A Research Progress of CO_(2)-Responsive Plugging Channeling Gels

In the heterogeneous reservoirs,CO_(2) flooding easily leads to CO_(2) gas channeling,which can seriously affect sweeping efficiency and reduce oil recovery.After thoroughly investigating the advantages and shortcomings of various CO_(2) plugging technologies,this paper focuses on the feasibility of improving conventional water-alternating gas(WAG)through CO_(2)-responsive gel materials.Based on the different chemical reaction mechanisms between the unique chemical structure and CO_(2),changes in the material’s physical and chemical properties can respond to CO_(2).The feasibility of utilizing these property changes for CO_(2)-responsive plugging is explored.Various CO_(2)-responsive gels and gel nanoparticles have been extensively researched in different fields,such as energy,medicine,and biology.This paper surveys the molecular structures,chemical compositions,response mechanisms,and changes of these CO_(2)-responsive gels,aiming to draw insights into the carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery(CO_(2)-EOR)field.Finally,the key issues and future development direction of CO_(2)-responsive plugging gels were analyzed.

Gas channeling control with an in-situ smart surfactant gel during water-alternating-CO_(2) enhanced oil recovery

Undesirable gas channeling always occurs along the high-permeability layers in heterogeneous oil reservoirs during water-alternating-CO_(2)(WAG)flooding,and conventional polymer gels used for blocking the“channeling”paths usually suffer from either low injectivity or poor gelation control.Herein,we for the first time developed an in-situ high-pressure CO_(2)-triggered gel system based on a smart surfactant,N-erucamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamine(UC22AMPM),which was introduced into the aqueous slugs to control gas channeling inWAG processes.The water-like,low-viscosity UC22AMPM brine solution can be thickened by high-pressure CO_(2) owing to the formation of wormlike micelles(WLMs),as well as their growth and shear-induced structure buildup under shear flow.The thickening power can be further potentiated by the generation of denser WLMs resulting from either surfactant concentration augmentation or a certain range of heating,and can be impaired via pressurization above the critical pressure of CO_(2) because of its soaring solvent power.Core flooding tests using heterogeneous cores demonstrated that gas channeling was alleviated by plugging of high-capacity channels due to the in-situ gelation of UC22AMPM slugs upon their reaction with the pre-or post-injected CO_(2) slugs under shear flow,thereupon driving chase fluids into unrecovered low-permeability areas and producing an 8.0% higher oil recovery factor than the conventional WAG mode.This smart surfactant enabled high injectivity and satisfactory gelation control,attributable to low initial viscosity and the combined properties of one component and CO_(2)-triggered gelation,respectively.This work could provide a guide towards designing gels for reducing CO_(2) spillover and reinforcing the CO_(2) sequestration effect during CO_(2) enhanced oil recovery processes.

Analysis of Channeling-Path Phenomena in a Complex Fault-Block Reservoir with Low Recovery Factor and High Water-Cut Ratio

Current methods for the analysis of channeling-path phenomena in reservoirs cannot account for the influence of time and space on the actual seepage behavior.In the present study,this problem is addressed considering actual production data and dynamic characteristic parameters quantitatively determined in the near wellbore area by fitting the water-cut curve of the well.Starting from the dynamic relationship between injection and production data,the average permeability is determined and used to obtain a real-time quantitative characterization of the seepage behavior of the channeling-path in the far wellbore area.For the considered case study(Jidong oilfield),it is found that the seepage capacity of the channeling-path in the far wellbore area is far less(10 times smaller)than that of the channeling-path in the near wellbore area.The present study and the proposed model(combining near wellbore area and far wellbore area real-time data)have been implemented to support the definition of relevant adjustment measures to ultimately improve oil recovery.

