OPTIMIZATION OF AIRPORT TAXIING PLANNING DURING CONGESTED HOURS BASED ON IMMUNE CLONAL SELECTION ALGORITHM

In order to ease congestion and ground delays in major hub airports, an aircraft taxiing scheduling optimization model is proposed with schedule time as the object function. In the new model, the idea of a classical job shop-schedule problem is adopted and three types of special aircraft-taxi conflicts are considered in the constraints. To solve such nondeterministic polynomial time-complex problems, the immune clonal selection algorithm（ICSA） is introduced. The simulation results in a congested hour of Beijing Capital International Airport show that, compared with the first-come-first-served（FCFS） strategy, the optimization-planning strategy reduces the total scheduling time by 13.6 min and the taxiing time per aircraft by 45.3 s, which improves the capacity of the runway and the efficiency of airport operations.

Clonal Selection Based Memetic Algorithm for Job Shop Scheduling Problems

A clonal selection based memetic algorithm is proposed for solving job shop scheduling problems in this paper. In the proposed algorithm, the clonal selection and the local search mechanism are designed to enhance exploration and exploitation. In the clonal selection mechanism, clonal selection, hypermutation and receptor edit theories are presented to construct an evolutionary searching mechanism which is used for exploration. In the local search mechanism, a simulated annealing local search algorithm based on Nowicki and Smutnicki＇s neighborhood is presented to exploit local optima. The proposed algorithm is examined using some well-known benchmark problems. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Directional Filter for SAR Images Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform and Immune Clonal Selection

A directional filter algorithm for intensity synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform （NSCT） and immune clonal selection （ICS） is presented. The proposed filter mainly focuses on exploiting different features of edges and noises by NSCT. Furthermore, ICS strategy is introduced to optimize threshold parameter and amplify parameter adaptively. Numerical experiments on real SAR images show that there are improvements in both visual effects and objective indexes.

An optimization algorithm for locomotive secondary spring load adjustment based on artificial immune

In order to control the locomotive wheel(axle) load distribution, a shimming process to adjust the locomotive secondary spring loads was heretofore developed. An immune dominance clonal selection multi-objective algorithm based on the artificial immune system was presented to further improve the performance of the optimization algorithm for locomotive secondary spring load adjustment, especially to solve the lack of control on the output shim quantity. The algorithm was designed into a two-level optimization structure according to the preferences of the problem, and the priori knowledge of the problem was used as the immune dominance. Experiments on various types of locomotives show that owing to the novel algorithm, the shim quantity is cut down by 30% 60% and the calculation time is about 90% less while the secondary spring load distribution is controlled on the same level as before. The application of this optimization algorithm can significantly improve the availability and efficiency of the secondary spring adjustment process.

Variation among poplar clones for growth and crown traits under field conditions at two sites of North-western India

We evaluated the growth and crown traits of 36 poplar clones at two distinct agro-climatic regions of Punjab （Ludhiana and Bathinda） in northwestern India, following randomized block design with three replications and plot size of four trees. Significant differences among clones （p〈0.001） were observed for diameter at breast height （DBH）, tree height, volume, crown width and number of branches under both the site conditions. Clones ‘G-3’, ‘25-N’ and ‘41-N’ at Ludhiana and ‘G-3’, ‘RD-01’ and ‘S7C8’ at Bathinda were found to be superior for volume production. All growth and crown traits registered significantly higher values at Ludhiana in comparison to those at Bathinda. Clone site interaction was also significant （p〈0.001）. For volume, clones ‘L-62/84’, ‘113520’, ‘25-N’ and ‘S4C2’ witnessed huge fluctuations in ranking between sites. The correlations between growth traits were positive and highly significant （p〈0.001） at both sites. The clonal mean heritability was moderate for DBH and volume both at Ludhiana （0.61–0.66） and Bathinda （0.61–0.62）. Across sites, the genetic advance was the highest for volume （49.76%） and the lowest （6.50%） in case of height.

