Correlation between Chromatograph Capacity Factors and Structural Parameters of Indole Derivatives

Sixteen indole derivatives have been computed at B3LYP/6-31 IG^＊＊ level using density functional theory （DFF）. Based on linear solvation energy theory, the structural parameters were employed to present correlation between the parameters of chromatograph capacity factor （CCF） and molecular structural parameters. As a result, the correlation equation of the reversed phased high performance liquid chromatograph capacity factor to the intercept lgk＇w and slope S of CCF were obtained, from which the correlation coefficients of lgk＇w to the structural parameters are r^2 = 0.9596 and q^2 = 0.9262. While the correlation coefficients of the parameter S r^2 q^2 with structures are = 0.9750 and = 0.9252. Moreover, the effect of water as solvent on the present two models was also considered using SCRF method, and the result shows that the predicting capacity of correlation equation of lgkw＇ increases, while that of the model for S decreases slightly. Both two correlation equations achieved in this work are more advantageous than those using theoretical descriptors from molecular connectivity indices.

QSRR Study on the Relationship between the Chromatographic Capacity Factor and Lipophilicity and Structure Parameters of Halogenated Thiophenols

The capacity factors （k＇） of fourteen types ofhalogenated thiophenols in different phases of methanol-water eluent were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） and the relationships between the logarithm of capacity factor lgK＇ and methanol ratio ψ were analyzed. A fair linear relationship is found between lgK＇ and ψ, and the correlation coefficients R2 of the constructed linear equations are all greater than 0.990. Relationship between the chromatographic data lgKw＇ when extrapolated to pure water and n-octanol/water partition coefficient lgKow obtained by the group contribution method has shown a good linear correlation with R2= 0.956. The structure parameters of fourteen halogenated thiophenols were calculated by using DFT, and the correlation equation of lgKw＇ and structure parameters was obtained by using SPSS, lgKw＇ = -0.409 ＋ 0.039a and R2 = 0.981, meaning that lgKw＇ is mainly determined by the polarizability α.

The role of disaggregated renewable energy consumption on income and load capacity factor:A novel inclusive sustainable growth approach

Stimulating renewable energy consumption is a major focus of the Sustainable Development Goals in combating climate change and global warming.The International Energy Agency estimates that renewable energy consumption should be doubled to achieve the COP21 targets.In this context,the question is whether renewable energy types promote the improvement of ecological quality and economic growth.Most studies have investigated the influence of renewable energy on ecological pollution using carbon dioxide emissions or ecological footprint indicators,which only represent the pollution caused by human consumption patterns,and these indicators neglect the supply side.Motivated by this point,this study uses the LCF(Load Capacity Factor)as an environmental indicator and examines the causality relationship among different types of renewable energy,income,and environmental quality in the USA,while also incorporating employment and capital stock into the analysis.Through using the Fourier causality test with the wavelet-decomposed series,the study explores for the validity of the renewable energy-based growth hypothesis and answers to the question of whether there is a causal effect of renewable energy types on environmental quality.The results demonstrate that there is a bidirectional causality between total renewable energy,wood,biomass,and economic growth as well as between these renewable energy types and the LCF.

Enhancing environmental quality in the United States by linking biomass energy consumption and load capacity factor

This study analyzes the impact of biomass energy,financial development,and economic growth on environmental quality using the novel Fourier autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL)approach on annual data for the period 1965–2018 in the United States(USA).The study analyzes the impact of related variables on the load capacity factor(LCF)as well as on indicators of environmental degradation such as carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint.The LCF is one of the most comprehensive environmental indicators to date,encompassing both biocapacity and ecological footprint.In this regard,this study contributes to the environmental economics literature by examining,for the first time,the impact of biomass energy on the LCF.The results of the cointegration test show that there is only a long-run relationship between the LCF and the independent variables.According to the Fourier ARDL results,biomass energy improves the environmental quality,while financial development has no effect on the LCF.Moreover,the increase in per capita income reduces the LCF.Furthermore,since the income elasticity is larger in the long run than in the short-run,the environmental Kuznets curve is validated.Therefore,the United States government should encourage the use of biomass and investment in this form of energy.

