Preparation of special silicon steel grade MgO from hydromagnesite

A preparation technology of MgO powder used in special silicon steel from hydromagnesite mineral has been developed. The preparation technology includes the following steps： （1） calcining the hydromagnesite at 700-750°C for 1.5-2 h; （2） hydrating the calcined hydromagnesite to be slurry containing the solid-liquid ratio of 15-20 g？L？1; （3） acquiring Mg（HCO3）2 solution by carbonating the slurry, the carbonation temperature, CO2 pressure, and end point PH value of carbonation are less than 40°C, 0.4-0.6 MPa, and 7 respectively during the carbonation process; （4） preparing precipitated basic magnesium carbonate by thermally decomposing the Mg（HCO3）2 solution at 90-100°C; （5） obtaining the MgO product by calcining the precipitated basic magnesium carbonate at 850-950°C for 30-60 min, and adopting flowing nitrogen during the cooling process. By using this technology, more than 80wt% magnesium in hydromagnesite mineral can be extracted, and high-performance MgO products used in special silicon steel can be ob- tained.

Dynamic response and optimization of an inclined steel rock shed by the graded energy dissipating method

Blocking rockfalls directly by reinforced concrete(RC) flat sheds with thick sand cushions is an outdated method. Such conventional sheds typically accumulate rock heavily, and become progressively damaged and are difficult to repair, and are very costly. To address these problems, we propose a new structure called a Graded Dissipating Inclined Steel Rock(GDISR) shed that utilizes the graded energy dissipation method. Here, we study the dynamic response of the GDISR shed with model test and numerical simulation, and give its optimization design combining with a practical engineering case. Our results show that the optimized modular E-block and corrugated steel tube can deform to sufficiently absorb the energy of different impact intensities. This efficiently and economically provides GDISR sheds with two security lines. Compared with conventional RC sheds, GDISR sheds with optimal incline have a more efficient anti-impact function, are faster and easier to repair, and are much simpler and cheaper to build.

Microstructure, properties and hot workability of M300 grade maraging steel

This paper presents isothermal uniaxial compression test results of M300 grade maraging steel over a wide range of temperatures(900 e1200℃) and strain rates(0.001 e100 s^(-1)) to examine hot deformability and concurrent microstructural evolution. Processing map is generated and indicated the optimum processing parameters in the temperature range of 1125℃-1200℃ and strain rate range of 0.001 e0.1 s^(-1). High values of the efficiency of power dissipation, microstructural observations and EBSD results indicate softening mechanism to be the occurrence of dynamic recrystallisation. Material constants in a constitutive relation are evaluated from the flow stress data useful in computer modelling.

Powder Metallurgical Fabrication and Microstructural Investigations of Aluminum/Steel Functionally Graded Material

Aluminum/steel electric transition joints (ETJs) are used in aluminum reduction cell for the purpose of welding aluminum rod and steel bracket components. Solid state welding process used for joining aluminum and steel at the electric transition joints have the drawbacks of cracking and separation at the interface surfaces. Cracking and separation at the electric transition joints are caused by the stress singularities that developed due to the mismatch in thermal and mechanical properties of each material. To overcome the drawback of electric transition joints, aluminum/steel functionally graded may be used as electric transition joints or proposed. Therefore manufacturing and investigation of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials fabricated by powder metallurgy process were carried out through the current work. Different samples with different layers of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials were compacted using steel die and punch at the same compacted pressure and sintered temperature. After investigating the different samples of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials under different fabrication conditions, the suitable fabrication regime was determined with the aid of microscopic observations.

Conceptual study of X-braced frames with different steel grades using cyclic half-scale tests

In this paper, an experimental and analytical study of two half-scale steel X-braced flames with equal nominal shear strength under cyclic loading is described. In these tests, all members except the braces are similar. The braces are made of various steel grades to monitor the effects of seismic excitation. Internal stiffeners are employed to limit the local buckling and increase the fracture life of the steel bracing. A heavy central core is introduced at the intersection of the braces to decrease their effective length. Recent seismic specifications are considered in the design of the X-braced frame members to verify their efficiency. The failure modes of the X-braced frames are also illustrated. It is observed that the energy dissipation capacity, ultimate load capacity and ductility of the system increase considerably by using lower grade steel and proposed detailing. Analytical modeling of the specimens using nonlinear finite element software supports the experimental findings.

