Steady State Creep Rate Equation of Inconel 718 Superalloy

The steady state creep rate equdtion of a nickel base superalloy Inconel 718, strengthened by coherent ordered disc-shaped bct γ^(11) phase and coherent spherical fcc γ~1 phase precipitates, has been established in the stress and temperature ranges of 620-840 MN m^(-2) and 853-943K, respecti- vely. Constant stress tensile creep tests were used to medsure the values of steady state creep rate, ε_s, and the consecutive stress reduction method was used to measure the back stress during creep deformation. The values of effective stress exponent, n_e, were detemined from the slopes of the lgε_s vs. lg(σ_a-σ_0)/G plots. The effect of grain size, d, on steady state creep rdte has been also studied in this investigation, and the grain size sensitive exponents m were detemined from the slopes of lgε_s vs. lg(b/d) plots. The creep rate equations of Inconel 718, in the above stress and temperature ranges, have been proposed to be ε_s=1.6×10^(-5)(D_1Gb/KT) (b/d )^(0.19)[(σ_a-σ_0)/G]^(1.35) in diffusional creep region, and ε_s =75(D_1Gb/KT) (b/d)^(-0.42)[(σ_a-σ_0)/G]^(5.5) in dislocation power law creep region.

Creep rate sensitivities of materials by a depth-sensing indentation technique

The strain rate sensitivity to creep of single crystal Cu（110）, metal tantalum, and 128°Y-X LiNbO3 piezoelectric single crystal were measured at room temperature by MTS Nanoindenter XP. Among the three kinds of materials studied, Cu showed the highest degree of resistance to creep-induced deformation, which is followed by Ta, while the LiNbO3 single crystal deformed more readily than the others. The values of the steady-state strain rate sensitivities determined by the indentation methods are in the range of 0.002-0.006, 0.02-0.06 and 0.02-0.03 for Cu, Ta, and LiNbO3, respectively. The mechanisms for the indentation-induced creeping behavior and the factors that influenced the creeping are discussed.

Creep property research of new martensite heat-resistant steel G115

G115 steel was jointly developed by China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group Co.,Ltd.and Baosteel for usage in 600-650 ℃ ultrasupercritical boiler tubes.Using a hot extruded G115 tube,creep tests were conducted under a constant stress of 130 MPa and temperatures of 625,650 and 675 ℃.Comparing creep curves under different temperatures,it is observed that the creep performance of a G115 tube is more sensitive to temperature than stress.Steady-state creep rates of creep specimens are significantly increased by enhancing the temperature.A micro-structural analysis of ruptured creep specimens under a stress of 130 MPa and temperatures of 650 ℃ and 675 ℃ was performed;the fracture mechanism of creep specimens under these two temperatures mainly included the appearance of creep holes on the grain boundary and a decrease in the martensite lath density.

Correct Interpretation of Creep Rates: A Case Study of Cu

Traditionally the deformation resistance in creep is characterized by the minimum creep rate εmin and its sensitivity to stress （stress exponent n） and temperature （activation energy Q）. Various values of constant n have been reported in the literature and interpreted in terms of specific mechanisms. The present case study of coarse-grained Cu at 573 K yields a stress exponent n = 9 for εmin. in tension and a relatively low activation energy. The evolution of the deformation resistance with strain at constant tensile creep load and comparison with creep in compression without fracture indicates that the tensile εmin. result from transition from uniform deformation to strain localization during fracture. This is confirmed by the results of creep in compression where fracture is suppressed. Both the tensile εmin, and the compressive creep rate at strains around 0.3 can be described using existing equations for quasi-stationary deformation containing the subgrain boundary misorientation θ as structure parameter. While in the latter case constant θ leads to monotonic increase of n with stress, the tensile nine-power-law results from variable θ, and has no simple meaning. The result of this case study means that uncritical interpretation of minimum tensile creep rates as stationary ones bears a high risk of systematic errors in the determination of creep parameters and identification of creep mechanisms.

