Effect of Milling Parameters on DEM Modeling of a Planetary Ball Mill

The effects of the milling parameters involving shape of powder particles, rotation speed, and ball-to-powder diameter (BPDR) on DEM modeling in the planetary ball mill were investigated. BPDR was varied from 1 to 10. The results revealed that the size and shape of the powder particles do not give a significant change in simulation results when BPDR attains maximum value of 10. The increasing of BPDR leads to the increase of simulation time and size. Hence, the effect of change of the powder particle shape on the calculated data size is not significant. The results also revealed that the increasing rotation speed increases impact energy between powder particles.

Composite wedge failure using photogrammetric measurements and DFN-DEM modelling

Analysis and prediction of structural instabilities in open pit mines are an important design and operational consideration for ensuring safety and productivity of the operation. Unstable wedges and blocks occurring at the surface of the pit walls may be identified through three-dimensional(3D) image analysis combined with the discrete fracture network(DFN) approach. Kinematic analysis based on polyhedral modelling can be used for first pass analysis but cannot capture composite failure mechanisms involving both structurally controlled and rock mass progressive failures. A methodology is proposed in this paper to overcome such limitations by coupling DFN models with geomechanical simulations based on the discrete element method(DEM). Further, high resolution photogrammetric data are used to identify valid model scenarios. An identified wedge failure that occurred in an Australian coal mine is used to validate the methodology. In this particular case, the failure surface was induced as a result of the rock mass progressive failure that developed from the toe of the structure inside the intact rock matrix. Analysis has been undertaken to determine in what scenarios the measured and predicted failure surfaces can be used to calibrate strength parameters in the model.

基于CFD-DEM的流-固耦合数值建模方法研究进展

随着土体渗流侵蚀研究的逐渐深入,对土颗粒流失和变形破坏机理的研究方法呈现出多尺度的特点。其中,计算流体力学-离散元耦合方法(CFD-DEM)为在细观尺度上研究流-固耦合相互作用对土体宏观力学特性的影响提供了一种行之有效的方法。针对CFD-DEM耦合方法在岩土工程领域应用现状,本文系统总结现有流-固耦合计算方法的优缺点,重点论述CFD-DEM耦合方法的建模策略,包括固相颗粒形状建模与粒间接触模型、流体相控制方程及参数计算方法,以及CFD-DEM耦合计算,并就相关问题进行深入探讨,最后提出了CFD-DEM耦合方法未来的发展方向。

基于DEM的雷达阵地选址预处理方法研究

防空预警雷达阵地选址的优劣直接影响雷达本身及防空武器作战效能的发挥.针对基于数字高程模型(DEM)的常规实时计算方法存在耗时、耗力的问题,在明确阵地选址预处理内容的基础上,提出了预处理的具体流程和参数计算方法.通过数据预处理,以空间换时间的方式解决了阵地自动选址计算量大、耗时长的问题.实例仿真结果表明,该雷达阵地选址预处理方法大大缩短了自动选址时间,有效提高了选址效率.

深度残差频率自适应的DEM超分辨重建

目前超分辨率重建技术运用于诸多场景,但对于数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)的重建存在许多挑战,针对无法充分利用DEM复杂地形特征导致的细节缺失和失真问题,提出了深度残差频率自适应的DEM超分辨重建模型,由多个高低频特征提取模块组成残差网络结构,提升对DEM特征的整体感知能力,并加入频率选择特征提取模块,增强对复杂地形特征的识别和捕捉能力,其次在模型中加入了空洞空间金字塔池化,通过融合多尺度信息,改善重建质量并充分保留地形特征的细节和结构,最终在梯度域和高度域双重约束下完成超分辨率重建.实验结果表明,在以两种精度的陕西秦岭高程图作为实验数据下,深度残差频率自适应DEM超分辨率模型相较于其他先进模型,在各个指标上均取得了提升,重建后的DEM细节更加丰富、纹理更加清晰.

An Empirical Study on China＇s Energy Supply-and-Demand Model Considering Carbon Emission Peak Constraints in 2030

China＇s energy supply-and-demand model and two related carbon emission scenarios, including a planned peak scenario and an advanced peak scenario, are designed taking into consideration China＇s economic development, technological progress, policies, resources, environmental capacity, and other factors. The analysis of the defined scenarios provides the following conclusions： Primary energy and power demand will continue to grow leading up to 2030, and the growth rate of power demand will be much higher than that of primary energy demand. Moreover, low carbonization will be a basic feature of energy supply-and-demand structural changes, and non-fossil energy will replace oil as the second largest energy source. Finally, energy- related carbon emissions could peak in 2025 through the application of more efficient energy consumption patterns and more low-carbon energy supply modes. The push toward decarbonization of the power industry is essential for reducing the peak value of carbon emissions.

