Coordination of distinctive pesticide adjuvants and atomization nozzles on droplet spectrum evolution for spatial drift reduction

Pesticide adjuvants,as crop protection products,have been widely used to reduce drift loss and improve utilization efficiency by regulating droplet spectrum.However,the coordinated regulation mechanisms of adjuvants and nozzles on droplet spectrum remain unclear.Here,we established the relationship between droplet spectrum evolution and liquid atomization by investigating the typical characteristics of droplet diameter distribution near the nozzle.Based on this,the regulation mechanisms of distinctive pesticide adjuvants on droplet spectrum were clarified,and the corresponding drift reduction performances were quantitively evaluated by wind tunnel experiments.It shows that the droplet diameter firstly shifts to the smaller due to the liquid sheet breakup and then prefers to increase caused by droplet interactions.Reducing the surface tension of sprayed liquid facilitates the uniform liquid breakup and increasing the viscosity inhibits the liquid deformation,which prolong the atomization process and effectively improve the droplet spectrum.As a result,the drift losses of flat-fan and hollow cone nozzles are reduced by about 50%after adding organosilicon and vegetable oil adjuvants.By contrast,the air induction nozzle shows a superior anti-drift ability,regardless of distinctive adjuvants.Our findings provide insights into rational adjuvant design and nozzle selection in the field application.

Pharmacological adjuvants for diabetic vitrectomy surgery

Diabetic vitrectomy is a highly intricate surgical procedure performed during the advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy(DR).It is used to treat conditions such as tractional or combined retinal detachment,vitreous hemorrhage,and subhyaloid hemorrhage,which are all severe manifestations of proliferative DR.The results of the surgery are uncertain and variable.Vitreoretinal surgery has made significant progress since the early stages of vitrectomy.In the past ten years,advancements in intravitreal pharmacotherapy have emerged,offering new possibilities to improve the surgical results for our patients.Within the realm of medical terminology,an"adjunct"refers to a pharmaceutical or substance employed to aid or expedite the primary therapeutic intervention for a particular ailment.Their introduction has broadened the range of therapeutic choices that are accessible prior to,during,and following surgical procedures.This review article will specifically analyze the pharmacological adjuncts used in diabetic vitrectomy surgery,with a focus on their role in facilitating or aiding specific steps of the procedure.The implementation of this system of categorization offers benefits to the surgeon by allowing them to foresee potential difficulties that may occur during the surgical procedure and to choose the appropriate pharmacological agent to effectively tackle these challenges,thus enhancing surgical success rates.

Azoximer bromide and hydroxyapatite:promising immune adjuvants in cancer

Immune adjuvants are immune modulators that have been developed in the context of infectious vaccinations.There is currently a growing interest in immune adjuvants due to the development of immunotherapy against cancers.Immune adjuvant mechanisms of action are focused on the initiation and amplification of the inflammatory response leading to the innate immune response,followed by the adaptive immune response.The main activity lies in the support of antigen presentation and the maturation and functions of dendritic cells.Most immune adjuvants are associated with a vaccine or incorporated into the new generation of m RNA vaccines.Few immune adjuvants are used as drugs.Hydroxyapatite(HA)ceramics and azoximer bromide(AZB)are overlooked molecules that were used in early clinical trials,which demonstrated clinical efficacy and excellent tolerance profiles.HA combined in an autologous vaccine was previously developed in the veterinary field for use in canine spontaneous lymphomas.AZB,an original immune modulator derived from a class of heterochain aliphatic polyamines that is licensed in Russia,the Commonwealth of Independent States,and Slovakia for infectious and inflammatory diseases,is and now being developed for use in cancer with promising results.These two immune adjuvants can be combined in various immunotherapy strategies.