Effect of cooling rate during quenching on the microstructure and creep property of nickel-based superalloy FGH96

The effect of cooling rate during quenching on the microstructure and creep property of nickel-based superalloy FGH96 was investigated. Three groups of samples were quenched continuously with three fixed cooling rates, respectively, then subjected to a creep test under a constant load of 690 MPa at 700℃. Clear differences in size of secondary γ′ precipitates, creep properties and substructure of creep-tested samples were observed. The quantitative relationship among cooling rate, the size of secondary γ′ precipitates, and steady creep rate was constructed. It was found that with increasing cooling rate, the size of secondary γ′ precipitates decreases gradually, showing that the relationship between the size of secondary γ′ precipitates and the cooling rate obeys a power law, with an exponent of about –0.6, and the creep rate of steady state follows a good parabola relationship with cooling γ′ precipitate size. For 235℃/min, FGH96 alloy exhibited very small steady creep rate. The density of dislocation was low, and the isolated stacking fault was the dominant deformation mechanism. With decreasing cooling rates, the density of dislocation increased remarkably, and deformation microtwinning was the dominant deformation process. Detailed mechanisms for different cooling rate were discussed.

Instantaneous Creep in Face-centered Cubic Metals at Ultra- low Strain Rates by a High-resolution Strain Measurement

Instantaneous creep in face-centered cubic metals, 5N Al（99.999%）, 2N Al （99%） and 4N Cu （99.99%） with different grain sizes, was firstly investigated by sudden stress-change experiments at ultra- low strain rates ε ≤10-10 s-1 and temperature T 〈 0.32 Tn. The experimental results indicate that the observed instantaneous creep is strongly dependent on grain size, the concentration of impurity, and stacking fault energy. Creep in high-purity aluminum, 5N Al, with a very large grain size, d 〉 1600μm, shows non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery of dislocations in the boundary of dislocation cells. On the other hand, for 5N A1 with a small grain size, d=30μm, and low-purity aluminum, 2N A1, with d8= 25μm, creep shows viscous behavior and may be related to ＇low temperature grain boundary sliding＇. For high-purity copper, 4N Cu, with d= 40 grn and lower stacking fault energy, creep shows a non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery process of dislocations. For all of the samples, creep shows anelastic behavior.

协同Orowan绕过和攀移机制的镍基高温合金蠕变新模型

提出一种用于准确便捷预测析出相增强镍基高温合金稳态蠕变速率的蠕变新模型。基于析出相的空间分布,采用概率依赖的方法将位错-析出相交互作用中Orowan绕过和位错攀移机制的协同模式耦合到新的蠕变模型中。结果表明,新模型预测的稳态蠕变速率与实验数据吻合很好。此外,当前模型不再依赖于可调参数;同时,确定了阈值应力与温度的定量关系。这项工作为蠕变变形过程中位错-析出相交互作用提供新思路,并为设计具有更优异蠕变性能的析出强化合金提供有效模型。

基于蠕变曲线对称的蠕变模型研究及参数敏感性分析

为了获得滇中引水隧洞围岩的蠕变特性和研究隧洞围岩的长期稳定性,采用中国科学院武汉岩土所自主研发的全自动三轴开展绿泥页岩的单轴蠕变试验,获得了绿泥页岩的轴向蠕变曲线和等时应力-应变曲线,并基于等时应力-应变曲线的特征确定出绿泥页岩的长期强度值。基于经典蠕变曲线特征与大量试验蠕变曲线,发现描述衰减蠕变曲线的方程可以通过对称处理,故假设加速曲线与衰减蠕变曲线是关于稳定蠕变曲线的中点对称的,得到一种基于蠕变曲线对称的加速蠕变模型,并基于蠕变试验曲线的特征提出一套确定蠕变模型参数的方法。最后,将引入加速蠕变模型中的参数进行敏感性分析,使得引入模型中的参数具有明确的物理意义。结果表明:随着轴向应力的不断增大,岩石的瞬时应变值和蠕变变形值不断增大,而第一级荷载作用下岩石的瞬时应变占蠕变总变形比值最大。所建立的蠕变模型不仅可以很好地描述绿泥页岩的衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变变形规律,也较好地弥补了西原模型无法描述加速蠕变的缺陷,且该模型曲线与试验曲线的吻合度要远远高于西原模型与试验曲线的吻合度,并且不同应力作用下模型曲线与试验曲线的相关性系数均在0.90以上;同时,通过不同类型试验曲线与模型曲线的验证也说明了该模型是可用于不同类型岩石蠕变曲线的预测。最终,引入参数j值控制了加速蠕变的变形速率和进入加速蠕变的时间,参数k值控制了蠕变时间和加速阶段的蠕变速率。