Multiobjective optimization using an immunodominance and clonal selection inspired algorithm

Based on the mechanisms of immunodominance and clonal selection theory, we propose a new multiobjective optimization algorithm, immune dominance clonal multiobjective algorithm （IDCMA）. IDCMA is unique in that its fitness values of current dominated individuals are assigned as the values of a custom distance measure, termed as Ab-Ab affinity, between the dominated individuals and one of the nondominated individuals found so far. According to the values of Ab-Ab affinity, all dominated individuals （antibodies） are divided into two kinds, subdominant antibodies and cryptic antibodies. Moreover, local search only applies to the subdominant antibodies, while the cryptic antibodies are redundant and have no function during local search, but they can become subdominant （active） antibodies during the subsequent evolution. Furthermore, a new immune operation, clonal proliferation is provided to enhance local search. Using the clonal proliferation operation, IDCMA reproduces individuals and selects their improved maturated progenies after local search, so single individuals can exploit their surrounding space effectively and the newcomers yield a broader exploration of the search space. The performance comparison of IDCMA with MISA, NSGA-Ⅱ, SPEA, PAES, NSGA, VEGA, NPGA, and HLGA in solving six well-known multiobjective function optimization problems and nine multiobjective 0/1 knapsack problems shows that IDCMA has a good performance in converging to approximate Pareto-optimal fronts with a good distribution.

An immunity-based technique to detect network intrusions

This paper briefly reviews other people’s works on negative selection algorithm and their shortcomings. With a view to the real problem to be solved, authors bring forward two assumptions, based on which a new immune algorithm, multi-level negative selection algorithm, is developed. In essence, compared with Forrest’s negative selection algorithm, it enhances detector generation efficiency. This algorithm integrates clonal selection process into negative selection process for the first time. After careful analyses, this algorithm was applied to network intrusion detection and achieved good results.

Hybrid anti-prematuration optimization algorithm

Heuristic optimization methods provide a robust and efficient approach to solving complex optimization problems.This paper presents a hybrid optimization technique combining two heuristic optimization methods,artificial immune system（AIS） and particle swarm optimization（PSO）,together in searching for the global optima of nonlinear functions.The proposed algorithm,namely hybrid anti-prematuration optimization method,contains four significant operators,i.e.swarm operator,cloning operator,suppression operator,and receptor editing operator.The swarm operator is inspired by the particle swarm intelligence,and the clone operator,suppression operator,and receptor editing operator are gleaned by the artificial immune system.The simulation results of three representative nonlinear test functions demonstrate the superiority of the hybrid optimization algorithm over the conventional methods with regard to both the solution quality and convergence rate.It is also employed to cope with a real-world optimization problem.

Multi-agent immune recognition of water mine model

It is necessary for mine countermeasure systems to recognise the model of a water mine before destroying because the destroying measures to be taken must be determined according to mine model. In this paper, an immune neural network (INN) along with water mine model recognition system based on multi-agent system is proposed. A modified clonal selection algorithm for constructing such an INN is presented based on clonal selection principle. The INN is a two-layer Boolean network whose number of outputs is adaptable according to the task and the affinity threshold. Adjusting the affinity threshold can easily control different recognition precision, and the affinity threshold also can control the capability of noise tolerance.

Improved clonal selection algorithm optimizing Neural Network for solving terminal anti-missile collaborative intercepting assistant decision-making model

Programming terminal high-low collaborative intercepting strategy scientifically and constructing assistant decision-making model with self-determination and intellectualization is onekey problem to enhance operational efficiency.Assistant decision-making model has been constructed after analysis on collaborative intercepting principle;then Improved Clonal Selection Algorithm Optimizing Neural Network(ICLONALGNN)is designed to solve the terminal anti-missile collaborative intercepting assistant decision-making model through introducing crossover operator to increase population diversity,introducing modified combination operator to make use of the information before crossover and mutation,introducing population update operator into traditional CLONALG to optimize Neural Network parameters.Experimental simulation confirms the superiority and practicability of the assistant decision-making model solved by ICLONALG-NN.

