Phenotypic Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, Class C Cephalosporinase and Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella Species Isolated from Patients Consulted at Four Yaounde-Based Hospitals

Background: Klebsiella spp. are bacteria of medical importance for their role in opportunistic infections which are often difficult to treat because of resistance to one or several antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance due to Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL), Class C cephalosporinase (AmpC) and carbapenemase enzymes in Klebsiella spp. isolated from patients consulted at four hospitals. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional and descriptive. A total of 4190 non-repetitive patients specimens from 13 types of clinical specimens were analysed from February to November 2020. Two hundred and twenty-five (225) Klebsiella spp isolates were identified using API 20E and antimicrobial susceptibility testing done according to the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. ESBL and AmpC phenotypes were determined by the combination disc method and carbapenemases by double disc synergy method, referenced by EUCAST guidelines for the resistance testing. Results: The frequency of the species was Klebsiella pneumoniae (69%, 155/255), K. oxytoca (14%, 31/255), K. ozaenae (12%, 27/225) and K. rhinoscleromatis (5%, 11/225). Isolates were most resistant to sulphomethoxazole trimethoprim (84%, 189/225), cepaholosporins (80%, 180/225), and least resistant to carbapenems (10.7%, 24/225). Two K. oxytoca and one K. pneumoniae were resistant to all antibiotics tested. Klebsiella pneumoniae had the most multidrug resistant isolates (59.4%, 134/225). Most isolates (83.6%, 188/225) expressed at least one enzyme, while 63.6% (143/225) of the isolates expressed at least two enzymes. Some isolates were ESBL (71.6%, 161/225), carbapenemase (10.7%, 24/225) and AmpC (6.6%, 15/225) producers. Three carbapenemases (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-KPC, Metallo-Beta Lactamase-MBL and OXA-48) were detected. Conclusion: These results revealed that resistance of Klebsiella spp. to cephalosporins is high and this may be exacerbated by co-expression of AmpC and carbapenemases aggravating associated patient morbidity and mortality. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance of local strains is necessary for informed decisions on empirical treatment. .

Detection of Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase of Pathogens Isolated from Pig and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

The antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics or their combinations with inhibitor sulbactum against non-lactamase- producing strains, lactamase-producing and ESBLs-producing isolates was evaluated with twofold dilution method after pathogens isolated from pigs and chickens were detected, respectively, for beta-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta- lactamases （ESBLs）, The results revealed that most of 43 clinically isolated strains could produce beta-lactamase and 3 strains of shigella isolated from chicken samples produced ESBLs. All of 30 lactamase-producing strains isolated and only one of 16 non-lactamase-producing strains were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. MICs of ampicillin against lactamaseproducing isolates decreased 10-40 and 10-20 times respectively, when it was conbined with sulbactam at ration of 1：2 and 1：4. All clinical isolates were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. The MICs of third-generation cephalosporins against lactamase-producing isolates did not change when they were conbined with sulbactam. MICs of ceftiofur and ceftriaxone against ESBLs-producing isolates decreased 2-4 times when they were conbined with sulbactam.

Post-appendectomy pelvic abscess with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli : A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix, is the most common abdominal surgical emergency requiring expedient surgical intervention. Extendedspectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyse the degradation of the betalactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins(but without carbapenemase activity), leading to resistance of these bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics. Recent increases in incidence of ESBL-producing bacteria have caused alarm worldwide. Proportion estimates of ESBLEnterobacteriaceae hover around 46% in China, 42% in East Africa, 12% in Germany, and 8% in the United States.CASE SUMMARY The impact of ESBL-producing bacteria on appendiceal abscesses and consequent pelvic abscesses are yet to be examined in depth. A literature review using the search words "appendiceal abscesses" and "ESBL Escherichia coli(E. coli)" revealed very few cases involving ESBL E. coli in any capacity in the context of appendiceal abscesses. This report describes the clinical aspects of a patient with appendicitis whodeveloped a postoperative pelvic abscess infected with ESBL-producing E. coli. In this report, we discuss the risk factors for contracting ESBL E. coli infection in appendicitis and post-appendectomy pelvis abscesses. We also discuss our management approach for postappendectomy ESBL E. coli pelvic abscesses, including drainage, pathogen identification, and pathogen characterisation. When ESBL E. coli is confirmed, carbapenem antibiotics should be promptly administered, as was done efficaciously with this patient. Our report is the first one in a developed country involving ESBL E. coli related surgical complications in association with a routine laparoscopic appendectomy.CONCLUSION Our report is the first involving ESBL E. coli and appendiceal abscesses, and that too consequent to laparoscopic appendectomy.