Efect of residual Al content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Grade B+Steel for castings for locomotives

The bogie made of Grade B+ steel is one of the most important parts of heavy haul trains. Some accidents were found to be the result of fracture failure of the bogies. It is very important to find the reason why the fracture failure occurred. Because Al was added for the final deoxidation during the smelting process of the Grade B+Steel, residual Al existed to some extent in the castings. High residual Al content in the bogie casting was presumed to be the reason for the fracture. In this work, the influence of residual Al content in the range of 0.015wt.% to 0.3wt.% on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Grade B+ Steel was studied. The experimental results showed that when the residual Al content is between 0.02wt.% and 0.20wt.%, the mechanical properties of the steel meet the requirements of technical specification for heavy haul train parts, and the fracture is typical plastic fractures. If the residual Al content is less than 0.02wt.%, the microstructures are coarse, and the mechanical properties can not meet the demand of bogie steel castings. When the residual Al content is more than 0.2wt.%, the elongation, reduction of area, and low-temperature impact energy markedly deteriorate. The fracture mode then changes from plastic fracture to cleavage brittle fracture. Therefore, the amount of Al addition for the final deoxidation during the smelting process must be strictly controlled. The optimum addition amount needs to be controlled within the range of 0.02wt.% to 0.20wt.% for the Grade B+Steel.

An Investigation of Creep Resistance in Grade 91 Steel through Computational Thermodynamics

This study was conducted to understand the relationship between various critical temperatures and the stability of the secondary phases inside the heat-affected-zone(HAZ)of welded Grade 91(Gr.91)steel parts.Type IV cracking has been observed in the HAZ,and it is widely accepted that the stabilities of the secondary phases in Gr.91 steel are critical to the creep resistance,which is related to the crack failure of this steel.In this work,the stabilities of the secondary phases,including those of the M23C6,MX,and Z phases,were simulated by computational thermodynamics.Equilibrium cooling and Scheil simulations were carried out in order to understand the phase stability in welded Gr.91 steel.The effect of four critical temperatures—that is,Acl(the threshold temperature at which austenite begins to form),Ac3(the threshold temperature at which ferrite is fully transformed into austenite),and the M23C6 and Z phase threshold temperatures—on the thickness of the HAZ and phase stability in the HAZ is discussed.Overall,the simulations presented in this paper explain the mechanisms that can affect the creep resistance of Gr.91 steel,and can offer a possible solution to the problem of how to increase creep resistance at elevated temperatures by optimizing the steel composition,welding,and heat treatment process parameters.The simulation results from this work provide guidance for future alloy development to improve creep resistance in order to prevent type IV cracking.

Development and application research of light weight heat treated B-grade bulletproof steel

The light weight heat treated B-grade bulletproof steel was developed through composition design and optimization based on multiplex alloying,multiplex micro-alloying design ideas and complex phase structure strengthening theory.The puzzle how to avoid the quenching deformation problem of super high strength thin sheet was solved through heat treatment in a die with a set of cooling system.Such B-grade bulletproof steel plate has fine tempered lath martensite structure.The shooting and certification test results showed that the shoot resistance of B-grade bulletproof steel plate can meet the protection demand of Protection specification for cash carrying vehicles(GA 164—2005).In comparison with B-grade bulletproof steel plate made by one of the companies in Sweden,the weight of the developed B-grade bulletproof steel plate can be decreased by 8 %under the same shoot resistance condition.It will be meaningful for cash truck and anti-hijacking vehicle to realize light weight,energy conservation and emission reduction.

