Ancient Site Discovered in Modern Plaza

People who have been to Wangfujing,Beijing’s major shopping district, are amazed bythe extraordinary palaeoanthropological siteunearthed there. "It is miraculous that humanbeings who lived here 20,000 years ago are

A Lightweight Data Aggregation Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks for the Protection of Ancient Sites

In the application of large-scale ancient site protection, it is necessary to continuously monitor the ambient light, temperature, humidity and so on. However, it is impractical to frequently replace the nodes’ battery in the protected areas. So, the key methods to prolong the network lifetime are to aggregate the collected data and reduce the number of transferring messages. In this paper a Lightweight Data Aggregation Protocol (LDAP) based on the characteristics of the environmental changes in ancient sites is proposed. It has been implemented in the Lab with a dozen of MICAz motes and deployed in the real ancient sites. The result shows that LDAP is effective in reducing the number of transferring packets and satisfies the real application requirements.

Characteristics of Soil Fertility of Buried Ancient Paddy at Chuodun Site in Yangtze River Delta, China

Field investigation and laboratory analysis of 22 ancient paddy soils excavated at Chuodun site, Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, China were carried out in 2003 to （1） understand the basic characteristics of ancient paddy soils, （2） compare the difference of soil fertility between ancient paddy soils and recent paddy soils, and （3） inquire into mechanisms of the sustainability of paddy soil. The oldest paddy soils at Chuodun site can be dated back to Neolithic age, around 6000 aBP. These ancient fields were buried in about 1-m deep from the soil surface and their areas ranged from 0.32 to 12.9 m^2 with an average of 5.2 m^2. The paddy soils with 〉 5 000 pellets phytolith g^-1 soil were termed intensively cultivated paddy soils （ICPS） and those with 〈5000 pellets phytolith g^-1 soil were called weakly cultivated soils （WCPS）. The contents of organic carbon （OC）, and total N in the former were significantly higher than that in the latter. Ancient paddy soils had higher soil pH and C/N, total and available P, and lower contents of OC, DOC, total N, S, Cu, Fe, and available K, S, Fe, Mn, and Cu compared with recent paddy soils, which were attributed to application of chemical and manure fertilizers, pollution and acidification in recent paddy soils. The variation coefficients of OC and other nutrients in ancient paddy soils with higher PI were greater than that in ancient paddy soils with low PI, which indicated that human activities had a great impact on the spatial variability of soil nutrients. The contents of OC, total N, P and S in ancient paddy soils were higher than that in ancient moss of the same age, which indicated that planting rice during Majiabang culture period was beneficial to the accumulation of those life elements.

Conservation of Jiaohe ancient earthen site in China

Earthen sites, which are mainly made of earth, are cultural heritages with historical, artistic and scientific values. Many extremely valuable earthen sites have been preserved in the arid areas in China. The earthen site of Jiaohe Ancient City is one of the earliest National Protected Important Cultural Heritage Sites. The Jiaohe Ancient City site exhibits all kinds of deteriorations, which can be found in the earthen sites in arid environments in China. Through a case study of the Jiaohe ancient earthen site, we present in this paper the comprehensive conservation technologies, including the mud bricklaying and reparation, wooden rod anchorage, crack grouting, surface potassium silicate （PS） penetration consolidation, and suspended steel beam ceiling, etc. Results of this case study showed that better conservation effects could be achieved by selecting proper PS penetration and crack grouting processes based on the deterioration characteristics of the earthen sites. The technology of mud bricklaying and reparation was also an effective method for preventing the earthen body from collapsing. Compared with traditional conservation technologies, the suspended steel beam ceiling technology could effectively reduce the negative impacts to the original state of the earthen site. As for unstable cliffs, a new method using composite anchor rod of bamboo and steel with massive loose earth was applied. Deformation monitoring and temporary supports were critical and indispensable measures for the safe of site conservation projects. Through years of monitoring and practical operation at the Jiaohe ancient earthen site, deterioration at the site has been effectively controlled.