铝合金电缆压接有限元分析及压蠕变试验研究

采用ABAQUS软件,通过有限元法模拟了常用标称截面为240 mm^(2)铝合金电力电缆导线压接接头处导线表面的应力和应变。模拟结果表明:在连接管与电缆导体间隙为1.0 mm~1.7 mm范围内,压接电缆导线表面的残留应力在压接范围内呈非均匀分布,以中间截面为中心,距离中心约20 mm处残留应力较大,最大值约50 MPa;距离中心20 mm~42 mm处残留应力较小,连接管端部5 mm范围内残留应力又变大。随着间隙由1.0 mm增大至1.7 mm,压接导线的轴向延展应变量由12.62%降至3.12%。以模拟获得的最大应力50 MPa和运行温度90℃为蠕变实验参数,将与铝合金绞线相同退火状态的压缩蠕变试样按模拟应变量进行预压缩后进行压缩蠕变实验,实验结果表明:退火导线经压接变形后,蠕变变形量减小,第二阶段蠕变速率降低,且预变形量越大,第二阶段蠕变速率越低。

宽幅温度和应力范围下蠕墨铸铁的蠕变试验及本构模型对比研究

随着发动机功率密度的增加,气缸盖在运行过程中所承受的温度和应力也增加,因此蠕变损伤预测需要考虑准确的蠕变本构模型和参数。针对蠕墨铸铁(Compacted Graphite cast Iron,CGI)气缸盖大范围的温度和应力工作条件,开展温度450~550℃、试验应力100~300 MPa条件下的CGI蠕变试验,进行表征宽幅温度和应力下CGI最小蠕变速率的蠕变本构模型对比研究。研究表明:与较小的温度和应力范围相比,在宽幅条件下CGI更容易发生蠕变损伤,且温度相比应力更能促使CGI发生蠕变变形;分别基于Norton⁃Bailey幂律模型、Garofalo双曲正弦模型和变形机制的真应力(Deformation Mechanism⁃based True Stress,DMTS)模型,结合多目标优化方法,构建了CGI蠕变本构模型。其中,基于DMTS模型的CGI蠕变模型有73%的预测值在两倍误差范围内,吻合效果在三种模型中为最佳。

温度及预紧载荷对氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片蠕变松弛和泄漏率的影响

垫片在高温长期使用过程中发生蠕变松弛导致垫片应力下降,从而影响密封效果。因此,采用理论模型预测垫片的蠕变松弛与确定垫片在高温环境长期使用过程中泄漏率的变化规律非常重要。通过实验测试氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片在不同温度和不同预紧载荷下的垫片应力值,并与根据Burgers模型计算出的垫片应力值进行对比。然后,通过建立泄漏率与使用时间的关系,提出氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片在不同温度和不同预紧载荷下长期使用时的泄漏率计算方法,并计算出该垫片随时间变化的泄漏率变化规律。结果表明:垫片应力的松弛量随着预紧载荷的增加而增加;随着使用时间的增加,垫片的应力松弛变得更加平缓;当预紧载荷相同的情况下温度越高垫片应力下降越明显;Burgers模型对垫片应力的预测值与实验值吻合度很好,最大误差为4.4728%;当温度一定时,氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片计算的泄漏率随着预紧载荷的增加而降低;当预紧载荷相同时,垫片的泄漏率随着温度的增加而增加,且泄漏率均小于密封等级T2的泄漏率2×10^(-3) mg·s^(-1)·mm^(-1)。研究结果为氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片在高温环境长期使用过程密封性能应用提供依据。