Adjuvants to local anesthetics: Current understanding and future trends

Although beneficial in acute and chronic pain management, the use of local anaesthetics is limited by itsduration of action and the dose dependent adverse effects on the cardiac and central nervous system. Adjuvants or additives are often used with local anaesthetics for its synergistic effect by prolonging the duration of sensory-motor block and limiting the cumulative dose requirement of local anaesthetics. The armamentarium of local anesthetic adjuvants have evolved over time from classical opioids to a wide array of drugs spanning several groups and varying mechanisms of action. A large array of opioids ranging from morphine, fentanyl and sufentanyl to hydromorphone, buprenorphine and tramadol has been used with varying success. However, their use has been limited by their adverse effect like respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting and pruritus, especially with its neuraxial use. Epinephrine potentiates the local anesthetics by its antinociceptive properties mediated by alpha-2 adrenoreceptor activation along with its vasoconstrictive properties limiting the systemic absorption of local anesthetics. Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor antagonists like clonidine and dexmedetomidine are one of the most widely used class of local anesthetic adjuvants. Other drugs like steroids(dexamethasone), anti-inflammatory agents(parecoxib and lornoxicam), midazolam, ketamine, magnesium sulfate and neostigmine have also been used with mixed success. The concern regarding the safety profile of these adjuvants is due to its potential neurotoxicity and neurological complications which necessitate further research in this direction. Current research is directed towards a search for agents and techniques which would prolong local anaesthetic action without its deleterious effects. This includes novel approaches like use of charged molecules to produce local anaesthetic action(tonicaine and n butyl tetracaine), new age delivery mechanisms for prolonged bioavailability(liposomal, microspheres and cyclodextrin systems) and further studies with other drugs(adenosine, neuromuscular blockers, dextrans).

Outcomes of 4 surgical adjuvants used for internal limiting membrane peeling in macular hole surgery: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis

AIM:To compare the outcomes of four adjuvants used for internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling in macular hole surgery,including indocyanine green(ICG),brilliant blue G(BBG),triamcinolone(TA)and trypan blue(TB),through systematic review and random-effects Bayesian network Meta-analysis.METHODS:PubMed,Cochrane library databases and Web of Science were searched until August 2018 for clinical trials comparing the above four adjuvants.ORs for postoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)improvement and primary macular hole closure rates were compared between the different adjuvants.RESULTS:Twenty-seven eligible articles were included.For postoperative BCVA improvement,results of BBGassisted peeling were significantly more favorable than those of ICG(WMD 0.08,95%credible interval 0.01-0.16)and TA ranked highest.No significant differences were found between any other two groups in postoperative BCVA improvement.For postoperative primary macular hole closure rates,BBG ranked highest.However,no significant differences were shown between any two groups.CONCLUSION:TA and BBG are the optimum adjuvants for achieving postoperative BCVA improvement macular hole surgery with adjuvant-assisted ILM peeling.Among all adjuvants,the use of BBG is associated with the highest postoperative macular hole closure rate.

Leishmania donovani whole cell antigen delivered with adjuvants protects against visceral leishmaniasis in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops)

In a previous immunogenicity and efficacy study in mice, montanide ISA 720 （MISA） was indicated to be a better adjuvant than bacillus calmette guerin vaccine （BCG） for a Leishmania vaccine. In the present study, we report the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of Leishmania donovani （L. donovani） sonicated antigen delivered with alum-BCG （A1BCG）, MISA or monophosphoryl lipid A （MPLA） in vervet monkeys following intradermal inoculums. Vaccinated and control animals were challenged with virulent L. donovani parasites and the parasitic burden was determined. Only animals vaccinated with alum-BCG adversely reacted to the inoculum by produc- ing ulcerative erythematous skin indurations. Non-parametric ANOVA followed by a post test showed signifi- cantly higher IgG antibodies, and revealed the presence of lymphoproliferative and interferon gamma responses in both AIBCG＋Ag and MISA＋Ag as compared to the MPLA＋Ag or other groups （P 〈 0.001）. We conclude that L. donovani sonicated antigen containing MISA is safe and is associated with protective immune response against Leishmania donovani infection in the vervet monkey model.

Neuraxial adjuvants for prevention of perioperative shivering during cesarean section: A network meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines

BACKGROUND Perioperative shivering is clinically common during cesarean sections under neuraxial anesthesia,and several neuraxial adjuvants are reported to have preventive effects on it.However,the results of current studies are controversial and the effects of these neuraxial adjuvants remain unclear.AIM To evaluate the effects of neuraxial adjuvants on perioperative shivering during cesarean sections,thus providing an optimal choice for clinical application.METHODS A systematic review and network meta-analysis were conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis) guidelines.Analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 14.0.We searched PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,and Cochrane Central databases for eligible clinical trials assessing the effects of neuraxial adjuvants on perioperative shivering and other adverse events during cesarean sections.Perioperative shivering was defined as the primary endpoint,and nausea,vomiting,pruritus,hypotension,and bradycardia were the secondary outcomes.RESULTS Twenty-six studies using 9 neuraxial adjuvants for obstetric anesthesia during caesarean sections were included.The results showed that,compared with placebo,pethidine,fentanyl,dexmedetomidine,and sufentanil significantly reduced the incidence of perioperative shivering.Among the four neuraxial adjuvants,pethidine was the most effective one for shivering prevention (OR = 0.15,95%CI: 0.07-0.35,surface under the cumulative ranking curve 83.9),but with a high incidence of nausea (OR = 3.15,95%CI: 1.04-9.57) and vomiting (OR = 3.71,95%CI: 1.81-7.58).The efficacy of fentanyl for shivering prevention was slightly inferior to pethidine (OR = 0.20,95%CI: 0.09-0.43),however,it significantly decreased the incidence of nausea (OR = 0.34,95%CI: 0.15-0.79) and vomiting (OR = 0.25,95%CI: 0.11-0.56).In addition,compared with sufentanil,fentanyl showed no impact on haemodynamic stability and the incidence of pruritus.CONCLUSION Pethidine,fentanyl,dexmedetomidine,and sufentanil appear to be effective for preventing perioperative shivering in puerperae undergoing cesarean sections.Considering the risk-benefit profiles of the included neuraxial adjuvants,fentanyl is probably the optimal choice.