CLUSTERING VIA DIMENSIONAL REDUCTION METHOD FOR THE PROJECTION PURSUIT BASED ON THE ICSA

The performance of the classical clustering algorithm is not always satisfied with the high-dimensional datasets, which make clustering method limited in many application. To solve this problem, clustering method with Projection Pursuit dimension reduction based on Immune Clonal Selection Algorithm (ICSA-PP) is proposed in this paper. Projection pursuit strategy can maintain consistent Euclidean distances between points in the low-dimensional embeddings where the ICSA is used to search optimizing projection direction. The proposed algorithm can converge quickly with less iteration to reduce dimension of some high-dimensional datasets, and in which space, K-mean clustering algorithm is used to partition the reduced data. The experiment results on UCI data show that the presented method can search quicker to optimize projection direction than Genetic Algorithm (GA) and it has better clustering results compared with traditional linear dimension reduction method for Principle Component Analysis (PCA).

Clonal Strategy Algorithm Based on the Immune Memory

Based on the clonal selection theory and immune memory mechanism in the natural immune system, a novel artificial immune system algorithm, Clonal Strategy Algorithm based on the Immune Memory （CSAIM）, is proposed in this paper. The algorithm realizes the evolution of antibody population and the evolution of memory unit at the same time, and by using clonal selection operator, the global optimal computation can be combined with the local searching. According to antibody-antibody （Ab-Ab） affinity and antibody-antigen （Ab-Ag） affinity, the algorithm can allot adaptively the scales of memory unit and antibody population. It is proved theoretically that CSAIM is convergent with probability 1. And with the computer simulations of eight benchmark functions and one instance of traveling salesman problem （TSP）, it is shown that CSAIM has strong abilities in having high convergence speed, enhancing the diversity of the population and avoiding the premature convergence to some extent.

Polyclonal clustering algorithm and its convergence

Being characteristic of non-teacher learning, self-organization, memory, and noise resistance, the artificial immune system is a research focus in the field of intelligent information processing. Based on the basic principles of organism immune and clonal selection, this article presents a polyclonal clustering algorithm characteristic of self-adaptation. According to the core idea of the algorithm, various immune operators in the artificial immune system are employed in the clustering process; moreover, clustering numbers are adjusted in accordance with the affinity function. Introduction of the recombination operator can effectively enhance the diversity of the individual antibody in a generation population, so that the searching scope for solutions is enlarged and the premature phenomenon of the algorithm is avoided. Besides, introduction of the inconsistent mutation operator enhances the adaptability and optimizes the performance of local solution seeking. Meanwhile, the convergence of the algorithm is accelerated. In addition, the article also proves the convergence of the algorithm by employing the Markov chain. Results of the data simulation experiment show that the algorithm is capable of obtaining reasonable and effective cluster.

Adaptive chaos clonal evolutionary programming algorithm

Based on the chaos movement and the clonal selection theory, a novel artificial immune system algorithm, Adaptive Chaos Clonal Evolutionary Programming Algorithm （ACCEP）, is proposed in this paper. The new algorithm uses the Logistic Sequence to control the mutation scale and uses the Chaos Mutation Operator to control the clonal selection. Compared with SGA and Clonal Selection Algorithm, ACCEP can enhance the precision and stability, avoid prematurity to some extent, and have the high convergence speed. The results of the experiment indicate that ACCEP has the capability to solve complex machine learning tasks, like Multimodal Function Optimization.

Dynamic detection for computer virus based on immune system

Inspired by biological immune system, a new dynamic detection model for computer virus based on immune system is proposed. The quantitative description of the model is given. The problem of dynamic description for self and nonself in a computer virus immune system is solved, which reduces the size of self set. The new concept of dynamic tolerance, as well as the new mechanisms of gene evolution and gene coding for immature detectors is presented, improving the generating efficiency of mature detectors, reducing the false-negative and false-positive rates. Therefore, the difficult problem, in which the detector training cost is exponentially related to the size of self-set in a traditional computer immune system, is thus overcome. The theory analysis and experimental results show that the proposed model has better time efficiency and detecting ability than the classic model ARTIS.