Application of high-density resistivity method in archaeological investigation of Sumicheng ancient city site

The authors employ the high-density resistivity method during an archaeological investigation of Sumicheng site,an ancient city of the Tang Dynasty,to find evidence of human activities and locate a favorable target for archaeological excavation in the southern part of the outer city.There are two obvious high-resistivity structures,the south wall of the inner city and an ancient building near the south gate along the outer city wall,of which the resistivities are indicative of rammed soil foundations.The south wall of the inner city is continuous but is cut off abruptly to the east,which we suggest it is due to either wall damage or destruction.The resistivity signature of the target area is verified by archaeological excavation,proving the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing the high-density resistivity method for archaeological exploration.

The Principle of Authenticity and the Protection and Renewal of the Qujiang Site in Ancient Chang'an

In order to explore the protection and renewal law of historic sites in the process of contemporary urban construction, combined with the protection and renewal practice of Qujiang garden cultural landscape heritage sites in ancient Chang'an, this paper analyzed the authenticity in the protection and renewal of different historic sites, and explored the possibility of flexible use of the concept of authenticity in the process of protection and renewal of historic sites.

Ancient River in the Houjiayao Site, Nihewan Basin and Its Environmental Archaeological Significance

Lying on the northwest of Nihewan Basin, Houjiayao Site was discovered 40 years ago. But there is still a controversy about the existence age and the living environment of Houjiayao ancient human. Based on the geological investigations, electrical resistivity sounding and altitude measuring, authors of this paper attempt to do a research on stratigraphic structure and the development of the ancient river in Houjiayao Site, and to interpret the above problems. The results are as follows:(1) An ancient river, which came from Xionger Mountain in the north of the Site, developed in Houjiayao Site, and its width was more than 1 km. The ancient river formed before 240 ka B.P., and disappeared in the early stage of the late Pleistocene, and its developing history ran through the entire living stage of Houjiayao ancient human.(2) The Site cultural relics were not buried in the lacustrine facies, but in the oxbow lake sediments of the ancient river and clay layer which laid on the oxbow lake sediments unconformably during the period of 224-161 ka B.P., and it indicated that the Houjiayao ancient people lived here for as long as 60 ka years.(3) The Site looked like a wide armchair faced southeast, and it provided a relatively mild and comfortable environment for the ancient. The ancient river provided the ancient human with water, and the superior eco-environment also provided plentiful food for the ancient human. Xionger Mountain was not only the source of the ancient river, but also the producing area for high quality stone materials. The old river carried stone materials to the Site, making it easier to make stone implements. Hence, the ancient human, who lived in cold weather, were more likely to choose better habitats such as the Houjiayao Site near the ancient river.(4) The old river embedded in the lacustrine facies, so the content of silt was high, and it was feculent. And the water of the oxbow lake near Houjiayao Site was clear and slow. What's more, with plentiful plants, the oxbow lake was a preferred place for all kinds of animals to get food and water. But the geomorphologic features of this oxbow lake made it hard for animals to escape when faced with dangerous situations. So ancient human had a better chance to get food from hunting near the oxbow lake than in other areas.

良渚古城老虎岭水坝遗址考古剖面保护研究与工程实践

良渚古城老虎岭水坝遗址是我国迄今发现最早的大型水利工程系统中的一处典型遗存,对中国文明起源和世界文明史的研究具有重要意义。为清晰地展示老虎岭水坝土遗址上“草裹泥”筑坝工艺的痕迹,针对温热、潮湿、多雨环境土遗址保护的难题,在总结吸取国内土遗址保护经验教训的基础上,借助浙江大学的研究成果和敦煌研究院的工程经验,提出了一套避免使用化学材料加固,而以“黑屋+隔水+控湿”为主的小环境控制工程策略,包括:构建遮光大棚以避雨和抑制绿色生物生长;铺设防水毯以防止坝体渗水;设置电加热玻璃罩以保湿和封闭展示面;采用气相补水以调控空气湿度和土体含水率;采用植物精油等绿色环保技术防治微生物;同时做好遗址实时监测和管护等。这套综合保护措施是土遗址保护理念和工程实践的一次新的尝试。