非熟练外语学习者交际中Back-channeling现象的分析研究

要全面客观地评估"非熟练外语学习者"在Back-channeling策略的运用上是否受所学外语的影响而产生语用迁移,就要从其所使用的Back-channels在频率、位置、形式及功能方面加以综合考量。利用会话分析理论及所收集到的语料,我们观察到"非熟练外语学习者"在会话中最经常使用"点头"与"Yes/yeah"这两种Back-channels。经过认真的对比分析,我们认为"非熟练外语学习者"在其Back-channeling策略的运用上并未发生真正意义上的语用迁移。同时,我们还结合社会心理学相关研究成果,对他们在会话中所使用的Back-channeling策略背后的动机进行了初步的探讨。

CO_2-triggered gelation for mobility control and channeling blocking during CO_2 flooding processes

CO2 flooding is regarded as an important method for enhanced oil recovery （EOR） and greenhouse gas control. However, the heterogeneity prevalently dis- tributed in reservoirs inhibits the performance of this technology. The sweep efficiency can be significantly reduced especially in the presence of ＂thief zones＂. Hence, gas channeling blocking and mobility control are important technical issues for the success of CO2 injection. Normally, crosslinked gels have the potential to block gas channels, but the gelation time control poses challenges to this method. In this study, a new method for selectively blocking CO2 channeling is proposed, which is based on a type of CO2-sensitive gel system （modified polyacry- lamide-methenamine-resorcinol gel system） to form gel in situ. A CO2-sensitive gel system is when gelation or solidification will be triggered by CO2 in the reservoir to block gas channels. The CO2-sensitivity of the gel system was demonstrated in parallel bottle tests of gel in N2 and CO2 atmospheres. Sand pack flow experiments were con- ducted to investigate the shutoff capacity of the gel system under different conditions. The injectivity of the gel system was studied via viscosity measurements. The results indi- cate that this gel system was sensitive to CO2 and had good performance of channeling blocking in porous media. Advantageous viscosity-temperature characteristics were achieved in this work. The effectiveness for EOR in heterogeneous formations based on this gel system was demonstrated using displacement tests conducted in double sand packs. The experimental results can provide guideli- nes for the deployment of theCO2-sensitive gel system for field applications.

Characteristics of Channeling Flow in Cultivated Horizon of Saline Rice Soil

By applying bromide ion as tracer, the channeling flow has been quantitatively described in saline rice soil and alkaline soil of Da＇an City, Jilin Province of China. Breakthrough curves of bromide ion in the saline rice soils after 1-year cultivation and 5-year cultivation and alkaline soil have been attained. Results show that the rice cultivation practice can improve the alkaline soil structure, however, it can accelerate the development of channeling flow pathway. Therefore, the channeling flow pathway has been developed widely in saline rice soil, but rarely in the alkaline soil. Three models of convection-dispersion equation （CDE）, transfer functional model （TFM） and Back-Progation Network （BP Network） were used to simulate the transportation process of bromide ion. The peaks of probability density function of saline rice soil are higher with left skewed feature compared with that of the alkaline soil. It shows that the TIM and CDE can simulate the transportation process of the bromide ion in saline rice soil after 5-year cultivation, however, some deviation exists when it was used to simulate transportation process of bromide ion in saline rice soil after 1-year cultivation and alkaline soil; BP network can effectively simulate transportation process of bromide ion in both saline rice soil and alkaline soil.

Study on Properties of Anti-Gas Channeling Lightweight Temperature-Resistant Latex Slurry

There is low formation pressure coefficient and high formation temperature in ludong-wucaiwan area. Gas cut and gas channeling happen seriously during oil and gas well cementing. The existing anti-migration additive has only effects on single trait, so it is difficult to meet cementing requirement. According to this situation we could use latex slurry to anti-gas channeling. We have synthesised a set of anti-gas channeling lightweight temperature-resistant latex slurry and formed a new channeling preventing latex slurry through plenty of previous laboratory experiments. Finally the performance of latex slurry on temperature-resistant, anti-gas channeling and the anti-gas channeling of cement paste are studied. The experimental results show that this latex system has strong temperature-resistant and anti-gas channeling, which completely meet the requirement of cementing in this area.

THE DAMAGE MEASUREMENT OF ION- IMPLANTED COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR GaAs BY PIXE-CHANNELING TECHNIQUE

A combined PIXE-RBS channeling measurement system to examine Ⅲ-Ⅴ compound semiconductors has been established. Preliminary results on studying Si+ and Te+ implanted GaAs have been presented and discussed.

Optimization of laser focused atomic deposition by channeling

Laser focused atomic deposition is a unique and effective way to fabricate highly accurate pitch standards in nanometrology.However,the stability and repeatability of the atom lithography fabrication process remains a challenging problem for massive production.Based on the atom-light interaction theory,channeling is utilized to improve the stability and repeatability.From the comparison of three kinds of atom-light interaction models,the optimal parameters for channeling are obtained based on simulation.According to the experimental observations,the peak to valley height of Cr nano-gratings keeps stable when the cutting proportion changes from 15%to 50%,which means that the channeling shows up under this condition.The channeling proves to be an effective method to optimize the stability and repeatability of laser focused Cr atomic deposition.