Effect of organic modifiers on the capacity factor in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Organic modifiers were effective both to extend the migration time window and to improve the separation of very hydrophobic compounds in MEKC. An iteration method was used to determine the migration time of micelles. The quantitative relationship between the capacity factor k' and the concentration of organic modifiers was derived, which was investigated experimentally. The linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) methodology was applied to MEKC, and good linear relationships between lnk' and solvatochromic parameters of 15 solutes were obtained in the presence of organic modifier in different concentrations, which indicated a new access in MEKC to predict k' from the structural parameters of solutes. The effect of column temperature T on k' was also investigated.

Determination of Partial Molar Volumes of EPA and DHA Ethyl Esters in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The use of supercritical-fluid chromatography for determining partial molar volumes of ethyl esters of cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis -4,7,10,13,16,19- docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA) in supercritical carbon dioxide is presented and discussed. Partial molar volumes of EPA and DHA esters are obtained from the variation of the retention properties with the density of mobile phase at 313.15 K, 323.15 K, 333.15 K and in the pressure range from 9 MPa to 21 MPa.

Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential of Two Burundian Sites

1-year hourly wind speed data from two Burundian stations, namely Bujumbura and Muyinga, have been processed in this work to bring an efficient help for the planning and installation of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) at those localities. Mean seasonal and diurnal variations of wind direction and wind shear exponent have been derived. Two-parameter Weibull probability density functions (PDFs) fitting the observed monthly and annual wind speed relative frequency distributions have been implemented. As shown through three complementary statistical tests, the fitting technique was very satisfactory. A wind resource analysis at 10 m above ground level (AGL) has led to a mean power density at Bujumbura which is almost thirteen fold higher than at Muyinga. The use of the empirical power law to extrapolate wind characteristics at heights from 150 to 350 m AGL has shown that energy potential of hilltops around Muyinga was only suitable for small, individual scale wind energy applications. At the opposite, wind energy potential of ridge-tops and hilltops around Bujumbura has been found suitable for medium and large scale electricity production. For that locality and at those heights, energy outputs and capacity factors (CF or Cf) have been computed for ten selected wind turbines (WTs), together with costs of electricity (COE) using the present value of cost (PVC) method. Amongst those WTs, YDF-1500-87 and S95-2.1 MW have emerged as the best options for installation owing to their highest CF and lowest COE. Moreover, an analysis of those two quantities at monthly basis for YDF-1500-87 WT has led to its best performance in the dry season. Compared to the average present COE of household hydroelectricity consumption, results of this study have evidenced economical feasibility and benefit of WECS setting in selected Burundian sites in order to supplement traditional electricity sources.

A review of the technologies for wave energy extraction

The main objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive picture of existing wave technologies being used for wave energy extraction.The overview will explain their potential and also the challenges wave technologies face.The article will also briefly discuss the benefits of combined offshore wind-wave projects,also known as hybrids.Key factors and impacts on relevant existing wave technologies will be outlined,including capacity factor and capture width.Finally the levelized cost of energy(LCOE)targets for the most promising technologies will be discussed.

Selection of suitable site in Pakistan for wind power plant installation using analytic hierarchy process(AHP)

Rise in environmental pollution is a critical problem faced by mankind today.Many interventions have been made to reduce the carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases.Interventions,such as the introduction of electric cars,and innovative techniques to harness energy from renewable sources have been implemented.Pakistan is also very focused on exploiting its renewable energy sources and many sources have been identified.Wind energy is considered to have a promising potential and numerous sites have been identified for installation of wind farms.In this paper,we have collected data for the sites with the capacity factor(key determinant of value of power plant)of 25%or above for 600 kW wind turbine and applied Multi-Criteria Decision Method to find the most suitable to least suitable site for the installation of wind farm with respect to different factors/criteria.Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to evaluate four potential sites based on the criteria of wind speed(m/s),wind power density(W/m^(2)),distance from grid station(km),capacity factor,transport cost and population density.Results show that the preference of site largely depends on the average annual wind speed and wind power density.Our study is helpful for government as they verify the findings of Pakistan Meteorological Department but with different approach.

Study of ZrO_2 nanopowders based stearic acid phase change materials

ZrO2 nanopowders based stearic acid phase change materials （PCMS） were prepareo oy mgn-energy milling. The concept of heat capacity factor （HCF） was used to analyze the thermal properties of the materials. The heat storage property of PCMs, containing the same content of stearic acid （23~ by mass） in the starting materials but synthesized by different technical processes, was investigated by using HCE It was found that there were vast influences of different dispersants on the heat capacity. The samples orelaared with chloroform provided the best heat storage ability in all samples tested.

