The effects of fermentation and adsorption using lactic acid bacteria culture broth on the feed quality of rice straw

To improve the nutritional value and the palatability of air-dried rice straw, culture broth of the lactic acid bacteria community SFC-2 was used to examine the effects of two different treatments, fermentation and adsorption. Air-dried and chopped rice straw was treated with either fermentation for 30 d after adding 1.5 L nutrient solution（50 m L inocula L–1, 1.2×1012 CFU m L–1 inocula） kg–1 straw dry matter, or spraying a large amount of culture broth（1.5 L kg–1 straw dry matter, 1.5×1011 CFU m L–1 culture broth） on the straw and allowing it to adsorb for 30 min. The feed quality and aerobic stability of the resulting forage were examined. Both treatments improved the feed quality of rice straw, and adsorption was better than fermentation for preserving nutrients and improving digestibility, as evidenced by higher dry matter（DM） and crude protein（CP） concentrations, lower neutral detergent fiber（NDF）, acid detergent fiber（ADF） and NH3-N concentrations, as well as higher lactic acid production and in vitro digestibility of DM（IVDMD）. The aerobic stability of the adsorbed straw and the fermented straw was 392 and 480 h, respectively. After being exposed to air, chemical components and microbial community of the fermented straw were more stable than the adsorbed straw.

Preparation of lactic acid bacteria compound starter cultures based on pasting properties and its improvement of glutinous rice flour and dough

The effects of 5 lactic acid bacteria(LAB)fermentation on the pasting properties of glutinous rice flour were compared,and suitable fermentation strains were selected based on the changes of viscosity,setback value,and breakdown value to prepare LAB compound starter cultures.The results revealed that Latilactobacillus sakei HSD004 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HSD005 had apparent advantages in increasing the viscosity and reducing the setback and breakdown values of glutinous rice flour.In particular,the compound starter created using the two abovementioned LAB in the ratio of 3:1 had better performance than that using a single LAB in improving the pasting properties and increasing the water and oil absorption capacity of glutinous rice flour.Moreover,the gelatinization enthalpy of the fermented samples increased significantly.For frozen glutinous rice dough stored for 28 days,the viscoelasticity of frozen dough prepared by compound starter was better than that of control dough,and the freezable water content was lower than that of control dough.These results indicate that compound LAB fermentation is a promising technology in the glutinous rice-based food processing industry,which has significance for its application.

Heterotrophic bacteria of the Dapeng Bay in the South China Sea: community structure,abundance,and the relationships of culturablity with environmental factors

The community composition,abundance and culturablity of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the Dapeng Bay of the South China Sea were investigated by morphological method,bacterial cultivation and biochemical methods over an annual cycle.Aeromonas and Pseudomonas were the predominant genera among the Gram-negative bacteria.The bacterioplankton abundance fluctuated from 2.07×10 8 to 2.44×10 9 cells/dm 3 ,and culturable bacteria abundance ranged between 0.1×10 6 and 16.07×10 6 CFU/dm 3 .The Culturablity of heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 0.01% and 1.31%.The relationship between bacterial culturablity and the environmental factors was also studied in different sites of the Dapeng Bay.Throughout the bay,a significantly positive relationship was evidenced between bacterial culturability and temperature,meanswhile bacterial culturability was significantly inversely related with salinity.The positive relationship was shown at the central bay while a negative relationship was observed at the bay mouth and there was no significant correlation at top bay between bacterial culturablity and chlorophyll a of sea water.A positive relationship was found between culturability and DIN all the bay,but DIP showed a significantly negative relationship with bacterial culturability only at the mouth of the bay.

Phylogenetic diversity of culturable bacteria in surface seawater from the Drake Passage,Antarctica

The Drake Passage is located between the Antarctic Peninsula and Tierra del Fuego in the south of South America.Surface seawater samples were collected at seven sites in the Drake Passage during the austral summer of 2012.The 16 S rRNA sequences were analyzed from 187 isolated bacterial strains.Three phyla,29 genera and 56 species were identified.The three phyla were Actinobacteria,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria;the Proteobacteria included a-Proteobacteria,P-Proteobacteria and y-Proteobacteria.y-Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant class or phyla in terms of quantity and species.Gram-positive bacteria(Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) accounted for 57.8% of all types identified.There were nine dominant genera,including Curtobacterium,Staphylococcus,and Halomonas,and 14 dominant species including Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens,Curtobacterium pusillum,and Staphylococcus sciuri.Of the strains identified,87.2% were catalase positive or weakly positive.

