Multifunctional Lubricant Additive Improves Lubrication and Antioxidation Properties of Tung Oil

It is of considerable significance to develop efficient and environmentally friendly machinery lubricant additives because of the increasing depletion of petrochemical resources and severe environmental problems.Herein,we proposed a facile strategy to synthesize a multifunctional vegetable oil-based lubricant via the lignin derivative vanillin coupled to amine and diethyl phosphite to produce a lubricating additive with both extreme pressure and antioxidant properties.Compared with pure tung oil,the lubricating and antioxidant performance of tung oil is significantly improved after adding additives.Adding the 1.0 wt%additive to the tung oil reduced the friction wear coefficient and the volume,and the oxidation induction time was much longer than pure tung oil.

Correlation Between Antioxidation and the Content of Total Phenolics and Anthocyanin in Black Soybean Accessions

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between antioxidations and the contents of the total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean. A T-test, a fast clustering procedure, and a correlation coefficient analysis were used for experimentation. The variation ranges of the total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, the total phenolics, and anthocyanin contents in 127 black soybean accessions were 0.44-3.56, 7.05-74.82, and 0.22-1.87 mg g-l, respectively, displaying significant genotype differences. The major differences in TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents existed among various types of accessions from geographical regions. The differences between the accessions from black and yellow soybeans, spring and autumn, summer and autumn, Dongbeichun and Nanfangchun, Dongbeichun and Nanfangxia, Beifangchun and Nanfangchun, and Beifangchun and Nanfangxia were significant at 0.01 or 0.05 levels, respectively. The general tendency was that the TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents of Beifangchun accessions were higher than that of Dongbeichun ones, while that of Nanfangchun accessions were the worst. 127 black soybean accessions could be clustered into 6 clusters, which consisted of 3, 24, 20, 31, 37, and 12 accessions, respectively. The most significant （P 〈 0.01） correlations existed respectively between the TAC and the total showed that the total substances phenolics content, and the TAC and the anthocyanin content of black soybean. The results phenolics and anthocyanin in black soybean seed coat were the important antioxidation

Antioxidations and Their Correlations with Total Flavones and Anthocyanin Contents in Different Black Rice Varieties

The antioxidations and their correlations with total flavones and anthocyanin contents in different black rice varieties were studied. The results indicated that the great differences in total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, scavenging free radical capacity （SFRC）, total flavones and anthocyanin contents existed among 242 black rice varieties. Comparisons of TAC, SFRC, total flavones and anthocyanin contents of different black rice types showed that the differences between black rice and white rice, indica one and japonica one, and nonglutinous one and glutinous one were significant at 0.01 levels, respectively. This showed that the TAC, SFRC, total flavones and anthocyanin contents of japonica type were higher than those of indica one, and nonglutinous type were higher than glutinous one. According to the fast clustering procedure, 242 black rice varieties could be clustered into 10 clusters, 184 indica rice varieties into 10 clusters, and 58 japonica rice varieties into 6 clusters. Most significant （P〈0.01） correlations existed between TAC and total flavones and anthocyanin contents, and between SFRC and total flavones and anthocyanin contents of black rice, respectively. This showed that the antioxidation of black rice was closely correlated with its active compositions of flavones and anthocyanin.

Effect of acute alcoholism on hepatic enzymes and oxidation/antioxidation in rats