基于Model Builder DEM的明暗等高线绘制

以重庆市缙云山DEM为数据源,首先利用ArcGIS的Model Builder生成明暗等高线模型,然后导入重庆市缙云山DEM数据得到明暗等高线,最后根据明暗等高线属性字段设置受光面和背光面等高线颜色得到具有三维立体效果的明暗等高线地图。实验结果表明,根据DEM绘制得到的明暗等高线与缙云山实际地貌形态较符合,能真实反映缙云山的三维地貌形态,弥补了传统等高线表示地形立体感不强的缺点,同时空间建模也大大提高了等高线绘制工作的效率。

Modelling of piping collapses and gully headcut landforms: Evaluating topographic variables from different types of DEM

The geomorphic studies are extremely dependent on the quality and spatial resolution of digital elevation model(DEM)data.The unique terrain characteristics of a particular landscape are derived from DEM,which are responsible for initiation and development of ephemeral gullies.As the topographic features of an area significantly influences on the erosive power of the water flow,it is an important task the extraction of terrain features from DEM to properly research gully erosion.Alongside,topography is highly correlated with other geo-environmental factors i.e.geology,climate,soil types,vegetation density and floristic composition,runoff generation,which ultimately influences on gully occurrences.Therefore,terrain morphometric attributes derived from DEM data are used in spatial prediction of gully erosion susceptibility(GES)mapping.In this study,remote sensing-Geographic information system(GIS)techniques coupled with machine learning(ML)methods has been used for GES mapping in the parts of Semnan province,Iran.Current research focuses on the comparison of predicted GES result by using three types of DEM i.e.Advanced Land Observation satellite(ALOS),ALOS World 3D-30 m(AW3D30)and Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)in different resolutions.For further progress of our research work,here we have used thirteen suitable geo-environmental gully erosion conditioning factors(GECFs)based on the multi-collinearity analysis.ML methods of conditional inference forests(Cforest),Cubist model and Elastic net model have been chosen for modelling GES accordingly.Variable’s importance of GECFs was measured through sensitivity analysis and result show that elevation is the most important factor for occurrences of gullies in the three aforementioned ML methods(Cforest=21.4,Cubist=19.65 and Elastic net=17.08),followed by lithology and slope.Validation of the model’s result was performed through area under curve(AUC)and other statistical indices.The validation result of AUC has shown that Cforest is the most appropriate model for predicting the GES assessment in three different DEMs(AUC value of Cforest in ALOS DEM is 0.994,AW3D30 DEM is 0.989 and ASTER DEM is 0.982)used in this study,followed by elastic net and cubist model.The output result of GES maps will be used by decision-makers for sustainable development of degraded land in this study area.

基于倾斜三维模型与机载LiDAR点云的DEM快速更新

随着倾斜摄影技术的发展和实景三维建设的不断推进,地形级实景三维地理场景对DEM现势性要求日益提高。为了解决传统方法更新DEM成本高、工作量大的问题,本文提出了利用倾斜三维模型成果转换点云,融合两期DSM和DOM进行变化检测,替换已有机载LiDAR点云,快速更新DEM的方法,并通过项目验证了该方法的可行性,极大地节约了生产成本,为DEM更新提供了思路。

Coupled hydro-thermo-mechanical modeling of hydraulic fracturing in quasi-brittle rocks using BPM-DEM

This paper presents an improved understanding of coupled hydro-thermo-mechanical(HTM) hydraulic fracturing of quasi-brittle rock using the bonded particle model(BPM) within the discrete element method(DEM). BPM has been recently extended by the authors to account for coupled convective econductive heat flow and transport, and to enable full hydro-thermal fluidesolid coupled modeling.The application of the work is on enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs), and hydraulic fracturing of hot dry rock(HDR) is studied in terms of the impact of temperature difference between rock and a flowing fracturing fluid. Micro-mechanical investigation of temperature and fracturing fluid effects on hydraulic fracturing damage in rocks is presented. It was found that fracture is shorter with pronounced secondary microcracking along the main fracture for the case when the convectiveeconductive thermal heat exchange is considered. First, the convection heat exchange during low-viscosity fluid infiltration in permeable rock around the wellbore causes significant rock cooling, where a finger-like fluid infiltration was observed. Second, fluid infiltration inhibits pressure rise during pumping and delays fracture initiation and propagation. Additionally, thermal damage occurs in the whole area around the wellbore due to rock cooling and cold fluid infiltration. The size of a damaged area around the wellbore increases with decreasing fluid dynamic viscosity. Fluid and rock compressibility ratio was found to have significant effect on the fracture propagation velocity.