Appendical Perforation by Infection with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i>: Case Report

We report the very rare case of a huge appendical abscess with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the pathogen. There have been several reports of appendical infections such as appendicitis and appendical abscess caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in adults. The treatment of ESBL-producing E. coli infection is specific, and ESBL-producing bacteria have recently been reported as pathogens associated appendicitis in children. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second report of perforated appendicitis with abscess due to ESBL-producing E. coli. We discuss the diagnostic modalities and treatments for appendical abscess with ESBL-producing E. coli. and propose that the patients with perforated appendicitis and abscess formation due to ESBL-producing E. coli should be administered the antibiotic MEPM within 2 weeks to treat the abscess more effec-tively without producing other multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens in YaoundéCapital City of Cameroon

Background: Escherichia coli are ubiquitous bacteria colonising both humans and animals. Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli has been selected as a suitable indicator for the monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Death due to resistant bacteria is continuously rising in Cameroon, but the contribution of the aviary sector is not well studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the resistance profile of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli strains, isolated from faeces of broiler chickens in Yaoundé, capital city of Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from February to June 2020. Escherichia coli were isolated from samples of broilers in poultry farms in Yaoundé and submitted to the extended spectrum β-lactamase screening. The logistic regression was used to assess the statistical association of a significance threshold p-value of 0.05. Results: Out of 385 faecal samples collected in broiler farms, 114 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained out of which 30 (26.32%) were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-producing Escherichia coli. These isolates revealed high resistance to all antibiotic families. Poor storage conditions for feeds and the proximity to latrines, the troughs on the ground, the lack of foot bath and uniforms, the inadequate treatment of faeces, the poor usage of preventive antibiotics and the lack of water treatment have been identified as risk factors to faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli. Conclusion: This work reveals the emergence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in poultry farms in Yaoundé and the failure in the biosecurity system. As such, the awareness of poultry breeders on the respect of biosecurity measures may be an effective tool to tackle antimicrobial resistance, specifically in livestock industries using a One Health approach.

Diagnostic Validity of Cica Beta Test 1 for the Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Gram Negative Bacteria by Comparing with Phenotypic Method

Background: Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria is an important issue in the clinical settings. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to validate the Cica Beta Test 1 for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Method: This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006 for a period of one (01) year. All the patients presented with the clinical features of urinary tract infection and surgical as well as burn wound infection at any age with both sexes were selected as study population. All bacteria were isolated and identified by their colony morphology, staining characters, pigment production, motility and other relevant biochemical tests. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs producing isolates were done by inhibitor potentiated disc diffusion test according to CLSI recommendation. The Cica Beta Test 1 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Result: A total number of 288 Gram negative bacteria were isolated. Among these isolates Cica Beta test 1 was positive in 97 strains and phenotypic confirmatory test was positive in 89 strains. The test sensitivity of Cica Beta Test 1 was 100% (95% CI 95.9% to 100.0%). Specificity of the test was 96.0% (95% CI 92.2% to 98.2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 92.7% (95% CI 84.5% to 95.7%) and 100.0% (95% CI 98.0% to 100.0%) respectively. The accuracy of the test was 97.2% (95% CI 95.1% to 99.1%). Area under ROC curve = 0.980 (95% CI 0.964 to 0.996);p value 0.0001. Conclusion: In conclusion, Cica Beta Test 1 is very high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of ESBL from Gram negative bacteria.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase among Enterobacteria Isolated at National Public Health Laboratory of Brazzaville

