Surgical treatment of left-sided renal carcinoma with grade II inferior vena cava tumour thrombus: a report and review of the literature

The surgical removal of renal cancer,along with the thrombectomy of the inferior vena cava tumour thrombus,represents a remarkable milestone in urological surgery.This procedure is not only technically demanding but also requires a high level of surgical expertise.Managing renal cancer combined with a vena cava tumour thrombus poses significant challenges,especially when dealing with combined grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ inferior vena cava tumour thrombus.The complexity of these cases is further exacerbated by the delicate anatomical structures involved and the need to preserve critical vessels while effectively removing the tumour.The Upper Urethral Tumour Treatment Centre of Weifang People's Hospital successfully treated a challenging case of left renal tumour combined with grade II inferior vena cava tumour thrombus.The surgical team,led by experienced urological surgeons,meticulously planned and executed the procedure,ensuring minimal trauma to the patient and complete removal of the tumour.This achievement not only demonstrates the hospital's commitment to providing state-of-the-art surgical care but also highlights the importance of continued research and training in urological oncology.The successful outcome of this case is a testament to the expertise and dedication of the medical team and offers hope to patients facing similar complex surgical challenges.

A case of duplicated inferior vena cava with bilateral iliac vein compression

Duplicated inferior vena cava with bilateral iliac vein compression is extremely rare.We report a case of an 87-year-old man presented with bilateral lower extremity swelling,who was noted to have duplicated inferior vena cava,as revealed by computed tomography angiography(CTA).This revealed bilateral iliac vein compression caused by surrounding structures.Anticoagulant treatment combined with stent implantation completely alleviated this chronic debilitating condition during the follow-up of 2 months with no recurrence.

Fracture of inferior vena cava stent after endovascular treatment for Budd-Chiari syndrome:A case series and literature review

Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS)is a rare condition characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction.Balloon angioplasty,with or without stenting,is the recommended first-line treatment modality in Asian countries.As a supplement to balloon angioplasty,expandable metallic Z-stent deployment can effectively improve long-term inferior vena cava(IVC)patency.Although stent placement is a standard and frequently performed treatment,very few IVC stent-related complications,such as stent fractures,have been reported.Here we present a case series and a comprehensive review of IVC stent fractures in patients with BCS.The most common characteristic of IVC stent fractures is a protrusion of the proximal segment of the IVC stent into the right atrium and its systolic and diastolic movements along with heart rhythms.Accurate stent deployment,large-diameter balloon dilation,patient breath-holding training,preferential selection of a triple stent,and the use of an internal jugular vein approach to stent deployment may ensure precise stent localization and avoid postoperative complications.

Complex inferior vena cava reconstruction during ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation:A case report

BACKGROUND Ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation(ELRA)is an essential approach for treating patients with end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis(AE),and its surgical indications involve severe invasion of important hepatic vessels,which makes in vivo resection impossible.Revascularization is a major step in the process of ELRA,which is extremely challenging when the invaded vessels have huge defects.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we have reported the case of a 26-year-old patient with hepatic AE in an autologous liver graft who underwent complex inferior vena cava(IVC)reconstruction using disease-free IVC,autologous portal vein fragments,and umbilical vein within the ligamentum teres hepatis.The patient showed good surgical recovery without vascular-related complications during the long-term follow-up.CONCLUSION We reviewed three studies that have reported complex revascularization of the IVC.This case report and systematic review showed that the use of autologous perihepatic vessels prevents donor-area trauma,immune rejection,and other adverse reactions.When the blood vessel is severely invaded and a single vascular material cannot repair and reconstruct the defect,ELRA may provide a safe and feasible surgical approach,which has good prospects for clinical application.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome with gastrointestinal bleeding,splenic hemangiomas and left inferior vena cava