Development of top high-grade non-grain-oriented silicon steels at Baosteel

The development, production and application of top high-grade non-grain-oriented （NGO） silicon steels at Baosteel were introduced in this paper. Top high grades refer to the highest grades in the intemational silicon steel product standard and above. B35A230 and B50A250 were developed at Baosteel in 2009 and have been used in inverter compressors for air-conditioners, small transformers and big hydropower generators in the Three Gorges project. Small- batch production of B35A210 and B50A230, which exceed the highest grades listed in the intemational silicon steel product standard,began in 2010. That was a breakthrough in the silicon steel making history in China. Presently,Baosteel＇ s high- grade NGO products have passed the strict qualifications of the three major electric power equipment manufacturers in China and the leading international power equipment suppliers like ALSTOM, GE, SIEMENS, VESTAS, etc. These products are characterized by low iron loss, low anisotropy, good punchability and a high lamination factor. They have been used in the 770 MW hydropower generator at Xiluodu Power Station in the three gorges area, 1 000 MW thermal power generators and 2.5 MW wind power generators.

Study on high speed tension property of B-grade bulletproof steel

In this paper,the high speed tension experiments have been performed on ultra high strength bulletproof steel.The specimen were cut from B-grade bulletproof steel sheet after hard-module quenching with thickness of 2.3 mm.The mechanical properties at strain rates of 0.001 s-1,0.01 s-1,0.1 s-1and 1 s-1were carried out on MTS810,while those at higher strain rates of 200 s-1,500 s-1and 1 000 s-1were tested on HTM5020 high speed tension tester and Hopkinson bar.The data from the high speed tension experiments were fitted via Johnson-Cook constitutive equation,and the fracture surface of each specimen was analyzed by scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results indicate that,the shoot resistance capability of bulletproof steel is closely related to its strength,thickness and flow behaviors under high strain rate.The shoot resistance will be improved in the case of higher strength and better matching between strength and elongation.The Johnson-Cook constitutive equation fitted via experimental data provides fundament to numerical simulation.With the increase of strain rate,the size and depth of dimple trend to decrease and the depth of dimple changes less in steel with lower strength and higher elongation.The SEM analysis of fracture aspect is of benefit for further understanding of deformation and fracture mode under high strain rate.

不同性能水平下600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱位移角限值研究

基于性能抗震设计思想的600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱位移角限值研究,对于推广高强钢筋混凝土柱的应用至关重要。通过17根HTRB630高强钢筋混凝土柱试件和3根HRB400钢筋混凝土柱试件的拟静力试验研究了其抗震性能。与HRB400钢筋混凝土柱相比,HTRB630高强钢筋混凝土柱的滞回曲线的形状没有发生明显改变,试件具有较好的承载能力和延性。将基于Kunnath损伤模型计算的损伤指数与试验中测量的损伤指数范围进行了比较,结果表明,Kunnath损伤模型可以准确计算HTRB630高强钢筋混凝土柱的损伤指标。根据HTRB630高强钢筋混凝土柱的破坏特点,以屈服点、峰值点和极限点作为高强钢筋混凝土柱的性能水平控制点。基于性能抗震设计的思想,将600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱的性能水平划分为5个性能水平,即正常使用、暂时使用、修复后使用、生命安全和接近倒塌性能水平。结合参考文献中600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱的试验数据,对65个600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱各特征点的位移角进行了相对频率统计分析,得到了600 MPa级高强钢筋混凝土柱在暂时使用、修复后使用和接近倒塌3个性能水平下具有超过90%安全保证率的位移角限值分别为1/150、1/80和1/60。

P110S钢级油管管体断裂原因

某油井P110S钢级油管接箍下方8 m位置处发生断裂,采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜和能谱分析、X射线衍射分析等方法对油管断裂原因进行分析。结果表明:该批油管力学性能不稳定,油管断口上的腐蚀产物主要为FeS;油管的强度较高、使用温度较低且质量较大,导致油管内部形成硫化物应力腐蚀开裂。

980MPa级先进高强钢的发展

选用轻量化汽车材料时应综合考虑材料的性能、质量和成本。目前,先进高强钢被广泛用于汽车工业。先进高强钢有双相钢、相变诱导塑性钢、马氏体钢、复相钢、淬火-配分钢、DH钢等。综述了980 MPa及以上高强钢的分类和主要钢种,汽车用高强钢的化学成分、显微组织、力学性能和使用性能,并结合实际零件的制造过程对这些高强钢的焊接和成形性能作了较深入的探讨,简述了其发展现状和研究进展。