The improper use of antimicrobials against infectious diseases has allowed microorganisms to develop defense mechanisms that give them insensitivity to these agents. All bacteria are concerned by this phenomenon. This work aimed to assess prevalence of beta-lactamase produced by enterobacterial isolates. Then, disc diffusion, double disc synergy test (DDST) and combined disc test (CDT) were respectively used for antimicrobial resistance, detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) and Metallo-Beta-Lactamases (MBL). bla genes were detected by PCR. A total of 132 enterobacterial strains were studied. Resistance to antibiotic families was observed with a greater frequency than 50%. Gentamicin was the least active beta-lactam antibiotic, with a resistance rate of 88%. 40.9% of strains show an ESBL phenotype and 16.6% were MBL. An overall prevalence of 74% (40/54) and respectively rates of 29.6%, 27.7% and 16.7% for blaSHV, blaCTX and blaTEM genes were observed. SHV, CTX, CTX/SHV/TEM, CTX/TEM, SHV/TEM and CTX/SHV were different ESBL genotypes observed. ESBL-producing enterobacteria isolation worried about the future of antimicrobial therapy in the Republic of Congo. This is a public health problem that requires careful monitoring and implementation of a policy of rational antibiotics use.

Activity of Fosfomycin in Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producing Klebsiella pneumonae from Hospital Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

Treatment of hospital acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-Lactamases producing Klebsiella pneumonae is a major problem. This organism expresses a high level of resistance to many groups of antibiotics. Fosfomycin is an agent which is recommended for treatment of UTIs caused by ESBLs producers. The aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity pattern of ESBLs producing urinary K. pneumonae to antimicrobial agents including fosfomycin in patients of MUHs and determine the prevalence of fosfomycin resistance mediated by plasmid mediated fosfomycin modifying enzymes fosA, fosB and fosA3. Methods: Klebsiella pneumonae urinary isolates were collected from patients with hospital acquired UTIs in Mansoura University Hospitals (MUHs). The susceptibility pattern was determined by Kirby Baur method. Isolates resistant to extended spectrum cephalosporins were tested for ESBLs production by double disc diffusion method. Fosfomycin resistance was determined by broth dilution method. Isolates resistant to fosfomycin were tested for fosA, fosB and fosA3 by PCR. Results: A total of 128 ESBLs producing K. pneumonae isolates were collected. The highest sensitivity was to imipenem (94.5%). The lowest was to trimethoprime-sulphamethoxazole (21.8%). Co-resistance of ESBLs isolates with fosfomycin was 23.2%. Eighteen fosfomycin resistant isolates (18/30) were positive to fosA. Conclusion: ESBLs producing urinary Klebsiella pneumonae express moderate sensitivity to fosfomycin. Resistance is mainly mediated by plasmid mediated fosfomycin modifying enzymes fosA.

Study on the Genotype of Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases Mediated by Plasmid in Southern China

To investigate the prevalence and genotype of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) mediated by plasmid in Gram-negative bacteria found in southern China, a total of 1184 clinical isolates of non-repetitive strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected in 2001 from 5 different cities in southern China. The ESBLs-producing isolates were distinguished by means of the phenotype confirmatory test based on the NCCLS criteria and were subjected to plasmid conjugation and electroporation experiments. Those clinical isolates succeeded in plasmid transfers had undergone plasmid conjugation and electro-transformation, plasmid DNA extraction and PstⅠ digest finger-printing analysis, as well as the universal primer PCR amplification of the TEM, SHV, CTX-M, VEB, PER and SFO genes and the DNA sequencing in order to determine the genotypes of ESBLs and their plasmid locations. It was found that the incidence of the ESBLs-producing strains of Gram-negative bacteria was 14.6% (173/1184) with 67 strains of transconjugants and 11 strains of electro-transformants, in which CTX-M-14 type was 33.3% (26/78); CTX-M-3 type was 23.1% (18/78); CTX-M-9 type was 14.1% (11/78); CTX-M-5 type was 6.4% ( 5/78); CTX-M-13 type was 2.6% (2/78); SHV-5 type was 7.7% (6/78); SHV-12 type was 5.1% (4/78), SHV-2a type was 2.6% (2/78) and unidentified type was 5.1% (4/78). 29.5% of the wild strains also carried broad-spectrum beta-lactamases TEM-1 and SHV-1 types. The above mentioned ESBLs genes were located on transferable plasmids with variable sizes (from 35 to 190?kb). The CTX-M type ESBLs was characterized by high-level of resistance to cefotaxime. It concluded that the CTX-M-type was the most prevalent genotype in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria in southern China, and the SHV-type ranks in the second place. TEM-, VEB-, Toho- and PER-types were not found in these isolates.

