Cytotoxic Cycloartane Triterpenoid Saponins from the Rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida

To enrich the bioactive cycloartane triterpenoid glycoside named actein and find out more cytotoxic cycloartane triterpenes,a phytochemical study of Cimicifuga foetida was conducted.113 g(0.17%)actein was purified by recrystallization while eight cycloartane-type triterpenes(1-8)were isolated from the mother liquid.The chemical structures of new compounds(1-4)were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic analyses.Moreover,new compounds showed moderate and broad-spectrum cytotoxicity against 5 human cancer cell lines with IC_(50) values ranging from 4.02 to 15.80μM.

Six New 9,19-Cycloartane Triterpenoids from Cimicifuga foetida L.

Six new 9,19-cycloartane triterpene derivatives,as well as 3 known analogues(7–9),were isolated from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida L.Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses(IR,UV,ORD,HRESIMS,1D and 2D NMR).

Cycloartane Glycosides from the Roots of Cimicifuga foetida with Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitory Activity

Four new 9,19-cycloartane triterpenoids,cimilactone E(1),cimilactone F(2),20-O-(E)-butenoyl-23-epi-26-deoxyactein(3),and 20,12b-O-diacetylcimiracemonol-3-O-b-D-xylopyranoside(4),together with four known constituents(5–8)were isolated from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida.The new structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis.In addition,compounds 7 and 8 showed significant Wnt signaling pathway inhibitory activity,with IC50 values of 3.33 and 13.34 lM,respectively,using the luciferase reporter gene assay.

Two New Acetyl Cimicifugosides from the Rhizomes of Cimicifuga Racemosa

Two new acetyl cimicifugosides were isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa. Their structures were elucidated as 2＇-O-acetyl cimicifugoside H-1 1 and 3＇-O-acetyl cimicifugoside H-1 2 by the spectroscopic evidence and chemical methods.

Development and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers for Three Pollination Morphs of <i>Cimicifuga simplex</i>(Ranunculaceae)

Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. (Ranunculaceae) is a perennial herb distributed in eastern and northeastern Asia for which at least three different pollination morphs have been reported. It is classified as endangered or near threatened in some Japanese regions, and its rhizome is commercially used as a crude drug. To examine genetic differentiation and gene flow among the three morphs, we developed eight microsatellite markers by using next-generation sequencing and estimated the genetic structure of C. simplex. We tested eight primer pairs on 93 individuals from six populations of C. simplex in Nagano, central Japan, and found that heterozygosity in morphs I and III was low compared to expected heterozygosity. Bayesian clustering performed with the STRUCTURE program clearly distinguished the three morphs of C. simplex, and only a little gene flow was detected among the morphs. These eight microsatellite markers are expected to be useful in conservation genetic studies of this species and for future conservation planning.

NEW CYCLOARTANE TRITERPENOID CIMISIDE E FROM CIMICIFUGA FOETIDA L.

This paper relates to the structural elucidation of a new cycloartane triterpene glycoside, namely cimiside E(1), which was newly isolatea from the rnizomes of Cimicifuga foetida L.. Based on spectral evidence, its structure has been established as 25-anhydrocimigenol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside(23R, 24S).

CIMICIFUGAMIDE AND ISOCIMICIFUGAMIDE,TWO NEW CINNAMAMIDE DERIVATIVES ISOLATED FROM CIMICIFUGA DAHURICA

Two new cinnamamide derivatives designated as cimicifugamide((?))and isocimicifu- gamide((?)),have been isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga dahurica(Turcz.)Maxim..Their structures were established based on spectral evidence as N-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenethyl)- 4-0-β-D-galactopyrano syl-ferulamide(E)and N-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenetnyl)-4-0-β-D-ga- lactopyranosyl-isoferulamide(Z)respectively.

从兴安升麻(Cimicifuga dahurica Maxim.)分离的解痉物质

毛莨科（Ranunculaceae）升麻属（Cimicifuga）植物的茎根在日本和中国民间作为解热、镇痛、解痉以及治疗子宫下垂用药。作者用豚鼠离体空肠进行药理实验,以氯化乙酰胆硷、盐酸组织胺和氯化钡作为致痉物质,从兴安升麻的茎根中分离出有解痉作用的物质。茎根的50%甲醇提取物能抑制上述三个致痉物质的收缩作用。将该提取物以氯仿重复浸渍三次,溶于氯仿的活性物质在10-4～10-5克/毫升浓度下能缓解10-7克/毫升氯化乙酰胆硷所致的痉挛作用的一半。氯仿部分经硅胶柱层析后得到四个结晶物质,其中呋喃色酮类的齿阿米醇（Visa-mminol）和齿阿米素（Visnagin）以豚鼠离体空肠进行药理实验比较,证明其解痉作用分别是盐酸罂粟硷的1/3和1/10。