电缆用Al-Fe系铝合金导体材料的恒应力高温压缩蠕变行为

对电缆用Al-Fe系铝合金导体材料进行恒应力(63.6,72.6,78.3,84.7 MPa)高温(90℃)压缩蠕变试验,研究了压缩应力σ对稳态蠕变速率ε·的影响,建立了压缩蠕变本构方程,分析了压缩蠕变机制。结果表明:铝合金试样的稳态蠕变速率随着压缩应力的增加成倍增大;90℃下铝合金试样的蠕变本构方程为ε·=σ^(9.27)e^(-52.2),拟合曲线和试验结果的相关系数达0.9976;铝合金蠕变过程中存在门槛应力,其值为34.2 MPa,引入门槛应力对蠕变方程进行修正,修正方程计算所得稳态蠕变速率与试验值的相对误差为8%,证明模型准确,得到的真应力指数为5,说明电缆用Al-Fe系铝合金导体材料在90℃下的压缩蠕变行为是由位错攀移机制主导的第二相粒子强化类蠕变。

注浆黏结锚杆荷载试验判稳方法的综合研究

对注浆黏结锚杆各种荷载试验的位移稳定判定方法研究表明:(1)锚固体与地层界面蠕变遵循蠕变机理,判断锚头位移稳定本质上就是判定界面蠕变是否稳定;(2)荷载较小时界面发生稳定蠕变,超过临界荷载后发生蠕变破坏,完整破坏过程可分为初始、持续及加速3个阶段,判稳不能采用初始阶段数据、应主要依据持续阶段的蠕变特性;(3)蠕变破坏形式约2/3锚杆为突变型,1/3为缓变型,对应着3类蠕变曲线形态;(4)用于判稳的位移阈值不应小于0.1 mm,单元时长不应短于10min,位移增量不能直接用于判稳;(5)判稳应定性判断蠕变速率总体上在减速,应确定定量指标使速率维持在较低水平从而使位移收敛;(6)主要应依据具有位移与时间双重属性的参数判稳,单元时长位移增量的判稳准确度较高,而蠕变率2.0 mm任何情况下都适用;(7)以蠕变率2.0 mm为内在原则的推荐判稳方法,适用于各种应用场合及各种类型的注浆黏结锚杆,适用于各种荷载试验及快速法等试验加卸载方法。

基于多目标粒子群算法的A356铝合金蠕变本构模型的构建

在150,250,300℃温度和20~150 MPa应力下,对A356铝合金进行单向拉伸蠕变试验,研究了其蠕变特性;采用多目标粒子群算法得到Norton-Bailey幂律模型、Garofalo双曲正弦模型和基于变形机制的真应力蠕变模型的参数,并采用这3种模型对A356铝合金的最小蠕变速率-应力曲线进行预测,分析3种模型的预测精度。结果表明:A356铝合金的最小蠕变速率与试验温度和应力成正相关,但温度对最小蠕变速率的影响程度大于应力;基于变形机制的真应力蠕变模型具有最高的预测精度,对最小蠕变速率的预测结果中90%数据点均位于2倍误差带内。结合多目标粒子群算法得到的基于变形机制的真应力蠕变模型可以用来准确模拟宽幅温度和应力范围下A356铝合金的蠕变特性。

考虑基质吸力的非饱和土弹黏塑性本构模型

为了描述可控基质吸力下的非饱和土时效变形特征,提出一种考虑非饱和土基质吸力影响的弹黏塑性本构模型。新模型借鉴BBM模型对压缩特征曲线进行修正,给出非饱和土的压缩指数与基质吸力的关系函数,并将该指数引入到能描述土体超固结的下负荷模型,得到非饱和土的修正下负荷面;又以该下负荷面为参考屈服面,利用相对应力关系,建立了非饱和超固结土的弹黏塑性本构模型,并通过非饱和的三轴率敏性试验确定新模型中两个时效参数m′和c_(0)。结果表明:①模型能较好地表征非饱和土超固结比、基质吸力对其变形特征的影响;②由非饱和土的三轴率敏性试验确定的模型参数能较好地模拟其蠕变等时效变形。