Culturable bacterial diversity in hypolithic and peripheral soils in the west of the Hexi Corridor desert and its influencing factors

Microbes inhabiting the desert respond sensitively to environmental changes and may be an indicator for changes in the desert ecosystem.Hypolithic microbial communities in the desert play a vital role in ecosystem processes such as soil formation and organic matter accumulation.This study investigated and compared the culturable bacterial community structure and diversity in hypolithic and peripheral soils,and the interaction between bacteria and environmental factors.The bacteria were isolated using four different kinds of media and identified by 16S rRNA gene-sequence analysis.The numbers of culturable bacteria in the hypolithic and peripheral soils ranged from 3.0×104 to 3.6×105 CFU/g and from 6.5×104 to 5.3×105 CFU/g,respectively,indicating that the bacteria number in peripheral soil was higher than that in hypolithic soil.A total of 98 species belonging to 34 genera were identified,among which Arthrobacter,Bacillus,and Streptomyces were found dominantly and widely distributed.The community of culturable bacteria had obvious sample specificity,and the diversity in hypolithic soil was higher than that in peripheral soil.On the regional scale,the distribution of culturable bacteria and the environmental factors showed regular changes.On the local scale,the high heterogeneity of the hypolithic environment determined the specificity of the number and species of culturable bacteria.

Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The potential health risks of airborne bacteria emission from a wastewater treatment process have been concerned. However, few studies have investigated the differences in community structure between indoor and outdoor bacteria. In this work, the characterization of airborne bacteria was studied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Two indoor（i.e., fine screen room and sludge dewatering house） and two outdoor（i.e., aeration tank and control site） sampling sites were selected. An Andersen six-stage impactor was used for collecting culturable airborne bacteria in the air, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted to track the emission source of the culturable airborne bacteria. The results indicate that, compared with the outdoor aeration tank site, the concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria in the indoor fine screen room with poor ventilation were more than ten times higher and the particle size was about twice as large. The community structures of indoor and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria were obviously different. Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were detected in indoor culturable airborne bacteria, with wastewater and sludge dewatering machine identified as the primary sources. Conversely,Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were not detected in outdoor culturable airborne bacteria. Outdoor high wind speed might have resulted in rapid dilution and mixing of culturable airborne bacteria generated from the aeration tank with the ambient air. The results of the present research suggest that covering pollution sources, increasing ventilation rates, and using protective measures for personnel should be implemented to decrease the exposure risk to indoor culturable airborne bacteria.

The variation of microbiological characteristics in surface waters during persistent precipitation

Climate change leads to an increase in both the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation.Surface runoff generated by extreme precipitation has a significant impact on water.However,the impact of persistent precipitation on surface water quality is easy to neglect,due to its prolonged duration and lower-intensity rainfall.This study established eight sampling points within selected surface waters to observe the variation of microbial characteristics in a typical persistence precipitation event.The primary difference between Furong Lake(FL)and Chengqian Reservoir(CR)was:the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)were 21.3±0.7 and 8.3±1.5 mg/L in FL and CR,respectively.The concentrations of R2A culturable bacteria and coliforms were 10^(4.57)and 10^(1.58)colony-forming units(CFU)/mL in FL,and were 10^(5.46)and 10^(2.64)CFU/mL in CR,respectively.During precipitation,the maximum increase concentrations of R2A,NA culturable bacteria,and coliforms were 10^(0.75),10^(1.30),and 10^(2.27)CFU/mL in FL,respectively.Furthermore,microbial concentration and rainfall did not increase simultaneously,and a delay phenomenon was observed in the increasing microbial concentrations.Through analyzing the concentration change trends and correlation of various water quality indicators during persistent precipitation,the significant correlation between the DOC concentration and the changes in the dominant species of microbial community structure was found in this study(p<0.05).For example,as the DOC concentration declined,the abundance of hgcl_clade and CL500-29_marine_group increased.Consequently,although persistent precipitation might not obviously alter the water quality visibly,it could still pose potential microbial risks.

An overview of probiotic health booster-kombucha tea

Traditional herbal medicine(THM)is a significant division of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)that plays an important role in maintaining health and disease prevention.WHO has consistently highlighted the significance of traditional,complementary,and alternative medicine in human healthcare.Most people in Eastern Asia will start their day with a cup of tea.The tea provides a nourishing effect,and it has become an inevitable part of life.There are several types of tea,like black tea,green tea,oolong tea,white tea,and herbal tea.Besides the refreshments,it is important to consume beverages that benefit health.One such alternative is a healthy probiotic drink called kombucha,a fermented tea.Kombucha tea is aerobically fermented by infusing sweetened tea with a cellulose mat/pellicle called SCOBY(symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast).Kombucha is a source of bioactive compounds that include organic acids and amino acids,vitamins,probiotics,sugars,polyphenols,and antioxidants.Currently,studies on kombucha tea and SCOBY are gaining attention for their remarkable properties and applications in the food and health industries.The review gives an overview of the production,fermentation,microbial diversity,and metabolic products of kombucha.The possible implications for human health are also discussed.