Enhancement of the Immune Response to Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Vaccine in Young Rabbits by Advanced Vaccination and Chinese Herbal Adjuvants

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of advanced vaccination and Chinese herbal adjuvants （CHA）, containing astragalus polysaccharides （APS） and ginsenosides （GS） on the immune response to rabbit hemorrhagic disease （RHD） vaccine in young rabbits. In experiment 1, 5 New Zealand rabbits of each group at 30, 35, 40, or 45 days of age were injected with 2 mL of inactivated RHD vaccine, respectively. The dynamic changes of antibody titers were tested by the hemagglutination inhibition （HI） method. In experiment 2, 30 New Zealand rabbits at 35 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups, representing inoculation with 3 mL of non-adjuvant RHD vaccine, CHA-RHD vaccine, CHA-HA vaccine （half dose antigen）, aluminium adjuvant-RHD vaccine, and PBS, respectively. The dynamic changes of peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titers were tested by the MTT method and the HI method. The results showed that the titer of maternal HI antibody in the 35-day-old rabbits was lower than the protective level of 3 log2, while on days 7 to 49 after the vaccination, the antibody titers were higher than 3 log2. The CHA promoted the lymphocyte proliferation and enhanced the serum antibody titer （P〈 0.05）. These findings from the two experiments suggested that advanced vaccination and Chinese herbal adjuvants significantly enhanced the immune response to vaccine against RHD, and effectively protected the young rabbits against RHD challenge.

A review of adjuvants forLeishmania vaccine candidates

Over the last decade, there has been a flurry of research on adjuvants for vaccines, and several novel adjuvants are now licensed products or in late stage clinical development. The success of adjuvants in enhancing the immune response to antigens has led many researchers to re-focus their vaccine development programs. Although several vaccine candidates have been tested against leishmaniasis, there is yet no effective vaccine against this parasitic disease. Recent research has documented that efforts to develop effective Leishmania vaccine have been limited due to lack of an appropriate adjuvant. In view of this, this review paper outlines some of the adjuvants that have been used in Leishmania vaccine candidates and cites a few of the responses obtained from these studies. The aim of the present review is to consolidate these findings to facilitate the application of these adjuvants in general and experimental vaccinology.

Research Status of Toxicity and Residue Detection of High-risk Pesticide Adjuvants

The toxicity and environmental toxicity of high risk adjuvants in pesticide and their harms to human were introduced,and the detection methods of pesticide adjuvant residues in food in recent years were reviewed.The management status of pesticide adjuvants in various countries was also summarized.In view of risk monitoring results of pesticide(EC)adjuvants in Chongqing market,the potential effects of pesticide adjuvants on agricultural products were focused,to protect environment and prevent human from toxic pesticide adjuvants that missing risk assessments.

Synergistic Effects of Herbicide Adjuvants on Weeds Control and Safety Determination in Field Application