乡村古建筑史迹数字化保护设计

该文从乡村古建筑史迹数字化发展面临的问题出发,选取桂林全州县屏山渡红军古街作为研究对象,通过实地考察收集到的图像和数据,构建出三维数字场景,再现当地建筑环境,达到对乡村古建筑史迹数字化保护的目的。通过数字化的方式,吸引更多的人关注乡村保护,实现文化遗产的传承,同时也对于未来的发展提出一些想法和期望。

燎祭对三星堆古象牙周际土壤微生物群落的影响

三星堆遗址四号祭祀坑象牙表面留有灼烧痕迹,其上附着黑色灰烬.为了解黑色灰烬土对古象牙保存的影响,本研究比较了灰烬土和对照黄土的理化性质,并对其中微生物进行了高通量测序和多组学分析.结果发现,灰烬土中水分和有机碳含量显著高于未灼烧黄土(P<0.05).高通量测序显示,灰烬土和黄土中均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)占优势,灰烬土中含有更高丰度的细菌属Methylotenera、Flavobacterium和Ac⁃idovorax,以及真菌属Mortierella、Penicillium和Aspergillus.代谢组显示,灰烬土中L-苹果酸、泛酸等有机酸显著低于黄土,而对古象牙腐蚀性更强的草酸则显著高于黄土(P<0.05).因此,烧灼引起土壤理化性质的显著变化,使灰烬土中含有更高水分和有机碳,以及更低pH值,其微生物群落结构和组成改变导致草酸增高,增加了出土古象牙的腐蚀风险.

考古遗址所见成都平原史前洪水与治水

在系统梳理成都平原地区史前考古遗址中所见古洪水证据的基础上,对古洪水发生的规律及背景因素进行分析。现有证据表明:成都平原史前古洪水多发生在宝墩文化晚期及十二桥文化时期,且多集中在4.0 ka BP及3.0 ka BP两个时间节点前后,与长江、黄河流域古洪水记录具有同步性。一方面可能与成都平原地区的地理水文要素有关;另一方面,4.0 ka BP和3.0 ka BP前后古洪水记录增多可能与4.2 ka BP及2.8 ka BP全球性气候灾变事件有关。通过探讨古蜀先民治水思想及治水技术的发展,认为古蜀先民在与洪水作斗争的过程中治水技术和治水思想也在不断地发展和进步,古蜀文明不断发展的过程也是先民不断治水并总结经验的过程,其治水技术的进步和治水思想的提高最终成就了伟大的都江堰水利工程。

四川宜宾井场滑坡成因分析与治理措施

四川宜宾珙县的某油气井场位于古滑覆堆积体上,因井场作业平台开挖导致古滑堆积体局部复活,在2018年3月时发生滑塌,处于蠕动变形中。据现场调查表明,该井场滑坡平面形态呈舌状,纵长约200 m,横向宽度约150 m,滑坡前后缘高差约35 m,钻探结构滑体厚度约8 m,推测滑坡体积约为27×10^(4)m^(3)。井场滑坡在平面上分为4个变形区域,在井场平台和滑体中后部发育大量张拉裂缝和隆起开裂,裂缝宽度约4~8 cm,隆起高度达21~35 cm。特殊的地形条件和土层结构造成滑坡出现多层滑面。考虑到井场滑坡属于边滑边治的情况,选定治理方案主要为抗滑桩+锚索+桩间网喷+桩顶连系梁+挡墙+截排水沟,并通过后期监测验证方案的合理性。监测结果表明:各监测点抗滑桩的桩顶水平位移和竖向位移逐渐收敛,趋于稳定,锚索应力呈现平缓状态,稳定在14 kN左右。该治理方案应用性较好,可为相关项目提供设计参考。

扣罩式古城墙维护修缮方法前景分析

在城市现代化进程发展过程中,如何将新挖掘出的损毁严重的古城墙进行统一保护和协同发展,在更好地彰显古城墙魅力的同时将古城墙的遗址最大化地保护和发展,是当下应当研究和关注的问题。该文在查阅大量文献的基础上,总结古城墙发掘、修缮、保护施工方式的现状,包括国外对古建筑遗址发掘、保护现状的调查分析,对古城墙发掘、修缮、保护的前景进行一些展望分析。