Analysis of Enterobacteriaceae Producing Broad-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in the Intensive Care Unit Setting

Strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family producing ESBL and AmpC broad-spectrum beta-lactamases that may survive in the hospital setting potentially cause infection in hospitalized patients due to contaminated objects or health care workers’ hands. Over a period of two months (November-December 2010), a single epidemiological study of microbial contamination of air, surfaces and health care workers (swabs from both nostrils and the right hand without a glove) was carried out at two intensive care units of the University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic. The bacteria were identified using standard microbiological methods. Phenotypic detection of ESBL and AmpC enzymes and basic genetic analysis of ESBL- and AmpC-positive isolates was performed. The same approach was used to identify and analyze bacteria isolated from clinical samples of patients hospitalized at the above departments over the study period. From a total of 140 environmental samples collected over the study period, 21 isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae family were identified, with ESBL and AmpC production being detected in 4 and 7 isolates, respectively. Among patients’ clinical samples, 10 ESBL- and 6 AmpC-positive isolates were detected. No similarity was found between environmental isolates and strains isolated from patients.

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶和质粒介导的AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及基因型研究

目的 了解我院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及超广谱β-内酰胺酶和质粒介导的AmpC酶基因型。 方法采用Microscan微生物鉴定仪、微量肉汤稀释法,测定临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌对21种抗菌药物的敏感 性;采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及测序技术分析超广谱β-内酰胺酶和质粒介导的AmpC酶基因型。结果 肺炎克 雷伯菌对亚胺培南全部敏感,对环丙沙星、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿莫西 林／舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢噻肟和头孢哌酮的耐药率分别为36.6％、38.3％、56.7％、63.4％、81.7％、86.7％、 96.6％、98.3％和98.3％,对其他药物的耐药率为100％;60株肺炎克雷伯菌全部扩增出TEM基因,有25株细 菌检出CTX-M-Ⅰ群基因,有54株细菌扩增出DHA基因,而PER和MIR(ACT-1)全部为阴性;且有21株肺炎 克雷伯菌同时携带CTX-M-Ⅰ群、DHA和TEM基因。结论我院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌为多重耐药菌,同时 存在CTX-M-3型超广谱β-内酰胺酶和DHA-1型质粒介导的AmpC酶,尚未发现PER型超广谱β-内酰胺酶和 MIR型质粒介导的AmpC酶。

阴沟肠杆菌质粒型AmpC酶基因的研究

目的调查阴沟肠杆菌质粒型AmpC酶基因的流行状况及基因型。方法采用ATB药敏试验板微量肉汤法,对44株临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌进行抗菌药物敏感试验,PCR方法检测DHA和ACT型AmpC酶基因。结果44株阴沟肠杆菌呈多重耐药;36株质粒AmpC酶基因阳性(81.8%),DHA和ACT-1基因阳性率分别为11.4%、79.5%,而且3株阴沟肠杆菌同时携带DHA和ACT-1基因。结论临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌多重耐药严重、质粒AmpC酶基因携带率高;阴沟肠杆菌中检出ACT-1基因为国内首次报道。