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a congenital vascular anomaly characterized by a triad of varicose veins,cutaneous capillary malformation,and hypertrophy of bone and(or)soft tissue.Gastrointestinal vascular malformations in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome may present with gastrointestinal bleeding.The majority of patients with spleenic hemangiomatosis and/or left inferior vena cava are asymptomatic.We herein report a case admitted to the gastroenterology clinic with life-threatening hematochezia and symptomatic iron deficiency anemia.Due to the asymptomatic mild intermittent hematochezia,splenic hemangiomas and left inferior vena cava,the patient did not seek any help for gastrointestinal bleeding until his admittance to our department for evaluation of massive gastrointestinal bleeding.He was referred to angiography because of his serious pathogenetic condition and inefficiency of medical therapy.The method showed that hemostasis was successfully achieved in the hemorrhage site by embolism of corresponding vessels.Further endoscopy revealed vascular malformations starting from the stomach to the descending colon.On the other hand,computed tomography revealed splenic hemangiomas and left inferior vena cava.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome case presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding,splenic hemangiomas and left inferior vena cava.The literature on the evaluation and management of this case is reviewed.

Correlation of Inferior Vena Cava Respiratory Variability Index with Central Venous Pressure and Hemodynamic Parameters in Ventilated Pigs with Septic Shock

Septic shock is a common critical condition, for which effective early fluid resuscitation is the therapeutic focus. According to the 2008 international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, resuscitation should achieve a central venous pressure （CVP） of 8-12 mmHg within the first 6 h. However, it is still uncertain about the sensitivity and specificity of CVP in reflecting the cardiac preload. Ultrasonography is a simple, rapid, non-invasive, and repeatable method for the measurement of sensitivity and specificity of CVP and has thus gradually attracted the increasing attention of physicians. It was reported that ultrasonography can show the inferior vena cava diameter, respiratory variability index, and blood volume in patients with sepsis or heart failure.

Deep vein thrombosis in patient with left-sided inferior vena cava draining into the hemiazygos vein: A case report

BACKGROUND Abnormalities of the inferior vena cava(IVC)are uncommon,and in many cases they are asymptomatic.Even so,it is vital that clinicians be aware of such anomalies prior to surgery in affected individuals.In the present report,we describe a rare anatomical variation of the IVC.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old male was admitted to the hospital due to deep vein thrombosis of the right lower extremity.Upon contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging,we found that this patient presented with a case of left-sided IVC draining into the hemiazygos vein,while his hepatic vein was directly draining into the atrium.CONCLUSION Cases of left-sided IVC can increase patient susceptibility to thromboembolism owing to the resultant changes in blood flow and/or associated vascular compression.

Improvement of Cardiac Function by Dry Weight Optimization Based on Interdialysis Inferior Vena Caval Diameter (1)

In hemodialysis (HD) patients, the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) serves for evaluation of the amount of body fluid.

Natural History of Kawashima Palliation in Single-Ventricle and Interrupted Inferior Vena Cava Heart Disease in China 11 Years Result

Background:The long-term outcomes of patients treated with a Kawashima procedure and keeping the antegrade pulmonary blood flow(AnPBF)in single-ventricle(SV)and interrupted inferior vena cava(IVC)heart disease is still uncertain as yet.Methods:We investigated 18 patients who underwent the Kawashima procedure with SV physiology and an interrupted IVC between January 2009 and June 2018,perioperative,operative and postoperative characteristics were recorded.Results:A total of 18 patients underwent the Kawashima procedure at a median age of 2.7 years(range 0.5–24.7 years),of which 12(66.7%)were male and 6(33.3%)were female.The mean saturation was 76.2±8.5%in preoperative period and 94.2±2.2%in postoperative period.All patients had kept AnPBF.The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 12 h(range 2.5–22.5 h)and the median duration of pleural drainage was 5 days(range 2–27 days).The median hospital stay was 9 days(range 6–70 days).There was no operative death and no mortality was seen in early postoperative period.Follow-up was 100%completed,with an average follow-up period of 6.1±2.7 years(range 1–11 years).4 patients died during the follow-up.The overall 5 and 10 years’survival rates estimated by Kaplan-Meier method were 88%and 68%,respectively.Although there were no significant differences in the duration of postoperative follow-up between the death group and the survival group(p>0.05),the major systemic ventricular end-diastolic diameter(SVEDD)(p=0.018)and the degree of AVVR(p=0.001)showed significant difference between the two groups.The diameters of main pulmonary artery showed significant growth in both the death group(p=0.015)and the survival group(p=0.012)over time.SVEDD had no significant increase in the survival group(p=0.665)but was significantly larger in the death group(p=0.014).Multivariable risk factors of late mortality in patients treated with Kawashima procedure were follow-up AVVR(p=0.044;HR:3.124;95%CI:1.030–9.473)and SVEDD(p=0.031;HR:9.766;95%CI:1.226–77.8).14 patients(100%)were all in New York Heart Association(NYHA)functional class I and the mean saturation was 93±2%at last follow-up.Only one patient finished Fontan completion.Conclusions:The Kawashima procedure with AnPBF can be safely performed with acceptable early and long outcomes.Although some previous studies have shown the risk of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations(PAVMS)after Kawashima procedure in the mid-and long-term,our findings are in contradiction with it.No PAVMs occurred in all the survivors.Kawashima procedure with open AnPBF may be a good option for unsuitable Fontan candidates.