The effects of 9 plant adjuvants on the control of Stellaria japonica and Poa pratensis by 3 herbicidesor mixtures,including MCPA-Na+Clethodim,Atrazine and Bentazon,were studied by pot experiments.The results showed that all these 9 plant adjuvants could significantly promote the control effects of MCPA-Na+Clethodim on 2 weeds,except Jiabajin for Poa pratensis.The control effect on plant number and fresh weight of Stellaria japonica increased by 90.6%~100.0%and 47.6%~56.2%respectively 10 d after the treatment,and 25.1%~96.4%and 17.7%~90.4%for Poa pratensis respectively.Pharmacodynamics,Doctor lemon oil,Pamiere,Beirunsu and Wynote had better synergistic effects.Plant adjuvants had little synergistic effect on Atrazine and Bentazon in the early stage which was 10 d after the treatment.However,when it was 20 d after the treatment,adjuvants like Yaoxiaoling,Pamiere and Beirunsu could significantly increase the control effect of Atrazine on Stellaria japonica.Yaoxiaoling,Jiabajin and Beirunsu could promote the synergistic effect of Bentazon on Poa pratensis.Adding herbicide Yaoxiaoling could increase the herbicide control effect,fresh weight control effect,plant height and fresh weight inhibition rate of weeds in maize and flax fields.And the herbicide phytotoxicity was not obvious.The combinations of plant adjuvants with 4 herbicides including Atrazine,Nicosulfuron Mesotrione Atrazine,Nicosulfuron Atrazine,and Bentazon;had better control effects on weeds in maize fields,while MCPA-Na+Clethodim+adjuvants had better control over weeds in flax fields.

Synergistic Effect of Four Organosilicone Adjuvants to Avermectin against Diamondback Moth ( Plutella xylostella L. )

[ Objective] The primary aim of this work was to investigate the synergistic effect of four organosilicone adjuvants to Avermectin against diamondback moth. [ Method] The combination method of laboratory toxicity determination and field test was adopted to study the synergistic effects of four adjuvants to Aver- mectin against diamondback moth. [ Result] Laboratory test showed that the indoor toxicity of Abamectin added with adjuvants of RUNJIE, JIEXIAOLI, SIL- WET408 and SILWET312 was higher than that of Abamectin without adjuvants, indicating that the tested adjuvants had obvious synergistic effect on Avermectin. The synergistic effects of four adjuvants were basically the same, without significant difference with each other. Field test showed that when dosage of Avermectin was reduced by 1/4, the addition of 20g adjuvants per 666.7 m2 could reach the same control effect as the routinely recommended dose. It had no adverse effect on cabbage crops, and could be promoted in production. [Condusion] The study provided technology support for reduced dosage of pesticide in vegetable production.

The Effect of Adjuvants on Penetration of beta-cypermethrin Through the Epidermis of Cabbage Leaf

The effects of three types of adjuvant (mineral oil, higher aliphatic acid and nonionic surfactant) on the penetration of beta-cypermethrin through the cabbage leaf surface were studied. The results showed that the penetration was positively correlated with both the concentration of adjuvant and the time after application, in a given range of treatment. A synergistic effect of two types of adjuvant on the penetration was found. Some physical properties of emulsions were determined. The change of the structures of the cabbage leaf surface by these adjuvants was observed from photomicrographs. The mechanism concerned with the effect of these adjuvants on the penetration of beta- cypermethrin through the cabbage leaf surface was tentatively discussed.

Liposomes as immunological adjuvants and delivery systems in the development of tuberculosis vaccine:A review

Liposomes are phospholipid bilayer vesicles,which are biocompatible,biodegradable and nontoxic vehicles suitable for numerous drug and gene delivery applications.In this review,we discuss the prospect of using liposome technology in the development of a vaccine for tuberculosis.Tuberculosis remains an important health problem that requires the development of an effective vaccine,especially since the only approved vaccine for it continues to be the Bacille Calmette-Geurin(BCG)one developed 100 years ago.This review focuses on the different applications of liposomes toward achieving this goal.Numerous liposomal formulations showing prospect in the research stage and in clinical trials are discussed.

Effect of Adjuvants on Activity and Persistence of Soil-applied Herbicide Anwei

The paper researched effect of adjuvants on activity and persistence of soil-applied herbicide Anwei.There were five adjuvants (fertility, Q7, oil, anionic and nonionic surfactants) in the experiment. We explored the influence of adjuvants on activity and persistence of Anwei by field trial. The results indicated that Q7, oil, anionic surfactant can increased activity of Anwei, and can lengthened its persistence for about five days.

A Review and Prospect on Herbicide Adjuvants

The history, present status and future prospects of adjuvants application in herbicides were briefly reviewed. Adjuvants can be separated into two groups, activator adjuvants and utility adjuvants. The former directly enhances the efficacy of a herbicide through increasement of herbicide absorption, spreading, cuticular penetration, rainfastness and retention enhancement, and photodegradation of the herbicide can also be decreased. And the latter is utilized for improving application characteristics, behaviors and physical properties of herbicides and reducing or minimizing unwanted side effects on application.