Optimal approximation of linear systems by artificial immune response

This paper puts forward a novel artificial immune response algorithm for optimal approximation of linear systems. A quaternion model of artificial immune response is proposed for engineering computing. The model abstracts four elements, namely, antigen, antibody, reaction rules among antibodies, and driving algorithm describing how the rules are applied to antibodies, to simulate the process of immune response. Some reaction rules including clonal selection rules, immunological memory rules and immune regulation rules are introduced. Using the theorem of Markov chain, it is proofed that the new model is convergent. The experimental study on the optimal approximation of a stable linear system and an unstable one show that the approximate models searched by the new model have better performance indices than those obtained by some existing algorithms including the differential evolution algorithm and the multi-agent genetic algorithm.

Hybrid immunizing solution for job recommender system

Two traditional recommendation techniques, content-based and collaborative filtering （CF）, have been widely used in a broad range of domain areas. Both meth- ods have their advantages and disadvantages, and some of the defects can be resolved by integrating both techniques in a hybrid model to improve the quality of the recommendation. In this article, we will present a problem-oriented approach to design a hybrid immunizing solution for job recommen- dation problem from applicant＇s perspective. The proposed approach aims to recommend the best chances of opening jobs to the applicant who searches for job. It combines the artificial immune system （AIS）, which has a powerful explo- ration capability in polynomial time, with the collaborative filtering, which can exploit the neighbors＇ interests. We will discuss the design issues, as well as the hybridization process that should be applied to the problem. Finally, experimental studies are conducted and the results show the importance of our approach for solving the job recommendation problem.

Intelligent multi-user detection using an artificial immune system

Artificial immune systems （AIS） are a kind of new computational intelligence methods which draw inspiration from the human immune system. In this study, we introduce an AIS-based optimization algorithm, called clonal selection algorithm, to solve the multi-user detection problem in code-division multipleaccess communications system based on the maximum-likelihood decision rule. Through proportional cloning, hypermutation, clonal selection and clonal death, the new method performs a greedy search which reproduces individuals and selects their improved maturated progenies after the affinity maturation process. Theoretical analysis indicates that the clonal selection algorithm is suitable for solving the multi-user detection problem. Computer simulations show that the proposed approach outperforms some other approaches including two genetic algorithm-based detectors and the matched filters detector, and has the ability to find the most likely combinations.

Loss of HER2 in breast cancer: biological mechanisms and technical pitfalls

Loss of HER2 in previously HER2-positive breast tumors is not rare, occurring in up to 50% of breast cancers;however, clinical research and practice underestimate this issue. Many studies have reported the loss of HER2 afterneoadjuvant therapy and at metastatic relapse and identified clinicopathological variables more frequentlyassociated with this event. Nevertheless, the biological mechanisms underlying HER2 loss are still poorlyunderstood. HER2 downregulation, intratumoral heterogeneity, clonal selection, and true subtype switch have beensuggested as potential causes of HER2 loss, but translational studies specifically investigating the biology behindHER2 loss are virtually absent. On the other side, technical pitfalls may justify HER2 loss in some of these samples.The best treatment strategy for patients with HER2 loss is currently unknown. Considering the prevalence of thisphenomenon and its apparent correlation with worse outcomes, we believe that correlative studies specificallyaddressing HER2 loss are warranted.

Cancer stem cells in neuroblastoma therapy resistance

Neuroblastoma(NB)is the most common cancer of infancy and accounts for nearly one tenth of pediatric cancer deaths.This mortality rate has been attributed to the>50%frequency of relapse despite intensive,multimodal clinical therapy in patients with progressive NB.Given the disease’s heterogeneity and developed resistance,attaining a cure after relapse of progressive NB is highly challenging.A rapid decrease in the timeline between successive recurrences is likely due to the ongoing acquisition of genetic rearrangements in undifferentiated NB-cancer stem cells(CSCs).In this review,we present the current understanding of NB-CSCs,their intrinsic role in tumorigenesis,their function in disease progression,and their influence on acquired therapy resistance and tumor evolution.In particular,this review focus on the intrinsic involvement of stem cells and signaling in the genesis of NB,the function of pre-existing CSCs in NB progression and therapy response,the formation and influence of induced CSCs(iCSCs)in drug resistance and tumor evolution,and the development of a CSC-targeted therapeutic approach.