硅质板岩剪切蠕变特性及边坡变形机理研究

为研究硅质板岩的时效蠕变效应和高边坡变形破坏演化规律,该文采用室内岩体剪切蠕变试验,通过绘制不同法向应力下硅质板岩的剪切蠕变历时曲线、剪切位移‒时间曲线和不同法向荷载及剪切荷载下蠕变速率‒时间曲线,研究了硅质板岩平均蠕变速率与剪切荷载变化规律,并采用稳态蠕变速率法确定了硅质板岩长期抗剪强度参数。研究表明:蠕变试验中,黏聚力敏感度高于内摩擦角;以十堰至巫溪高速公路ZK33+450硅质板岩高边坡为例,基于摩尔‒库仑模型采用有限差分法对该典型硅质板岩高边坡剪切蠕变条件下的变形破坏机制进行了研究分析。

INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SHAPE AND CARBIDE ON CREEP CRACK GROWTH IN HK40

The influence of two different grain shapes and carbides in the HK40 alloy,the material for use of furnace tube,on the rate of creep crack growth has been investigated.The resistance to creep crack growth of the material with columnar grains is inferior than that with equiaxial grains when the load line is perpendicular to the columnar grain axis.The influence of secon- dary carbide on the rate of creep crack propagation depends upon the Brain shape.

THE CREEP AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF TWO NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS

The creep and fracture behavior of the cast K417 and forged GH4049 nickel-based superalloys were investigated in the temperature range of 700-900℃ C. Within the ranges of stress and temperature studied, the steady state creep rates exhibited a power law relationship with the applied stress and temperature. The time to rupture is inversely proportional to the steady state creep rate. Under all testing conditions, the creep fracture process was mainly controled by crack initiation and growth of the intergranular oxidation. Casting porosities, pores and carbides were also prefecentral locations of creep crack initiation in the cast K417 alloy. In addition, the intergranular fracture feature in the forged GH4049 alloy was apparently associated with the formation and coalescence of the cavitations on the grain boundaries.

MSCR试验对不同老化程度高黏沥青高温性能分析

基于多重应力蠕变恢复试验(MSCR)研究3种高黏沥青在不同老化程度下的高温性能的影响,采用蠕变恢复率及不可恢复柔量评价不同老化条件下高黏沥青高温抵抗外界荷载作用能力,并分析高黏沥青的应力敏感性。研究表明:经短期老化与长期老化后,高黏沥青老化后变得更坚硬,且Ⅰ型高黏沥青在不同应力和不同老化条件下抗变形能力最优。不同老化条件下,Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型高黏沥青的平均蠕变恢复率均高于SBS改性沥青,平均不可恢复柔量均小于SBS改性沥青,表明添加高黏改性剂对提高沥青的弹性恢复性能与高温抗流动变形能力具有明显作用。3种高黏沥青在不同老化程度下的应力敏感性大小为Ⅱ型<Ⅰ型<SBS改性沥青,与其蠕变恢复率大小顺序相反,说明应力敏感性与平均蠕变恢复率具有良好的负相关性。结果表明:多重应力蠕变恢复试验考虑不同老化条件下高黏改性沥青的高温黏弹特性,采用平均蠕变恢复率、平均不可恢复柔量和应力敏感系数指标,对全面评价高黏改性沥青的不同老化程度下高温性能具有重要作用。

超高尺寸稳定型涤纶浸胶帘子布的开发及性能评价

以高黏度聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯切片为原料,通过增加喷丝板孔数、提高定型温度及纺丝速度等措施,制备规格为930 dtex的高尺寸稳定型高模低缩(HMLS)涤纶工业丝,再经织造与浸胶工序,制备具有超高尺寸稳定型涤纶浸胶帘子布,并与常规涤纶浸胶帘子布在物理性能、模量保持率、蠕变性能以及耐高温性能等方面进行对比和分析。研究结果表明,相较于同规格的常规涤纶浸胶帘子布产品,超高尺寸稳定型涤纶浸胶帘子布的强力指标接近,尺寸稳定性提升29%,并且在120℃条件下的蠕变率降低约20%。此外,该产品展现出卓越的模量保持率和高温尺寸稳定性,能有效实现轮胎降低滚阻的目的。