LATTICE LOCATION DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNT CARBON IN GALLIUM ARSENIDE BY THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF CPAA WITH CHANNELING

Combining the charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) and the (?)hanneling technique, partial concentrations of carbon on different crystal lattice locations of GaAs were calculated. The results show that at lower total concentration (≈0.3 ppm), carbon atoms occupy principally the octahedral and displaced octahedral interstitial positions, but at higher total concentration (≈2 ppm), the substitutional carbon plays a principal role.

New method for plugging channeling in oil field by nitrogen foam

In order to present a new method for plugging channeling in oil field,the injection modes and validity period of foam system which plugged the formation water layer were studied by means of the experimental model which simulated the real conditions of oil wells existing channeling.Above all,the influence factors including reservoir pressure,permeability,oil saturation and gas-to-liquid ratio were studied through dynamic experiment.Then,in light of the technology characteristics of foam injection in oil field,the comparison between gas-liquid and liquid-gas injection modes was studied.The result shows that the gas-liquid injection mode can ensure the foam injectivity and plugging performance.The plugging validity of nitrogen foam injected into the formation water layer was evaluated in different plugging pressure gradients by the dynamic method which is more reasonable than the static evaluation method in laboratory.The research demonstrates that the plugging validity period of foam decreases with plugging pressure gradient increasing.If the plugging pressure gradient is 0.15 MPa/m,the validity period is 160 h.Finally,a empirical equation and a plate about the plugging validity and the plugging pressure gradient were obtained for forecasting the validity period of foam.

Dependence of Dechanneling on Individual Layer Thicknesses in Strained-Layer Superlattices

We show our new channeling measurement results on ZnSe/Zns and GaSb/AlSb superlattices,which are different from the channeling results on strained-layer superlattices in the early publications.A new concept of“effective channel”,and a calculation formula of“effective channel geometry width”have been presented and derived,the theoretical analysis is in good agreement with the experiment results.

Channeling of fast ions through the bent carbon nanotubes： The extended two-fluid hydrodynamic model

We investigate the interactions of charged particles with straight and bent single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNTs） under channeling conditions in the presence of dynamic polarization of the valence electrons in carbon, This polarization is described by a cylindrical, two-fluid hydrodynamic model with the parameters taken from the recent modelling of several independent experiments on electron energy loss spectroscopy of carbon nano-structures. We use the hydrodynamic model to calculate the image potential for protons moving through four types of SWNTs at a speed of 3 atomic units. The image potential is then combined with the Doyle-Turner atomic potential to obtain the total potential in the bent carbon nanotubes. Using that potential, we also compute the spatial and angular distributions of protons channeled through the bent carbon nanotubes, and compare the results with the distributions obtained without taking into account the image potential.

Characterization of tetragonal distortion in a thick Al_(0.2)Ga_(0.8)N epilayer with an AlN interlayer by Rutherford backscattering/channeling

An Al0.2Ga0.8N/AlN/Al0.2Ga0.8N heterostructure was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a sapphire （0001） substrate with a thick （〉 1 μm） GaN intermediate layer. The Al composition was determined by Rutherford backscattering （RBS）. Using the channeling scan around an off-normal [1213] axis in the （1010） plane of the Al0.2Ga0.8N layer, the tetragonal distortion eT, which is caused by the elastic strain in the epilayer, is investigated. The results show that eT in the high-quality Al0.2Ga0.8N layer is dramatically released by the AIN interlayer from 0.66% to 0.27%.

A Method for Identifying Channeling Paths in Low-Permeability Fractured Reservoirs

Often oilfield fractured horizontal wells produce water flowing in multiple directions.In this study,a method to identify such channeling paths is developed.The dual-medium model is based on the principle of inter-well connectivity and considers the flow characteristics and related channeling terms.The Lorentz curve is drawn to qualitatively discern the geological type of the low-permeability fractured reservoir and determine the channeling direction and size.The practical application of such an approach to a sample oilfield shows that it can accurately identify the channeling paths of the considered low-permeability fractured reservoir and predict production performances according to the inter-well connectivity model.As a result,early detection of water channeling becomes possible,paving the way to real-time production system optimization in low-permeability fractured reservoirs.