周代薛国考古发现及相关问题

目前周代薛国遗存主要是前掌大墓地和薛国故城,这两处遗存在时代上有着前后相接的关系。前掌大主要是西周早中期薛国贵族墓葬、车马坑和平民墓葬,也有一些建筑基址;薛国故城遗址的时代主要是西周中晚期至战国早中期,在这里发现了城、壕沟、宫殿和薛侯及高等级贵族墓葬,多件铜器铭文有薛、薛侯等。东莱、大韩等也可能属于薛国春秋晚期至战国早期贵族墓地。前掌大墓地出土的青铜器铭文主要为“史”族符号,传世西周早期铜器铭文中薛侯与“史”族符号共存,说明薛来自商末的“史”族。薛国主要保持着腰坑、殉狗、殉人、族徽及日名等商系文化,但也受到了姬周文化的浸染,如列鼎制度、随葬品组合与风格等。

早期东亚与古埃及建筑特征相通性观察

青铜时代晚期以降的东西方沟通日益密切,以殷墟、周原、秦咸阳城、汉长安城、西汉诸侯王大型岩穴墓等商周秦汉宫庙陵墓为代表的东方建筑,与底比斯、阿玛纳、孟斐斯宫庙陵墓代表的古埃及建筑特征息息相通,包括建筑组群规划布局、建筑单体空间结构、建筑空间尺度与比例等,形成共性显著又自成体系的空间设计理念,典型如多宫布局、多重阙门、前殿后室、陵前巷道。其影响波及古代朝鲜半岛与日本,塑造了两地以飞鸟宫苑与寺院、伊势神宫、朝鲜王朝宗庙等为代表的七世纪以至后期宫庙寺刹的空间形态,如横院格局、宫室与池苑关系、双院设计等,部分建筑礼俗也传承至今。

明清时期逢简水乡古墟市历史沿革与空间分布研究

明清时期传统农业向商品性农业的迅速转变,促使墟市在珠江三角洲顺德地区的乡村大量出现。逢简水乡处于顺德中西部,水网稠密,商贸发达,随着内外经贸的不断发展,此地墟市经历了从内向型农业经济转向外向型商贸经济的变化过程。在近二三十年的城市改造和发展当中,由于对位于现代城镇中心区的传统墟市空间缺乏足够的认识和保护,传统墟市空间逐渐消失,成为城镇历史文化延续的遗憾。该文主要以逢简村传统墟市为例,结合志书记载和实地探勘,分析在传统农业社会发展中出现的典型墟市和其影响因素,推测其空间分布及形态,探讨岭南水乡的墟市空间及功能特点,为经由这些传统墟市发展起来的当代城镇空间保护与传承提供有益的参考。

古建筑、壁画及土遗址中常见害虫防治研究的现状与展望

不可移动文物是反映过去社会生产力发展和社会生活状况的重要实物资料,具有极高的历史、艺术及科学价值,是文物研究的重要对象。长期处于室外环境使不可移动文物遭受各种劣化,由虫害引起的生物劣化是文物损坏的重要原因之一。其中,古建筑、壁画及土遗址3类不可移动文物受虫害影响尤为严重。本文根据文物种类划分阐述了古建筑、壁画及土遗址中主要虫害类型及机理,对当前的文物虫害防治方法进行归纳总结。传统的文物虫害防治以物理、化学治理方法为主。化学方法是较为快速有效的除虫方法,但化学药剂给生态环境带来了较大的污染,且文物自身的脆弱性使化学杀虫剂应用受到限制。当前,多种具有长效性和环境友好性的绿色杀虫剂对传统化学方法进行了极大的改进。此外,利用生物天敌或寄生生物控制害虫的生物防治法不仅对生态系统影响较小,且具有较长持效性,是新型害虫防治研究的热点,但用于防治的生物种类是否会对文物造成危害还有待进一步的研究。文物虫害防治作为一个交叉研究领域,建筑、农业等领域的虫害防治方法对其有较大启发意义和参考价值。最后,本文针对不可移动文物常见害虫的防治研究现状进行讨论和展望,期望为文物害虫防治研究提供参考。