基于“生熟异用”理论的中药升麻临床应用探讨及现代研究进展

目的借理清“生熟异用”理论源流、整理升麻生熟异用古今用药经验及现代研究进展,为升麻炮制机理研究奠定文献基础。方法通过系统查阅相关本草著作及古今医案,从“生熟异用”临床用药经验、理论形成过程及与中药炮制关系挖掘其源流轨迹;通过本草考证系统梳理升麻炮制方法历史演变、升麻生制饮片临床用药经验;通过查阅文献整理升麻生熟异用的现代研究情况。结果“生熟异用”用药经验始见于东汉,理论形成于金元,明清时期则用于指导中药炮制,这一应用扩大了中药饮片品种,丰富了中药炮制理论。此外,升麻炮制方法多样,包括蜜炙、土炒、酒炙等,且自古就有升麻生品解毒、制品升阳的用药之异。结论升麻生熟异用历史悠久,加快研究升麻生熟异用药效物质基础及炮制机理,有助于加深对中药炮制“生熟异用”理论科学内涵的认识。总之,综述整理了“生熟异用”理论源流轨迹、升麻饮片用药经验及现代研究进展,为中药“生熟异用”理论的精准认识、中药升麻生熟异治的用药特点、不同升麻饮片合理临床应用提供参考。

Efficacy and safety of Cimicifuga foetida extract on menopausal syndrome in Chinese women

Background It is now recognized that Cimicifuga foetida extract is effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms. But the durations reported were usually short. This paper compares the clinical effects of different regimens of three-month course on climacteric symptoms in Chinese women, so as to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cimicifuga foefida extract. Methods This was a prospective, randomized trial. Ninety-six early menopausal women were recruited and randomly assigned into 3 groups to take different kinds of medicine for 3 months; participants were given Cimicifuga foefida extract daily in group A （n=32）, given estradiol valerate and progesterone capsule cycle sequentially in group B （n=32）, and given estradiol valerate and medroxyprogesterone acetate cycle sequentially in group C （n=32）. The questionnaires of Kupperman menopause index, Menopause-Specific Quality of Life, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were finished before and after the treatment. The status of vaginal bleeding and breast tenderness was recorded every day. Results Eighty-nine participants （89/96, 92.7%） completed the treatment. Kupperman menopause index decreased after taking the medicine for 3 months in each group （with all P〈0.001）, but the score after the treatment was higher in group A than in the other 2 groups. Except for the score of sexual domain in group A （P=0.103）, the scores of all domains of the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life decreased significantly after the treatment in all groups （with all P〈-0.01）. Score of anxity decreased significantly in group A （P=0.0l 5） and B （P=0.003）. Incidence of breast tenderness was 12.9% （4/31） in groupA, 36.7% （11/30） in group B, and 14.3% （4/28） in group C. Incidence of vaginal bleeding was 6.5% （2/31）in group A, 26.7% （8/30） in group B, and 82.1% （23/28）in group C. Conclusions Cimicifuga foeticla extract is effective and safe in the treatment of menopausal syndrome. It is worth extending its use in the treatment of climacteric complaints, especially among those having contradiction for hormone replacement therapy.

Cimicifuga heracleifolia is therapeutically similar to black cohosh in relieving menopausal symptoms: evidence from pharmacological and metabolomics studies

In the market of botanical dietary supplements, Cimicifuga heracleifolia(CH) has always been considered as an adulterated species of Cimicifuga racemosa(CR), a conventional American herb with promising benefits to counteract troubles arising from the menopause. However, the detailed comparison of their therapeutic effects is lacking. In present study, the pharmacological and metabolomics studies were comparatively conducted between CH and CR in ovariectomized(OVX) female rats. Specifically, estrogen-like, anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-osteoporosis effects were evaluated through measuring serum biochemical parameters, histopathological examination and micro computed tomography(Micro-CT) scanning. At the same time, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)-based serum metabolomics method was employed to profile the metabolite compositional changes. As a result, both CR and CH displayed anti-osteoporosis and anti-hyperlipemia on menopause syndrome. Meanwhile, their potentials in improving the OVX-induced metabolic disorders were discovered. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that CH is therapeutically similar to CR in relieving menopausal symptoms and CH could be considered as a promising alternative to CR instead of an adulterant in the market of botanical dietary supplements.

Photochemistry and pharmacology of 9,19-cyclolanostane glycosides isolated from genus Cimicifuga

The constituents of Cimicifuga plants have been extensively investigated, and the principal metabolites are 9, 19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides, which often exhibit extensive pharmacological activities. 9, 19-Cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides are distributed widely in genus Cimicifuga rather than in other members of the Ranunculaceae family. So far, more than 140 cycloartane triterpene glycosides have been isolated from Cimicifuga spp.. The aim of this review was to summarize all 9, 19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides based on the available relevant scientific literatures from 2000 to 2014. Biological studies of cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga spp. are also discussed.