Utility of the Inferior Vena Cava Diameter as a Marker of Dry Weight in Nonoliguric Hemodialyzed Patients

We have previously reported that the maximal inferior vena cava(IVC) diameter during quiet expiration(IVCe) measured by ultrasonography correlates well with the amount of body fluid, especially the circulating blood volume[1] and proposed using the criteria of IVC diameter to determine dry weight(DW) in anuric hemodialyzed (HD) patients: standard IVCe of pre-and post-HD are (14.9±0.4) and (8.2±0.3) mm, respectively[2]. However, the same post-HD IVC criterion should not be applied to nonoliguric HD patients because it could result in rapid deterioration of residual renal function due to forced dehydration. Although the biochemical DW marker plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is useful to evaluate hypervolemia but not hypovolemia,both hyper-and hypovolemia can be detected by IVC measurement.……

The Inferior Vena Cava Diameter as a Marker of Dry Weight in Chronic Hemodialyzed Patients(续)

The IVC diameters in HD patients Since BW and stature as well as gender and age were not considered to be determinant factors of the IVC diameters, these factors were not accounted for in evaluating the IVC diameters in HD patients. The IVC diameters of stable anuric HD patients are shown in Table 2. In agreement with our previous observation [7-9] ,the reduction of BW from (51.7±12.6) to (49.3±12.6)kg by ultrafiltration during HD resulted in a significant (P<0.0001)reduction of the IVCe and IVCi from (14.9 ± 3.2) to (6.8±1.9)mm and (5.2±4.2) to (0.1±0.3) mm,respectively. Thus,CI values before and at the end of HD were calculated as (0.68±0.24) and (0.98±0. 05), respectively (P<0.0001). ……

Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus: a new classification for surgical guidance

BACKGROUND: Hepatic resection is the main treatment modality for hepatic tumors. Advances in diagnostic technique, preoperative preparation, surgical technique, and postoperative management increased the success rate. The present study aimed to evaluate hepatectomy and resection of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus (IVCTT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and the relationship between IVCTT classification and selection of surgical technique. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone hepatectomy with IVCTT resection between May 1997 and August 2009. Age, gender, diagnosis, findings of physical examination, results of preoperative laboratory investigations, radiological examination, criteria for resection, postoperative pathological results, incisions, operative technique, intraoperative transfusion, drains, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated for all patients. RESULTS: Type Ⅰ IVCTT (10 patients) was posterior to the liver and below the diaphragm; type Ⅱ IVCTT (2 patients) was above the diaphragm but still outside the atrium; and type Ⅲ IVCTT (1 patient) was above the diaphragm and in the right atrium. Type Ⅰ was treated by radical hepatectomy and removal of IVCTT with total hepatic vascular exclusion. Type Ⅱ was treated by radical hepatectomy and removal of IVCTT by incision of the diaphragm. Type Ⅲ was treated by hepatectomy and resection of the thrombus from the right atrium under cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no surgical complications and one patient has been survived for 4 years with cancer-free status. The median survival time was 18.2 months, and the 1-and 2-year survival rates were 53.8% and 15.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment is safe and feasible for treatment of IVCTT in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and surgical resectability can be judged according to the classification of tumor thrombus.