Mutants of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin as mucosal adjuvants

Mucosal vaccination has been getting more and more recognition because of its compliance and low risk of spreading infectious disease by contaminated syringes used in subcutaneous immunization. However, most vaccines are unable to induce immune responses when given mucosally, and require the use of strong adjuvant for effective delivery systems. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and Cholera toxin(CT) are powerful mucosal adjuvants when co-administered with soluble antigens. But high toxicity hampers their use in humans. Thanks to the fine knowledge of the structure-function relationship of LT and CT, many nontoxic or low toxic mutants have been generated, part of them retain high adjuvanticity of mucosal immunization. Among these mutants, LTS63K, LTA72R, LTR192G and CTE29H, CTE112K have been widely investigated. LTS63K and CTE112K are fully non toxic, whereas LTA72R and CTE29H are low toxic, and LTR192G is nontoxic in vitro(it remains the same toxicity as wild type LT in vivo). These mutants are extremely active as mucosal adjuvants when co-administrated with a variety of antigens in different animal models. They will be investigated more widely and deeply in the future. Some of them will be tested soon in human bodies.

Selection of Adjuvants for Enhanced Vaccine Potency

The advent of mass vaccination has saved millions of human lives and revolutionized the quality of life. Vaccination is currently one of the most cost effective ways of managing healthcare costs in both emerging and developed countries. Despite the long vaccine history and success, design and development of efficacious and safe vaccines has been tradi-tionally semi-empirical. This is mainly due to our limited understanding of vaccination mechanism and its influencing factors. The most important factor is arguably the type and concentration of vaccine adjuvants. Until recently, however, only one type of adjuvant – aluminum salts, had been widely used within licensed human vaccines in the US, even though a variety of novel adjuvants have been evaluated in the past few decades. This review summarizes the key adju-vants that have been evaluated in recent years with an intention to facilitate more efficient development of vaccine products to combat human diseases.

Local Adjuvants in Surgical Management of Bone Lesions

One of the most common methods for surgical treatment of bone metastasis is curettage. Local adjuvants are used to improve the effect of curettage in local cancer surgery and they may exerted their effects either chemically either physically;in orthopaedic oncology the most common are phenol, liquid nitrogen, laser, cement and argon beam coagulation. The purpose of this article is to review the main characteristics of the most common chemical and physical agents used in bone oncology, emphasizing the toxic effects of some of them, especially phenol and liquid nitrogen.

Effects of spray adjuvants and operation modes on droplet deposition and elm aphid control using an unmanned aerial vehicle

A conventional spraying mode and a fully autonomous fruit tree operation mode using a model DJ T30 unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)were used to control aphids control on elm trees and to clarify the distribution of droplets in elm trees sprayed by a UAV.The effects of six aviation spray adjuvants on elm canopy droplet deposition and aphid control were evaluated.ImageJ software was used to analyze and measure the droplet density and deposition of water sensitive paper in two modes;this was done to calculate the droplet uniformity,depositional penetration,and droplet penetration,and to verify the aphid control effect.The results showed that the droplet density increased by 79.7%-100.7% in the upper canopy and 0-394.1%in the lower canopy without adjuvants in the fully autonomous fruit tree operation mode.The upper canopy deposits increased by 65.7%-179.3%,and the lower canopy increased by 0-152.8%.When adjuvants were added,the droplet density in the upper canopy increased by 49.7-56.1%using Jiexiaofeng(JXF),and the lower canopy increased by 138.2%-177.8% using JXF,45.8%-141.3%using Beidatong(BDT),45.5%-92.9% using Gongbei(GB),0-93.5% using Maisi(MS),and 0-95.2%using Manniu(MN).The deposits of the upper canopy increased by 888.1-1154.2% using JXF,0-1298.3% using MN,0-343.9%using BDT,0-422.5% using GB,0-580.3% using MS.The lower canopy increased by 746.4%-1426.0%using JXF,226.2%-231.0% using BDT,435.8%-644.0% using GB,255.0%-322.4%using MS,and 249.3%-360.0%using MN.When JXF was added,the droplet uniformity,droplet penetration and depositional penetration were better than when using other adjuvants.The effects of JXF,BDT and GB in controlling aphids was significantly better than other adjuvants(p<0.05).The following control effects were observed;94.1% with JXF,93.1% with BDT,and 93.3% with GB after 3 d of application,and 97.9% with JXF,95.6% with BDT,and 97.1% with GB after 7 d of application.At the same time,the application of the fully autonomous fruit tree operation mode and JXF can effectively improve the density and deposits,which will produce a superposition optimization effect.Our study focuses on the prevention and control of elm aphid infestations based on the operation mode of a UAV and aviation spray adjuvants,which can provide a baseline for the control of diseases and insect pests using UAVs in agriculture and forestry.