Cycloartenol triterpenoid saponins from Cimicifuga simplex(Ranunculaceae) and their biological effects

The constituents of Cimicifuga plants have been extensively investigated, and the principal metabolites are 9,19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides, which are distributed widely in Cimicifuga plants, but not in other members of the Ranunculaceae family, and are considered to be characteristics of the Cimicifuga genus. This type of triterpenoid glycoside possesses several important biological activities. More than 120 cycloartane triterpene glycosides have been isolated from Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. The aim of this review article is to summarize all the major findings based on the available scientific literatures on C. simplex, with a focus on the identified 9,19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides. Biological studies of cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga spp. are also discussed.

Ultrasonographic Observation of the Breast in Early Postmenopausal Women during Therapy with Cimicifuga Foetida Extract and Sequential Therapy with Estrogen and Progestin

Background： It is now recognized that Cimicifuga foetida （C. foetida） extract is effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms. But the durations reported were usually short, The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of C. fl）etida extract therapy and different estrogen and progesterone sequential therapies, on the breasts of early postmenopausal women. Methods： This was a prospective randomized trial. Ninety-six early menopausal women were recruited and randomly assigned into three groups treated with different therapies for 2 years. Patients were given C. foetida extract in Group A, estradiol valerate and medroxyprogesterone acetate in Group B, and estradiol valerate and progesterone in Group C. Ultrasonography was used to monitor changes in breast during treatment. Results： In comparing breast glandular section thickness before and after 1 and 2 years of treatment, no significant difference was observed in Group A （11.97 ± 2.84 mm vs. 12.09 ± 2.58 mm and 12.61 ± 3.73 mm, P 〉 0.05）; in Group B glandular section thickness had increased significantly （10.98 ± 2.34 mm vs. 11.84± 2.72 mm and 11.90 ± 3.33 mm, P 〈 0.05） after treatment, the same as Group C （ 11.56 ± 3.03 mm vs. 12.5 ± 3.57 mm and 12.22 ± 4.39 mm P 〈 0.05）. In comparing breast duct width betbre and after 1 and 2 years of treatment, no significant difference was seen in Group A （1.07 ± 0.19 mm vs. 1.02 ±0.18 mm and 0.98 ± 0.21 mm, P 〉 0.05）; in Group B the duct width had a downward trend after treatment （0.99 ± 0.14 mm vs. 0.96 ± 0.22 mm and 0.90 ± 0.18 mm, P 〈 0.05）, the same as Group C （ 1.07 ± 0.20 mm vs. 1.02 ± 0.17 mm and 0.91 ± 0.19 mm, P 〈 0.05）. The nodules detected before treatment had disappeared after 1 -year of treatment or exhibited no distinct changes in the three groups. However, new breast nodules had appeared after 2 years of treatment： There was one case in Group A, two cases in Group B and four cases in Group C, with breast hyperplasia after the molybdenum target check. Conclusions： In early postmenopausal patients, C. foetida extract therapy and estrogen and progesterone therapy at low doses did not increase the incidence of malignant breast tumors.

Bioactivity-based UPLC/Q-TOF/MS strategy for screening of anti-inflammatory components from Cimicifugae Rhizoma

In this study,the protective effects of Cimicifugae Rhizoma（CR） was demonstrated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia mouse model.To identify the anti-inflammatory ingredients,an ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC/Q-TOF-MS）integrated nuclear factor κB（NF-κB） luciferase reporter assay screening system was carried out.As a result,some caffeic acid derivatives,including caffeic acid,ferulic acid/isoferulic acid,fukinolic acid,and cimicifugic acid ingredients were identified as the potential effective compounds from CR.For testing the anti-inflammatory capacity,caffeic acid was demonstrated to inhibit NF-kB and reduce the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in TNF-α-treated BEAS-2B cells in a dose-dependent manner.Hence,CR preparations and its cinnamic acid derivatives have the possibility to be developed as a complementary therapy in the treatment of respiratory system infection in clinics.