Manual aspiration thrombectomy for acute and subacute inferior vena cava thrombosis and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis(DVT), which can lead to pulmonary embolism(PE), is a major contributor to the global disease burden and is the third most common cardiovascular pathology after coronary artery disease and stroke. Venous thromboembolic disease, which encompasses the disease entities of DVT and PE, affects up to 10 million cases every year and represents a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Standard anticoagulation therapy alone is ineffective at promoting deep venous system thrombus removal. Many patients develop postthrombotic syndrome(PTS) despite being on adequate anticoagulation therapy. Aggressive therapy for rapid thrombus removal is important to prevent the development of PTS. Besides impeding the onset of PTS, rapid clearance of the thrombus is also required in the treatment of phlegmasia cerulea dolens, an uncommon but life-threatening complication of acute DVT that can lead to arterial insufficiency, compartment syndrome, venous gangrene, and limb amputation. Manual aspiration thrombectomy(MAT) can provide rapid and effective therapy that could be compared to the open surgical thrombectomy approach with minimal risk of morbidity, mortality, or recurrence after surgery. Though many devices have been developed to date for pharmacomechanical thrombolysis, the cost of the treatment using these devices is very expensive. MAT is simple to perform, easy to learn, inexpensive, and rapid. This review will outline and dissect several studies and case reports, sourced from the Pub Med database, on the subject of the use of MAT in treating inferior vena cava thrombosis and lower extremity DVT, including in patients with compression of the iliac vein and phlegmasia cerulea dolens.

A first attempt of inferior vena cava filter successfully guided by a mixed-reality system: a case report

Pulmonary embolism(PE)is one of the fatal heart attacks,and lower limbs deep vein thrombosis(DVT)is the most common reason for PE.Inferior vena cava filter(IVCF)implantation is a most prevention for PE.But it may carry a high risk of injury because of the radiation and contrast agent.Patients with nephrotic syndrome(NS)or some other renal diseases may prone to thrombosis due to the excretion of protein C and protein S overmuch.So,it is necessary to develop a new therapy without contrast agent.Mixed-reality(MR)is a new technology as a guidance of inferior vena cava filter implantation exposed under no X-ray and required no contrast agent.

Long-term survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus treated with sorafenib combined with transarterial chemoembolization:report of two cases and literature review

The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) with tumor thrombus formation in the main vasculature is extremely poor.Sorafenib combined with transarterial chemoembolization is a novel treatment approach for advanced HCC.In this study,we report two HCC patients with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus who underwent the combination treatment.The overall survival times for these two patients were 44 months and 35 months,respectively.Our report suggests that sorafenib combined with transarterial chemoembolization may be a viable choice for patients with advanced HCC even with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus.Further studies are required to verify the efficacy and safety of this combination therapy for patients with advanced HCC with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus.

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma of the liver infiltrating the inferior vena cava

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) is a rare and distinct variant of fibrosarcoma, composed of epithelioid tumor cells arranged in strands, nests, cords, or sheets embedded within a sclerotic collagenous matrix. We report a 39-year-old man with SEF of the liver, which infiltrated the inferior vena cava (IVC). The SEF of the liver was successfully resected, and the infiltrated IVC was also removed together with the liver tumor. Histopathological examination of the tumor showed typical histopathology of SEF. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was positive for vimentin. Recurrence was noted 7 mo after surgery. After chemotherapy, the recurrent tumor was resected surgically, and histopathological examination showed similar findingsto those of the primary tumor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SEF of the liver with tumor invasion of the IVC.