440 MPa级高强钢焊条熔敷金属组织与低温冲击韧性研究

为满足440 MPa级高强钢对焊接材料的需求,研制了三种焊条,并进行了熔敷金属焊接试验,使用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段研究了熔敷金属组织与低温冲击韧性.结果表明,随着Mn,Ni,Cr和Cu含量的增大,熔敷金属的-40℃平均冲击吸收功从35.7 J逐渐增至96.3 J,低温冲击韧性逐渐提高;随着Mn,Ni,Cr和Cu含量的增大,虽然熔敷金属中M23C6型碳化物含量逐渐增大,但是熔敷金属的CCT曲线逐渐右移,相变温度逐渐降低,使得针状铁素体含量逐渐增加,铁素体板条尺寸逐渐减小和板条间交织状分布趋势逐渐增强,M-A组元含量及尺寸逐渐减小,是低温冲击韧性逐渐提高的主要原因;含Cu熔敷金属中夹杂物外层会形成CuS,针状铁素体形核更容易,有利于低温冲击韧性提高.

440MPa级HSLA钢焊缝低温韧性分析

采用自制的2种实心焊丝对440 MPa级HSLA钢进行了对接MAG焊(80%Ar+20%CO_(2)),通过对比分析2种焊缝的显微组织和夹杂物尺寸及成分,对2种焊缝低温韧性出现显著差异的原因进行了阐释。结果表明,J1焊丝的焊缝由针状铁素体、侧板条铁素体、先共析铁素体和M-A组元组成,而J2焊丝的焊缝由针状铁素体和M-A组元组成;2种焊丝的焊缝中夹杂物的粒径分布、尺寸、数量和成分差异小,不是导致2种焊缝低温韧性出现显著差异的主要原因;与J1焊丝的焊缝相比,J2焊丝的焊缝中针状铁素体含量升高、M-A组元含量降低、条状和块状M-A组元占比降低,是导致其低温韧性显著优于J1焊丝的主要原因。

异钢种连铸混浇模型及试验研究

针对连铸异钢种混浇过程化学成分变化及混浇坯长度预测的问题,基于某厂实际钢液混浇过程,建立了异钢种混浇模型,并结合工业试验研究了连铸工艺条件对混浇坯长度的影响。结果表明:该混浇模型预测的铸坯化学元素含量偏差在±2%以内,可用于混浇坯的化学元素含量预测及长度判定。铸机通钢量保持34.6 m^(3)/h不变,中间包剩余钢液质量从38 t减少至30 t,混浇坯长度从7.13 m减小至5.70 m;中间包剩余钢液质量34 t,通钢量从26.9 m^(3)/h增至42.3 m^(3)/h,混浇坯长度从10.45 m减小至5.70 m;中间包剩余钢液质量34 t,通钢量为34.6 m^(3)/h时,新钢液注入流量从50.0 m^(3)/h增至73.1 m^(3)/h,混浇坯长度均约8.71 m,新钢液注入流量对混浇坯长度的影响可以忽略。以炉次分割线为基准可以实现混浇坯和正常坯的精确判定。