BACKGROUND: Around the world more and more people suffer from acute alcoholism. The purpose of this study was to determine hepatic enzymes and oxidation/antioxidation in rats with acute alcoholism. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into three groups; control, low-dose alcohol, and high-dose alcohol. Each al- cohol group ( n = 12) was intravenously infused with etha- nol at a dose of 0.3 or 0.7 g/kg body weight respectively. The control group (n =11) was intravenously infused with normal saline at a dose of 0.5 g/kg body weight. Blood was collected for detection of hepatic enzymes and index of oxidation/antioxidation. RESULTS: The ratio of AST to ALT was 2.44±0.46, 2.57± 0.60 and 3.03 ±0.46 in the three groups, and the difference was significant between the control and high-dose alcohol groups (P^0.05). No significant changes were observed in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspar- tate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (Tp), albumin (Alb), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholinesterase (ChE), total bilirubin (TB), C-reactive protein (CRP) and amy- lase. The levels of serum nitric oxide (NO) in the 3 groups were 39.2 ±73.25 mol/L, 42.30 ±4.60 mol/L and 47.86± 4.66 mol/L, and significant difference was seen between the control group and the high-dose alcohol group (P < 0.01). No significant difference was found in the levels of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondiethylaldehyde (MDA), and CRP in the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: The ratio of AST to ALT appears to be a useful index for acute alcohol intoxication. NO is involved in the mechanism of acute alcohol intoxication.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside with antioxidation activity from the root bark of Morus alba L.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside（1） was isolated from the root bark ofMorus alba L.,along with moracin M-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）,and moracin M-6,3′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（3）.Compound 1 was identified as 2-methylene-3-methoxy-2, 5-dihydrofuran-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.In addition,the antioxidant activity of 1 was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） and 2,2′-azinobis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid（ABTS） assay.The IC_（50） values were 2.49 and 0.45 mg/mL,respectively.

Antioxidation Study of Sm(Co, Cu, Fe, Zr)_z-Sintered Permanent Magnets by Metal Injection Molding

Antioxidation effects on Sm （Co, Cu, Fe, Zr）z-sintered magnets treated by different methods were studied through TGA and DTA. Microstructure of Sm（Co, Cu, Fe, Zr）z-sintered magnets was analyzed through SEM and EDS. The results indicate that the antioxidation effect of the alloy powder treated in silane solution is better than that of the other methods. The alloy powders treated in stearic acid （SA） solution and polymethyl methacrylate （PMMA） solution can prevent powders from oxidation for a short period of time. Silane solution is not suitable for metal injection molding （MIM） because it severely damages the magnetic properties and microstructure of Sm（Co, Cu, Fe, Zr）z-sintered magnets. SA solution can not only prevent powders from oxidizing in MIM, but also does not damage magnetic properties and microstructure of Sm（Co, Cu, Fe, Zr）z magnets. The oxygen content of Sm（Co, Cu, Fe, Zr）z-sintered magnets by MIM is 3300μg·g^-1.

Oxidation and Antioxidation of Nanocrystalline Powders of Nd-Fe-B

The Nd Fe B magnet powders were treated by organosilicon resins, silane coupling agent and dichromate salts. Using temperature tests, high temperature and high humidity tests, and DTA, the antioxidation behavior was studied. The results show that antioxidation characte ristics are improved remarkably.

MOXIBUSTION ENHANCES ANTIOXIDATION ACTIVITY OF THE BODY

Moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) for two weeks increased the activity of both total antioxidation and SOD in rat plasma and gastric mucosa, decreased the content of MDA in the plasma butnot in the gastric mucosa.

Effects of L-carnitine on Blood Lipid Metabolism and Antioxidation in Hyperlipidemia Rats

[Objective] To study the effects of L-carnitine （LC） on lowering the high blood lipid and antioxidation in hyperlipidemia rats. [Method] 50 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. They were fed with standard diet, high-cholesterol diet and high-cholesterol diet with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 g/（ kg · d） LC. After the LC groups were consecutively orally administered LC for 28 days, rat serum total cholesterol （ TC）, triglyceride （TG）, high density lipoprotein （ HDL-C）, low density lipoprotein （LDL-C） content, as well as super oxide dismutase （SOD） activity and malondial- dehyde （MDA） content in serum and liver were determined. [ Reset~ Compared with the high-fat model group, LC could significantly reduce the se- rum TC, TG, LDL-C levels, increase HDL-C level, and enhance SOD activity in serum and liver, decrease the content of MDA （ P 〈0.05）. [ Con- Clusion] LC might have a significant role in lowering the high blood lipid and improving internal antioxidant capacity in hyperlipidemia rats.