Study of depth-dependent tetragonal distortion of quaternary AlInGaN epilayer by Rutherford backscattering/channeling

A 240-nm thick Al0.4In0.02Ga0.58N layer is grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition, with an over 1-μm thick GaN layer used as a buffer layer on a substrate of sapphire （0001）. Rutherford backscattering and channeling are used to characterize the microstructure of AlInGaN. The results show a good crystalline quality of AIInGaN （χmin = 1.5%） with GaN buffer layer. The channeling angular scan around an off-normal {1213} axis in the {1010} plane of the AlInGaN layer is used to determine tetragonal distortion eT, which is caused by the elastic strain in the AIInGaN. The resulting AlInGaN is subjected to an elastic strain at interracial layer, and the strain decreases gradually towards the near-surface layer. It is expected that an epitaxial AlInGaN thin film with a thickness of 850 nm will be fully relaxed （^eT = 0）.

Office Channeling and Its Impact on the Growth of Indonesian Islamic Banking Industry

The purpose of this paper is to analyze that the office channeling policy that based on Bank Indonesia＇s rule No. 8/3/PBI/2006 had an impact on the growth of Islamic banking industry in Indonesia. This research used ordinary least square regression to analyze the impact of office channeling policy on the growth of Indonesian Islamic banking industry. The variable used in this paper is office channeling which is used as a dummy variable, and margin deposit and non-performing financing （NPF） are also used as control variables. The indicators of the growth of Indonesian Islamic banking industry are asset and third-party funds. The result shows that office channeling does not have an impact on the growth of Islamic banking industry which is measured by asset growth and third-party funds growth. According to this result, Bank Indonesia should have an innovative policy to stimulate the Islamic banking industry growth in Indonesia.

Channeling in Bent Crystallites: A New Method to Enhance the Radiation Shielding Efficiency

A new method is proposed here aiming at designing a shielding wall with the efficiency significantly higher than that of traditional designs. This new design arises from the idea of using channeling in multilayered shielding wall structure, each layer composed of bent crystallites distributed in a way that each layer covers a small section of 2π angular range of which wall is exposed. Part of the incident charged particles will get channeled in bent crystallites in each layer. Bending of channeled particles in bent crystallites will change their directions in the wall increasing their path lengths in the wall which would enhance its shielding efficiency for charged particle radiations. Proposed design is useful for radiation shielding in fission power plants, future fusion reactors and air travel.

Influence of pore structure heterogeneity on channeling channels during hot water flooding in heavy oil reservoir based on CT scanning

Hot water flooding is an effective way to develop heavy oil reservoirs.However,local channeling channels may form,possibly leading to a low thermal utilization efficiency and high water cut in the reservoir.The pore structure heterogeneity is an important factor in forming these channels.This study proposes a method that mixes quartz sand with different particle sizes to prepare weakly heterogeneous and strongly heterogeneous models through which hot water flooding experiments are conducted.During the experiments,computer tomography(CT)scanning identifies the pore structure and micro remaining oil saturation distribution to analyze the influence of the pore structure heterogeneity on the channeling channels.The oil saturation reduction and average pore size are divided into three levels to quantitatively describe the relationship between the channeling channel distribution and pore structure heterogeneity.The zone where oil saturation reduction exceeds 20%is defined as a channeling channel.The scanning area is divided into 180 equally sized zones based on the CT scanning images,and threedimensional(3D)distributions of the channeling channels are developed.Four micro remaining oil distribution patterns are proposed,and the morphology characteristics of micro remaining oil inside and outside the channeling channels are analyzed.The results show that hot water flooding is more balanced in the weakly heterogeneous model,and the oil saturation decreases by more than 20%in most zones without narrow channeling channels forming.In the strongly heterogeneous model,hot water flooding is unbalanced,and three narrow channeling channels of different lengths form.In the weakly heterogeneous model,the oil saturation reduction is greater in zones with larger pores.The distribution range of the average pore size is larger in the strongly heterogeneous model.The network remaining oil inside the channeling channels is less than outside the channeling channels,and the hot water converts the network remaining oil into cluster,film,and droplet remaining oil.