Grade 91耐热钢的硬度与持久强度、许用应力和运行/剩余寿命的相关性研究

利用不同硬度Grade 91钢试件的持久强度数据研究该钢硬度与持久强度和最大许用应力的相关性。结果表明,采用系列硬度试件所做确定温度和外力下的持久实验同时存在性能高估和低估现象,将这些数据综合在一起预测/外推钢的持久强度与实际值差距较大,利用由此确定的105 h持久强度计算得到的最大许用应力对应用产生不完全符合实际的影响。同时研究得到Grade 91钢在确定温度下满足最大许用应力的硬度下限的确定方法:对于硬度在201(205)HBW及其以上的Grade 91钢部件,在575(600)℃及其以下温度运行时可满足ASME BPVC 2019版规范对Type 1和Type 2型材料最大许用应力的要求;硬度在204HBW及其以上的Grade 91钢部件在575℃及其以下温度运行时可满足ASME BPVC 2017版规范对壁厚大于75 mm部件最大许用应力的要求。因此,在已有硬度范围规定(ASME BPVC 2017-2019对Grade 91钢:190~250HBW)的情况下,下调最大许用应力的ASME BPVC 2019新规范给现有硬度范围下限的实施带来一定困难,即满足该硬度下限要求却不能满足最大许用应力要求。为解决这一问题未来有必要上调硬度下限值。此外,研究了Grade 91钢运行/剩余寿命评估算法中利用短时实验数据外延105 h持久强度的函数优化。结果表明,现用算法采用幂函数拟合存在性能高估现象,若采用对数函数将不同硬度试件的持久数据分开拟合则可明显提高与实验数据的吻合性;在此基础上研究所得已知运行条件下部件厚度-硬度-运行/剩余寿命的关系将安全性评估的技术参数融为一体,可体现该方法的适用性、可靠性和直观性。以上研究结果可供相关标准修订和工业实际应用参考。

基于IMU数据的应变解析技术及其应用

长输埋地油气管线在严重的地灾作用下会引发管道变形,如果变形的管段存在缺陷,将极易导致管道失效,造成严重的环境污染和经济损失。准确地获取管道的变形情况并进行安全评价能够为保障管道安全稳定运行发挥重要的作用。基于IMU检测数据,通过小波变换降噪和油气管道设计规范进行特征识别的应变解析算法,能够有效地识别管线上的热偎弯管、冷弯管、弹性敷设段和重点关注段。该算法计算的管段弯曲拉伸应变值将结合ExxonMobil提出的拉伸应变容量预测模型对环焊缝进行基于应变的安全评价。在基于应变设计的高钢级油气管道已在国内油气运输行业得到广泛应用的背景下,可以参考该评价方法开展高钢级管道环焊缝的安全评价。

硅钢级氧化镁制备的研究进展

硅钢级氧化镁作为特种系列氧化镁之一,其主要用作生产取向硅钢的重要涂层材料。随着中国取向硅钢产量的增加,对取向硅钢提出了更高的要求,硅钢级氧化镁的生产制备也越来越得到重视。在研究分析相关文献的基础上,从纯度、水化率、活性、黏结性、粒度分布5个方面出发,阐述了硅钢级氧化镁的特点,介绍了硅钢级氧化镁在取向硅钢生产过程中的作用,并对硅钢级氧化镁的制备方法及各工艺优缺点进行了分类总结,其具体制备方法包括碳铵法、碳化法、水化法和氨法。最后,从水化剂、除杂方式、绿色工艺3个方面对硅钢级氧化镁的未来发展进行了系统的展望。

稀土处理对高牌号无取向硅钢中夹杂物的影响

通过工业试验研究了不同稀土含量对高牌号无取向硅钢中夹杂物的影响。研究结果表明,当稀土质量分数为0.0021%时,稀土元素主要形成(La,Ce)AlO_(3)夹杂物,从而进行脱氧、变质钢中Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物;随着钢中稀土含量的增加,稀土主要形成以(La,Ce)AlO_(3)-(La,Ce)_(2)O_(2)S类和(La,Ce)_(2)O_(2)S类稀土夹杂物,主要降低了钢中硫化物的析出量,但是此时生成的稀土夹杂物对钢中大量温降过程析出和二次氧化产生的Al2O3类夹杂物的改性作用较弱,这导致稀土含量高时钢中Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物的数密度明显增加。此外,夹杂物长宽比的统计结果表明,稀土处理使铸坯中夹杂物发生明显球化,但在随后的热轧工序中,常规处理与稀土处理的热轧板中夹杂物的平均长宽比差异较小。即在工业生产实际中,稀土处理对成品组织中的夹杂物的长宽比影响很小,影响夹杂物长宽比的主要因素主要是轧制过程的相关工艺参数。