Liver cirrhosis in hepatic vena cava syndrome(or membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava)

Hepatic vena cava syndrome(HVCS) also known as membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava reported mainly from Asia and Africa is an important cause of hepatic venous outflow obstruction(HVOO) that is complicated by high incidence of liver cirrhosis(LC) and moderate to high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In the past the disease was considered congenital and was included under Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS). HVCS is a chronic disease common in developing countries, the onset of which is related to poor hygienic living condition. The initial lesion in the disease is a bacterial infection induced localized thrombophlebitis in hepatic portion of inferior vena cava at the site where hepatic veins open which on resolution transforms into stenosis, membrane or thick obstruction,and is followed by development of cavo-caval collateral anastomosis. The disease is characterized by long asymptomatic period and recurrent acute exacerbations(AE) precipitated by clinical or subclinical bacterial infection. AE is managed with prolonged oral antibiotic. Development of LC and HCC in HVCS is related to the severity and frequency of AEs and not to the duration of the disease or the type or severity of the caval obstruction. HVOO that develops during severe acute stage or AE is a pre-cirrhotic condition. Primary BCS on the other hand is a rare disease related to prothrombotic disorders reported mainly among Caucasians that clinically manifest as acute, subacute disease or as fulminant hepatic failure; and is managed with life-long anticoagulation, portosystemic shunt/endovascular angioplasty and stent or liver transplantation. As epidemiology, etiology and natural history of HVCS are different from classical BCS, it is here, recognized as a separate disease entity, a third primary cause of HVOO after sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and BCS. Understanding of the natural history has made early diagnosis of HVCS possible. This paper describes epidemiology, natural history and diagnosis of HVCS and discusses the pathogenesis of LC in the disease and mentions distinctive clinical features of HVCS related LC.

Retroperitoneal hematoma after implantation of double inferior vena cava filters

A 55-year-old man developed deep venous thrombosis and inferior vena cava(IVC) thrombosis 7 years earlier and was treated by placement of a permanent IVC filter. One week ago, he was admitted with bilateral lower limb swelling and pain. Digital subtraction angiography showed a filling defect above the original filter. A retrievable Tulip filter was placed and catheter-directed thrombolysis was performed. Six days later, the patient experienced sudden, persistent upper right abdominal pain, and a computed tomography scan revealed the formation of retroperitoneal hematoma. Symptomatic treatments were administered, and the hematoma gradually resolved during follow-up.

Approaches to reconstruction of inferior vena cava by ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation in 114 patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis

BACKGROUND Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis(AE)is most commonly found in retrohepatic inferior vena cava(RHIVC).Ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation(ELRA)can better realize the radical resection of end-stage hepatic AE with severely compromised hepatocaval confluences,and reconstruction of the affected vessels.Currently,there is a scarcity of information regarding RHIVC reconstruction in ELRA.AIM To propose reasonable RHICV reconstruction strategies for ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation.METHODS We retrospectively summarized the clinical data of 114 patients diagnosed with hepatic AE who treated by ELRA in our department.A total of 114 patients were divided into three groups according to the different reconstruction methods of RHIVC:Group A with original RHIVC being repaired and reconstructed(n=64),group B with RHIVC being replaced(n=43),and group C with RHIVC being resected without reconstruction(n=7).The clinical data of patients,including the operation time,anhepatic phase,intraoperative blood loss,complications and postoperative hospital stay,were analyzed and the patients were routinely followed up.The normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as means±SD,whereas the abnormally distributed ones were expressed as median and analyzed by analysis of variance.Survival curve was plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method.RESULTS All patients were routinely followed up for a median duration of 52(range,12-125)mo.The 30 d mortality rate was 7.0%(8/114)and 7 patients died within 90 d.Among all subjects,the inferior vena cava(IVC)-related complication rates were 17.5%(11/63)in group A and 16.3%(7/43)in group B.IVC stenosis was found in 12 patients(10.5%),whereas thrombus was formed in 6 patients(5.3%).Twenty-two patients had grade III or higher complications,with the complication rates being 17.2%,16.3%,and 57.1%in the three groups.The average postoperative hospital stay in the three groups was 32.3±19.8,26.7±18.2,and 51.3±29.4 d(P=0.03),respectively.CONCLUSION ELRA can be considered a safe and feasible option for end-stage hepatic AE patients with RHIVC infiltration.The RHIVC reconstruction methods should be selected appropriately depending on the defect degree of AE lesions in IVC lumen.The RHIVC resection without any reconstruction method should be considered with caution.