neuroinflammation through regulation of microglial polarization and the nucleotidebinding oligomerization domain-and leucine-rich-repeat-and pyrin-domain-containing 3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.Therefore,these two drugs may serve as novel anti-inflammatory treatments for Parkinson's disease.

蝎毒耐热蛋白对帕金森病模型小鼠脑内一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的观察蝎毒耐热蛋白(SVHRP)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)致帕金森病小鼠运动协调性和脑内神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)免疫反应(IR)阳性神经元的影响。方法C57BL/6小鼠颈部scMPTP20mg/kg,连续8d造模型。同时设立SVHRP治疗组,测定小鼠爬竿和游泳时间以检测其运动协调性。应用免疫细胞化学方法观察脑内黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和nNOS免疫反应阳性神经元的变化。结果MPTP致模型小鼠在黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元损伤后,运动协调能力下降,同时在尾核的nNOS免疫反应阳性神经元细胞数较正常组增多。治疗组小鼠运动协调能力与正常对照组比较没有明显改变,尾核的nNOS免疫反应阳性神经元细胞数较模型组明显减少。结论SVHRP可以保护中脑黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元及改善MPTP引起的运动协调性降低,逆转MPTP引起的尾核nNOS免疫反应活性增强。而NO可能参与其保护机制。

帕金森病小鼠和大鼠模型黑质纹状体中胆绿素还原酶B的表达

目的探讨胆绿素还原酶B(biliverdin-Ⅸβreductase,BVRB)在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phe-nyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)帕金森小鼠模型和6-羟基多巴(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)帕金森大鼠模型黑质-纹状体内的表达。方法通过高效液相色谱的方法检测纹状体内多巴胺及其代谢产物的含量,通过免疫印迹的方法检测黑质纹状体内酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)的表达,以确认模型的成功建立。对黑质纹状体BVRB的表达进行免疫印迹分析。结果与正常对照组相比,MPTP小鼠及6-OHDA大鼠模型纹状体内多巴胺及其代谢产物的含量均明显下降(P<0.01),黑质纹状体内TH表达水平也明显下降(P<0.05),而黑质纹状体BVRB的表达水平在两种模型中均明显增高(P<0.05)。结论黑质纹状体BVRB的高表达可能与帕金森病的氧化应激机制相关。