13种抗生素对产AmpC酶或同时产ESBLs细菌的体外抗菌活性

目的 了解临床下呼吸道感染常见革兰氏阴性杆菌产 Amp C酶或同时产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL s)的情况 ,检测常用 13种抗生素对这些菌株的体外抗菌活性 ,以指导临床合理选择抗生素。方法 采用酶提取物三维试验确证产 Amp C酶或同时产 ESBL s菌株 ,应用琼脂二倍稀释法测定抗生素对这些菌株的最低抑菌浓度 (MICs)。结果 从临床痰标本分离对第一、二代及一种以上第三代头孢菌素耐药的 2 2 6株常见革兰氏阴性杆菌 ,包括阴沟肠杆菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌 ,其中单产 Amp C酶 34株 ,同时产 Amp C酶和 ESBL s15株 ,总检出率分别为 15 .0 % (34/ 2 2 6 )、6 .6 %(15 / 2 2 6 )。无论单产 Amp C酶还是同时产 Amp C酶和 ESBL s的细菌对第三代头孢菌素、氨曲南及头孢美唑高度耐药 ,敏感率从 0～ 14 .7% ;对含 β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合制剂哌拉西林 /三唑巴坦、阿莫西林 /克拉维酸、头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦耐药情况亦严重 ,敏感率从 0～ 2 9.4 % ;对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星除大肠埃希氏菌外有较高的敏感性 ,总敏感率均为 71.4 % ;而对亚胺培南高度敏感 ,仅有 1株铜绿假单胞菌耐药。单产 Amp C酶细菌对头孢吡肟、阿米卡星敏感率分别为 97.1%、6 4 .7% ,同时产 Amp C酶?

阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检测

目的：去阻遏持续高产ＡｍｐＣ酶，或产生超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ＥＳＢＬｓ），或同时高表达这两类酶，是阴沟肠杆菌对多种β－内酰胺类抗生素耐药的主要机制。方法：建立了一种改良的酶提取物三维试验法，在常规ＮＣＣＬＳ纸片扩散法基础上接种大肠杆菌ＡＴＣＣ ２５９２２，在头孢西叮药敏纸片周围放射性切出琼脂小槽，待测菌的粗酶提取物在槽内扩散，与头孢西叮纸片扩散相交。结果：由于ＡｍｐＣ酶水解头孢西叮，出现抑菌圈内生长细菌，这一现象能被加入槽内的邻氯西林抑制，而ＥＳＢＬｓ不能水解头孢西叮，无此现象。因邻氯西林不能抑制ＥＳＢＬｓ活性，同样用头孢由松取代头抱西叮纸片，用邻氯西林抑制槽内ＡｍｐＣ酶，可测出 ＥＳＢＬｓ。使用该法检测分别产 ＡｍｐＣ酶、 ＥＳＢＬｓ的标准株和 ２４株临床分离多重耐药的阴沟肠杆菌。结果各种标准株检测无误，２４株阴沟肠杆菌中，１４株去阻遏持续高产ＡｍｐＣ酶试验阳性，４株产ＥＳＢＬｓ试验阳性，５株此两类酶检测均阳性，１株此两类酶检测均阴性，原因待分析。结论：对于阴沟肠杆菌，这种改良的酶提取物三维试验法能较好地鉴别持续高产 ＡｍｐＣ酶和 ＥＳＢＬ的阴沟肠杆菌，并适用于临床常规检验。

阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶的耐药调查

目的 了解阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶 ,或产超广谱β 内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)及同时表达这两类酶的现状及耐药性 ,指导医生临床用药。方法 采用改良的酶提取物三维试验法 ,检测阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶 ,用表型确证试验检测ESBLs,并用K B法对抗菌药物进行体外药敏试验。结果 在 6 8株阴沟肠杆菌中 ,8株持续高产AmpC酶 ,14株产ESBLs,3株同时表达这两种酶。结论 产酶菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性远远高于不产酶菌 ,且多重耐药 ,改良的酶提取物三维试验法 ,能较好地检测阴沟肠杆菌持续高产AmpC酶 ,适用于临床常规检验 ,为临床医生使用抗菌药物提供合理建议 。

大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌中质粒AmpC酶的流行分布

目的了解我院大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌中质粒AmpC酶的流行分布及其基因型特征。方法对1 935株大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌进行了AmpC酶纸片扩散法筛选试验(头孢西丁≤18),对筛选阳性株分别进行三维试验、多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)、等电聚焦电泳(IEF)、接合试验、PCR及测序,以确定表型及基因型。结果1 935株细菌中,纸片筛选、三维试验、多重PCR的阳性数分别为327、85、54株;13株产C IT群质粒AmpC酶细菌有4株接合试验阳性;IEF证实这4株细菌均产生等电点为9.0、可以被氯唑西林抑制而不能被克拉维酸抑制的β-内酰胺酶。结论我院大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌中质粒AmpC酶的阳性率为2.79%(54/1 935)。基因型为DHA群和C IT群2类。