Insight into synergistic antioxidation mechanisms of butyl hydroxyanisole with common synthetic antioxidants

Butyl hydroxyanisole(BHA) is usually blended with other synthetic antioxidants to improve the antioxidative property due to synergistic antioxidation. However, the synergistic antioxidation mechanisms of BHA with synergists have not been revealed yet. Thus, the antioxidation of BHA with butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT), tert-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ), or propyl gallate(PG) was investigated in the 2,2-azobis(2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride oxidizing system. The contents of BHA, BHT, TBHQ,PG, and transformation products were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Transformation products were identified with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results showed that synergistic antioxidation occurred between BHA and BHT, TBHQ, or PG. The synergistic antioxidation effect of BHA and BHT was attributed to the regeneration of BHA by BHT. Transformation products of BHA and BHT(compounds 6 and 7, dimers of BHA and BHT) had little contribution due to the relatively low content(<0.6%). The synergistic antioxidation effect of BHA and TBHQ or BHA and PG was attributed to the protective mechanism of TBHQ or PG on BHA. No transformation products were detected of BHA and TBHQ. Transformation products of BHA and PG(compounds 9 and 10, dimers of BHA and PG) had limited contribution due to the relatively low percentage(<7%). Therefore, BHA and BHT performed competitive antioxidation,while BHA and TBHQ or PG performed protective antioxidation.

Correlation between Metroptosis Pathogenesis of Buffalo and Contents of Serum Calcium,Phosphorus and Antioxidation Levels

[Objective] The paper was to study the metroptosis pathogenesis of dairy buffalo.[Method]A total of 53 dairy buffaloes were selected to detect serum calcium,phosphorus,malondialdehyde（MDA） and total antioxidant capacity（TAC） levels.Dairy buffaloes were divided into metroptosis group（M） and healthy control group（UM） according to metroptosis situations of buffalo.The correlation between metroptosis of buffalo and calcium,phosphorus and oxidation/antioxidation levels in plasma was analyzed.[Result] The contents of serum calcium and phosphorus and oxidation/antioxidation level of dairy buffalo at the prenatal week and the calving day in M group were significantly lower than that in UM group.The TAC level of dairy buffalo in M group from the first three weeks to the calving day was significantly lower than that in UM group.The MDA level in M group was significantly higher than that in UM group.[Conclusion] The occurrence of postpartum metroptosis in buffalo was related to insufficient levels of calcium and phosphorus in prepartum buffalo,declined total antioxidation capacity and accumulation of peroxide products.

Effects of the Syzygium aromaticum L. extract on antioxidation and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase in human dermal fibroblast

Objective: To investigate cosmetic potential of Syzygium aromaticum L.(S. aromaticum L.) and to determine its antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects. Methods: Using highperformance liquid chromatography, eugenol component was quantitated. The antioxidant activity of S. aromaticum L. was analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase like activities. To determine cell viability, elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) activity, human dermal fibroblasts(HS68) were treated with S. aromaticum L. The inhibitory effect of S. aromaticum L. on tumor necrosis factor alpha induced MMPs expression in HS68 was analyzed by realtime-PCR. Results: The eugenol content was confirmed in S. aromaticum L. S. aromaticum L. was observed to have high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase like activity. S. aromaticum L. had no cytotoxicity against the HS68 and dose-dependently increased elastase inhibition. Moreover, S. aromaticum L. significantly decreased MMP-1 content and inhibited gene levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9. Conclusions: The findings suggest that S. aromaticum L. has great potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with antioxidant and antiwrinkling effects.

Antioxidation and active constituents analysis of flower residue of Rosa Damascena Mill

OBJECTIVE To make full of resource,the bioactivity and active constituent analysis were firstly system⁃atically investigated on damask rose flower residue(DRFR).METHODS DPPH and ABTS experiments were applied to assess the antioxidant activity of DRFR.Then,column chromatography was used to purify compounds from DRFR-A,and the chemical structure was identified using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).The total phenolic acid content was measured by folin-ciocalteu colorimetric method and the content of gallic acid the indicator ingredient,was detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).RESULTS By DPPH and ABTS experiments,an antioxidation extract(DRFR-A)was found and displayed a high activity both on DPPH(IC50:2.760 mg·L^-1)and ABTS(IC50:2.258 mg·L^-1)compared to positive control VC.Ten compounds were isolated and identified from DRFR-A,and the most are phenolic acids.Among them,pyrogallic acid,2-phenylethyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate,p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroxy⁃phenethyl alcohol were obtained from the plant for the first time.The content of total phenolic acids and main ingredient,gallic acid,in DRFR-A was determined as 63.73%and 5.12%,respectively.CONCLUSION This study provides reliable science data and lays the foundation for the development and utilization of rose residue,and hence for the full utilization of rose resources.