Efficiency Analysis of Grid-connected Photovoltaic Power Plants

Analysis of photovoltaic power plant(PVPP)operations is important to both investors and users and to producers of equipment,researchers and designers as well.This paper presents the analysis of the year-long operations of the group PVPPs in Serbia connected to the distribution network which was carried out through specific indicators such as electric power generation,power,capacity factors,specific yield,losses,period of cost effectiveness of the investment,etc.Special attention has been paid to the influence of the azimuth and tilt of the photovoltaic modules on the performances of PVPPs.Results obtained through the year-long extensive measurements were compared to expected yields of PVPPs on the basis of the Climate SAF PVGIS application.The results of the analysis indicate that available software applications cannot always provide a good enough forecast of expected electric power production since they cannot always assess well enough the effects of the surrounding facilities on operations of a PVPP.In addition,it has been found that the correlation between losses of annual achieved specific yield of a PVPP and the azimuth is represented by a polynomial of the second degree,whereas the correlation between losses of the annual achieved specific yield of a PVPP and the tilt is represented by an exponential function.

Potential and performance estimation of free-standing and building integrated photovoltaic technologies for different climatic zones of India

The role of Photovoltaic technologies integrated or attached to the building envelope is crucial in managing the building energy demand.In this paper,the performance of PV technologies with the mounting methods of Build-ing integrated and Free-standing(Building attached)is discussed for six different climate zone of the country.A PVGIS program proposed with three PV cell technologies(Crystalline Silicon,Copper indium diselenide,Cad-mium Telluride)is used to evaluate monthly energy generation potential and losses of the 2 kW p grid-connected PV system at the latitude and 90°.A 2 kW p PV system is chosen for Economic Weaker Section(EWS)housing schemes depending upon the roof area.From the evaluation,the performance parameter has been estimated.A new parameter Energy Deviation(ED),is proposed to choose the best PV technology in terms of performance.The results of ED agree with the parameters Performance Ratio(PR)and Capacity Factor(CF)defined under the IEC Standard 61724.The potential generation of PV technologies at 90°varies from 41%(Warm and Humid)to 64%(Cold and Sunny)when compared with the latitude.In case of Cold and Sunny and Cold and Cloudy at 90°,the generation performance of Copper indium diselenide is found better in Building integrated and Free-standing mounting methods,respectively.For the remaining zones,Cadmium Telluride technology shows better results.The Percentage loss in the system is found to be minimum in the case of Cold and Sunny,varies between 17%and 25%,and maximum is found for Warm and Humid and varies between 23.2%and 33.4%for the proposed PV technologies.The grid feed-in energy from these EWS houses for all the technologies and climatic zones is found above 45%.It is seen that the combined energy generation from the envelopes(Roof,walls,and facades)makes the houses energy plus in nature.The study has important implications for the government to promote the building integrated Photovoltaic policies in the country.

A comparison on the phytoremediation ability of triazophos by different macrophytes

The strategy of choosing suitable plants should receive great performance in phytoremediation of surface water polluted by triazophos （O,O-diethyl-O-（1-phenyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-base） sulfur phosphate, TAP）, which is an organophosphorus pesticide widespread applied for agriculture in China and moderately toxic to higher animal and fish. The tolerance, uptake, transformation and removal of TAP by twelve species of macrophytes were examined in a hydroponic system and a comprehensive score （CS） of five parameters （relative growth rate （RGR）, biomass, root/shoot ratio, removal capacity （RC）, and bio-concentration factor （BCF）） by factor analysis was employed to screen the potential macrophyte species for TAP phytoremediation. The results showed that Thalia dealbata, Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica and Acorus calamus had higher RGR values, indicating these four species having stronger growth capacity under TAP stress. The higher RC loading in Iris pseudacorus and Cyperus rotundus were 42.11 and 24.63μg/（g fw.day）, respectively. The highest values of BCF occurred in A. calamus （1.17）, and TF occurred in Eichhornia crassipes （2.14）. Biomass and root/shoot ratio of plant showed significant positive correlation with first-order kinetic constant of TAP removal in the hydroponic system, indicating that plant biomass and root system play important roles in remediation of TAP. Five plant species including C. alternifolius, A. calamus, T. dealbata, C. indica and Typha orientalis, which owned higher CS, would be potential species for TAP phytoremediation of contaminated water bodies.