检测AmpC酶三维试验方法的改进

目的简便检测AmpC酶三维试验的方法。方法将提取AmpC酶冻溶的温度-70℃改为-20℃,将加酶的挖槽法改为打孔法。结果55株耐三代头孢菌素和头孢西丁的细菌,用两种冻溶方法均检出6株高产AmpC酶菌,其中用原提酶法,5株菌在挖槽和打孔中加入粗酶液10μl,另1株菌在挖槽和打孔中加入粗酶液30μl时出现阳性结果;用改进提酶法,5株菌在挖槽和打孔中加入粗酶液10μl,另1株菌在打孔中加入粗酶液30μl,而在挖槽中加入50μl时出现阳性结果。结论改进的提取AmpC酶的方法与原方法结果相同,改进的加酶打孔法比挖槽法优越,改进的三维试验方法简便、准确、不需要特殊设备,适合于各级实验室应用。

铜绿假单胞菌ampC基因分布和产酶状况对药物敏感性的影响

目的:了解147株铜绿假单胞菌ampC基因分布和产酶状况对药敏的影响。方法:通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测ampC基因分布情况,PCR产物克隆测序;通过酶提取物三维试验检测AmpC酶;纸片扩散法检测铜绿假单胞菌的药敏情况。结果:107株铜绿假单胞菌ampC基因阳性(占72.8%),PCR产物测序结果与Gene-Bank序列(AE 004827)同源性为100%。ampC基因阴性菌株依次对亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感,敏感率均≥90.0%;ampC基因阳性菌株对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率明显降低(P<0.05);147株铜绿假单胞菌中88株产AmpC酶(占60.0%),不产AmpC酶菌株依次对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟敏感,产AmpC酶菌株仅对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟保持较高敏感率,而对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、氨曲南、头孢呋辛敏感率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:铜绿假单胞菌广泛存在着ampC耐药基因,明确ampC基因分布和产酶状况有助于临床抗菌药物的选用。

耐头孢西丁革兰阴性杆菌高产AmpC酶发生率及基因型与耐药性研究

目的了解耐头孢西丁革兰阴性杆菌高产AmpC酶发生率及基因型分布和耐药性。方法对155株无重复耐头孢西丁革兰阴性杆菌,用酶提取物三维试验检测AmpC酶;ATB药敏试验板和K-B法检测产酶株的药物敏感性;质粒转化试验定位耐药基因;PCR扩增AmpC酶与ESBLs基因及其序列测定确定其基因型。结果高产AmpC酶的发生率为23.2%;自2株肺炎克雷伯菌和5株大肠埃希菌中检出DHA-1、CMY-2和CMY-22型AmpC酶,5株大肠埃希菌还分别同时携带TEM-1型广谱酶和TEM-144、CTX-M-27和CTX-M-14型超广谱β-内酰胺酶;CMY-22型和TEM-144型β-内酰胺酶是国内外首次报道,获得美国GenBank登录号分别为DQ256079和DQ256080。结论加强耐头孢西丁革兰阴性杆菌高产AmpC酶的监测,治疗相关菌感染以亚胺培南和美罗培南为首选;福州发现DHA-1、CMY-2和CMY-22型AmpC酶。

ESBLs阳性大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产AmpC酶的检测与体外抗菌活性分析

目的检测杭州市4所医院分离的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的AmpC酶,并对临床常用的抗菌药物进行体外抗菌活性分析。方法收集2005-2006年浙江省人民医院、浙江大学医学院附属第二医院、杭州市中医院、浙江大学医学院附属第一医院的ESBLs阳性大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共324株,用纸片法和三维试验检测AmpC酶,并用多重PCR分析AmpC酶的基因型,对产AmpC酶的病原菌采用琼脂稀释法测定临床常用的10种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MICs)。结果324株ESBLs阳性菌株用表型筛选试验筛选出76株产AmpC酶菌株,阳性率为23.5%,用多重PCR共扩增到53株AmpC酶基因型,检出率为69.7%,碳青酶烯类抗菌药物MIC50<0.25μg/ml,同时还发现4株耐碳青酶烯酶菌株。结论在杭州市ESBLs阳性大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中存在较高的AmpC酶发生率,碳青酶烯类抗菌药物具有较好的抗菌活性。