Attribution of Antioxidation of Quercetin in Vitro and Arbor Acre Broilers

The antioxidant effects of quercetin were studied in vitro and in vivo.In vitro,vitamin C was used as a positive control to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of quercetin in three aspects:scavenging free radicals,protecting biological macromolecules and the total reducing power.In vivo,a total of 240 AA broilers(1-day age)with similar body weight were randomly divided into four groups with six replicates in each group,and 10 broilers in each replicate.The four groups were fed with corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with 0.00%,0.02%,0.04%and 0.06%quercetin to study its effects on antioxidant indexes of AA broilers,and to explore the optimal dose of quercetin as a dietary additive.The results showed that quercetin scavenged superoxide anion,hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)in vitro,the scavenging effects of quercetin on O_(2)-and•OH first increased and then decreased with the increase of the concentrations(P<0.01),and its maximum scavenging effect was observed at concentrations of 40 and 300 mg·L^(-1).The scavenging effects of quercetin on DPPH was increased constantly with increasing concentrations.The scavenging effect of quercetin on three free radicals was DPPH>•OH>O_(2)-.The inhibition of vitelline lipoprotein peroxidation by quercetin was increased with increasing concentrations(P<0.01)and the inhibitory effect was higher than that of vitamin C.The inhibition of red blood cell hemolysis by quercetin was increased with increasing concentrations at 0.05-1.25 mg·L^(-1)(P<0.01);however,the inhibition tended to decrease when the concentration was too high(31.25 mg·L^(-1)),and the inhibitory effect was higher than that of vitamin C.The inhibition of mitochondrial expansion by quercetin was increased with increasing concentrations,according to the degree of mitochondrial expansion at 60 min,the integrity of mitochondria in the experimental groups was significantly higher than that in the model group(P<0.01).The total reducing power of quercetin was increased with increasing concentrations(P<0.01);however,the total reducing power was less than that of vitamin C.In vivo,malondialdehyde(MDA)and nitric oxide(NO)were significantly decreased with increasing quercetin(P<0.01).Quercetin supplementation had no effect on the content of lipid peroxidation(LPO)in livers(P>0.05);however,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was significantly increased,whereas glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and catalase(CAT)activities were significantly decreased in livers with increasing quercetin(P<0.05).These results suggested that quercetin exhibited strong antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo.

Effects of EGCG on Liver Antioxidation and Fat Metabolism in Heat-stressed Broilers

This study aims to investigate the effects of EGCG on the lipid deposition and liver anti-oxidative capacity of broilers under heat stress.One hundred and ninety-two 2-week-old broilers were divided into four groups with 6 replicates per group and 8 chickens per replicate:one thermoneutral control group(28℃,TN group),which was fed the basal diet,and three cyclic high-temperature groups(35℃from 7:00 to 19:00 h;28℃from 19:00 h to 7:00 h,heat stress(HS)group),which were fed the basal diet added with EGCG at doses of 0(HS0 group),300(HS300 group),and 600 mg/kg(HS600 group),respectively.The liver metabolism and lipid deposition indices were performed at 35 d of age.The results showed that heat stress decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),and the Nrf2 mRNA expression in liver,and increase significantly the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)and the expression of LITAF,NF-KB,FAS,SREBP1 mRNA and the lipid deposition compared with TN group.EGCG(HS300 and HS600 group)increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px and catalase(CAT),increased the Nrf2 mRNA expression,decreased the MDA contents,and reduced the lipid deposition and expression of LITAF,NF-KB,FAS and SREBP1 mRNA.In conclusion,the results of this study show that EGCG can improve liver antioxidative capacity to alleviate oxidative damage caused by heat stress.

Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine Additives on Growth,Immunity and Antioxidation of Chickens

Chinese herbal medicine additives can not only directly improve the growth performance of chickens,but also indirectly affect the growth of chickens by enhancing the antioxidant capacity,immunity and disease resistance of the body,and eliminating diseases and adverse factors,thereby improving the growth performance of chickens.In the context of the current national prohibition of adding antibiotics to feed,the research and application of Chinese herbal medicine additives are of practical significance to eliminate the long-term use of antibiotics as chicken feed additives and reduce the threat to the environment and human health.For this reason,the research related to the substitution of Chinese herbal medicine for antibiotics is made a brief introduction to provide a reference in research and production practice.

Conditon of the Serum Antioxidation in Normal Pregnant Women near Term

In order to investigate the condition of antioxidation in normal pregnancy, the serum levels of antioxidant activity (AOA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, uric acid and vitamin C were measured in 30 cases of normal pregnant women near term. The results showed that the serum levels of both AOA and SOD activity (nitrite unit per mg serum protein) in normal pregnant woment group were significantly higher than that of nonpregnant women group (P<001 and P<0.005, respectively), which indicated that the serum condition of antioxidation was improved during normal pregnancy. Besides, the level of vitamin C decreased and the level of uric acid remained unchanged.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidation Evaluation of Novel Spiro-5-(fluoren-9’-yl)-6-azauracil and Their <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dialkyl Derivatives

In search for new antioxidant agents derived from 6-azauracil, the spiro-5-(flurin-9’-yl)-6-azauracil 3 and their N,N-disubstituted-6-azauracils 4 - 17 have been synthesized using various methods and reaction conditions. Structure of the new synthesized compounds was deduced from elemental analysis and spectral measurements, for example IR, 1H/13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. The antioxidant evaluation of the new targets showed that the activity increases in the order of 8 > 10 > 6 > 7 > 9 in comparison with 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ascorbic acid as standards.

Antioxidation of Sebum to Prevent Scalp Inflammation

Scalp inflammation is a fundamental issue to many unhealthy scalp symptoms such as itching, redness, dandruff, and odor. Oxidized sebum, or specifically oxidization of the squalene component in sebum, is one of the key reasons causing scalp inflammation. Therefore, antioxidation of the sebum is an important way to maintain scalp health. In this study, we investigated the relationship between squalene peroxide formed and its exposure time under UVA light. Further, we found two oil-soluble antioxidants, ginger root extract and vitamin E, being effective on antioxidation of sebum, and can be potentially used as scalp care actives.

Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens via reshaping gut microbiota

Background Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and alleviation of metabolic disorders,including obesity,diabetes and fatty liver disease.However,the role of GBE in alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome(FLHS)in laying hens and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.Here,we investigated the effects of GBE on relieving FLHS with an emphasis on the modulatory role of GBE in chicken gut microbiota.Results The results showed that GBE treatment ameliorated biochemical blood indicators in high-fat diet(HFD)-induced FLHS laying hen model by decreasing the levels of TG,TC,ALT and ALP.The lipid accumulation and pathological score of liver were also relieved after GBE treatment.Moreover,GBE treatment enhanced the antioxidant activity of liver and serum by increasing GSH,SOD,T-AOC,GSH-PX and reducing MDA,and downregulated the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis(FAS,LXRα,GPAT1,PPARγand Ch REBP1)and inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,TLR4 and NF-κB)in the liver.Microbial profiling analysis revealed that GBE treatment reshaped the HFD-perturbed gut microbiota,particularly elevated the abundance of Megasphaera in the cecum.Meanwhile,targeted metabolomic analysis of SCFAs revealed that GBE treatment significantly promoted the production of total SCFAs,acetate and propionate,which were positively correlated with the GBE-enriched gut microbiota.Finally,we confirmed that the GBE-altered gut microbiota was sufficient to alleviate FLHS by fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT).Conclusions We provided evidence that GBE alleviated FLHS in HFD-induced laying hens through reshaping the composition of gut microbiota.Our findings shed light on mechanism underlying the anti-FLHS efficacy of GBE and lay foundations for future use of GBE as additive to prevent and control FLHS in laying hen industry.