NOVEL ANTI-ANGIOGENIC ACTIVITIES OF A TRITERPENOID DEOXYACTEIN FROM CIMICIFUGA FOETIDA

Deoxyactein(DA)is a triterpenoid isolated from the root of Cimicifuga foetida which is a source of traditional Chinese herb'shengma'and is traditionally used as an antipyretic and analgesic agent.Previous studies showed that DA exhibited anti-proliferative effect in human breast cancer cells.Hence,the objectives of this study were to

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析江西特色炮制技术对中药升麻化学成分的影响

目的比较江西特色炮制技术对升麻化学成分的影响,筛选优质饮片品种。方法采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)技术,在正、负离子模式下分析升麻不同炮制品的化学成分,通过对照品、相对分子质量、质谱裂解规律和文献信息进行鉴定。利用SIMCA-P13.0软件建立升麻各炮制品主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘法-判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)模型,获取PCA得分图、PLA-DA得分图和变量重要性投影(variable importance plot,VIP)值,筛选造成升麻炮制前后主要差异的物质基础。利用MetaboAnatyst网页绘图工具,制作得到热图,可更直观地观察升麻化学成分经炮制后的变化趋势。结果鉴定出71个化学成分,PCA显示经不同方法炮制后升麻组间差异性大,PLS-DA筛选出VIP值>1的33个化学成分作为炮制前后差异性的主要化学标记物。其中生品和蜜炙升麻中三萜类含量较高,蜜麸、蜜糠炒升麻中酚酸类物质含量较高,蜜麸升麻中阿魏酸含量较高。结论酚酸类和三萜皂苷类是区分升麻不同炮制品最重要的化合物类别,为江西特色升麻饮片的药效物质基础及优势品种研究提供了依据。

基于CNKI数据库分析升麻及相关化学成分的研究现状

为深入了解我国升麻的研究现状及发展趋势,本文通过中国知网(CNKI)检索了2003年-2023年与升麻研究有关的文献,利用数据库自带的可视化分析功能并结合excel等软件,对检索到的文献进行分析。结果表明:升麻及其相关化学成分的研究成果丰富。从发文量年度分布来看,升麻及其相关化学成分的研究文献呈现上升的趋势,研究人员对升麻的关注越来越多。从研究热点来看,目前的研究者的关注点主要集中在升麻化学成分的分离提取及其药理作用的研究,比如抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗骨质疏松等。本研究为升麻未来的研究方向提供科学依据,并为其在医学领域的应用提供有利的参考。

汤水福采用益气升提法治疗肾性蛋白尿经验

汤水福教授认为,慢性肾脏病肾性蛋白尿的出现乃因脾肾亏虚而致机体升清降浊功能失常,浊毒内蕴。早期以脾肾气虚为主,中后期因脾肾亏虚日久,浊毒蕴结,正虚与邪实互为因果。基于肾性蛋白尿的气机升降失调的关键病机,汤水福教授以健脾补肾法为基础,结合湿浊瘀毒弥漫三焦的邪实特点,针对性地使用祛湿、泻浊、化瘀之法,同时重视采用益气升提法以调节脾肾气机。早期在健脾益肾基础上加用升麻、柴胡等助清阳之气上升的药物,使精微得固,蛋白尿得解;中后期,病程日久,诸邪内扰,清浊逆乱,则以降浊为基础,佐以益气升提药如黄芪、白术、茯苓、山药、升麻、柴胡等,使气机升降协调,清升浊降,保护肾功能,延缓慢性肾脏病进展。

碱提法提取升麻渣多糖工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

【目的】采用碱提法提取升麻渣多糖,优化提取工艺并探究多糖的抗氧化能力,为升麻渣的综合开发利用提供参考。【方法】以水提醇沉后的升麻渣为试验材料,采用碱提法提取升麻渣多糖,分别考察碱液浓度、液料比、提取温度和提取时间对多糖提取率的影响,筛选最适单因素条件并建立响应面模型,依据体外自由基清除试验探索其抗氧化能力。【结果】以升麻渣碱提多糖提取率(Y)为响应值,以碱液浓度(A)、液料比(B)、提取温度(C)为自变量建立的二次多项拟合方程为Y=4.98+0.17A+0.27B+0.72C-0.34AB+0.21AC-0.073BC-0.76A^(2)-0.33B^(2)-0.79C^(2),响应面模型具有稳健性且拟合良好。各因素对升麻渣多糖提取率的影响顺序为提取温度>液料比>碱液浓度,其中,碱液浓度影响显著(P<0.05,下同),液料比和提取温度影响极显著(P<0.01,下同),碱液浓度与液料比交互作用影响极显著、碱液浓度与提取温度交互作用影响显著,而液料比与提取温度交互作用影响不显著(P>0.05)。通过响应面分析得到碱提法提取升麻渣多糖的最佳工艺条件:碱液浓度0.6 mol/L、液料比27∶1、提取温度75℃,该条件下升麻渣多糖平均提取率为5.17%。升麻渣多糖对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、羟基自由基和2,2-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基的半抑制浓度(IC_(50))分别为2.614、1.164和1.306 mg/mL,多糖浓度在1.2 mg/mL时清除率分别为45.83%、56.16%和45.12%。【结论】碱提法可高效提取升麻渣多糖,且升麻渣多糖存在体外抗氧化活性,其抗氧化能力与浓度存在剂量依赖关系。