DEM investigation of weathered rocks using a novel bond contact model

The distinct element method（DEM） incorporated with a novel bond contact model was applied in this paper to shed light on the microscopic physical origin of macroscopic behaviors of weathered rock, and to achieve the changing laws of microscopic parameters from observed decaying properties of rocks during weathering. The changing laws of macroscopic mechanical properties of typical rocks were summarized based on the existing research achievements. Parametric simulations were then conducted to analyze the relationships between macroscopic and microscopic parameters, and to derive the changing laws of microscopic parameters for the DEM model. Equipped with the microscopic weathering laws, a series of DEM simulations of basic laboratory tests on weathered rock samples was performed in comparison with analytical solutions. The results reveal that the relationships between macroscopic and microscopic parameters of rocks against the weathering period can be successfully attained by parametric simulations. In addition, weathering has a significant impact on both stressestrain relationship and failure pattern of rocks.

基于ICESat-2的横断山区NASA DEM高程精度评价与误差校正

以星载激光雷达ICESat–2为参考数据源,将NASA DEM作为实验数据,分析了其在横断山区中西部复杂地形地貌区的整体高程精度;同时,研究了DEM误差与地表变量(如坡度、坡向、起伏度、植被覆盖度、土地利用类型等)之间的关系。为校正NASA DEM的高程误差,引入随机森林、反向传播神经网络、极度梯度提升树模型和轻量级梯度提升模型等4种机器学习方法,结合地表变量构建了高程误差校正模型并对校正后的NASA DEM进行精度分析。结果表明:NASA DEM的高程平均误差为–3.5 m,平均绝对误差为8.2 m,均方根误差为11.7 m,高程误差符合正态分布。NASA DEM的高程精度随着坡度、起伏度和植被覆盖度的增大而降低,不同坡向和土地利用类型下的高程精度存在较大差异。4种机器学习模型均能校正NASA DEM的高程精度,校正后的平均误差、平均绝对误差和均方根误差均有所改善;RF、XGBoost和LightGBM校正后的平均误差均为0 m;BPNN校正后平均绝对误差最低为6.9 m;BPNN和XGBoost校正后均方根误差最低均为10.6 m;BPNN校正后的R2值最高;BPNN在不同土地利用类型下的校正精度表现最佳。本研究结果为地学研究中选择和应用NASA DEM时提供精度上的参考依据,并通过引入多种机器学习模型,为NASA DEM及其他全球DEM产品高程误差校正研究提供了有效的方法论。

基于高分7号卫星DEM的坡度坡长计算精度评价

[目的]坡度和坡长作为重要的地形因子,其计算的准确性直接影响坡面土壤侵蚀模型的评价精度。高分7号卫星的高精度高程测量能力在地形因子的准确提取上具有较大潜力,期望能将其利用到坡度和坡长提取之中,实现对地形的准确表达。这需要对利用高分7号卫星DEM提取坡度坡长的结果进行精度评价。[方法]利用地形因子(LS)计算工具,对陕西省吴堡县4个小流域高分7号卫星、1∶10000地形图、激光雷达影像生成的DEM进行坡度、坡长的提取。采用相关系数(r)、相对偏差和绝对偏差作为评价指标,评价高分7号提取地形因子的精度。[结果]与激光雷达和1∶10000地形图的坡度和坡长相比,高分7号提取的流域平均坡度偏低7.50%~9.02%,坡长偏大1.83%~19.35%,但坡长和坡度分级的面积比例并不存在显著差异;高分7号提取的坡度结果偏差(16.46%~44.26%)明显小于坡长的偏差(75.25%~140.87%);高分7号所提取的坡度坡长在沟间地上的相对偏差(坡度15.48%~56.63%,坡长50.02%~130.79%)明显低于沟谷地(坡度21.28%~63.61%,坡长93.01%~192.51%)。[结论]利用高分7号DEM提取坡度坡长时,对于获取坡长坡度面积分级和对指定点的坡度提取时是可行的,而对于指定点的坡长提取时则结果不够可靠,在研究流域中坡长坡度的空间分布上具有较大优势,而提取具体某一位置处的坡长坡度时的优势则不明显。

3D DEM simulation of hard rock fracture in deep tunnel excavation induced by changes in principal stress magnitude and orientation

To achieve the loading of the stress path of hard rock,the spherical discrete element model(DEM)and the new flexible membrane technology were utilized to realize the transient loading of three principal stresses with arbitrary magnitudes and orientations.Furthermore,based on the deep tunnel of China Jinping Underground Laboratory II(CJPL-II),the deformation and fracture evolution characteristics of deep hard rock induced by excavation stress path were analyzed,and the mechanisms of transient loading-unloading and stress rotation-induced fractures were revealed from a mesoscopic perspective.The results indicated that the stressestrain curve exhibits different trends and degrees of sudden changes when subjected to transient changes in principal stress,accompanied by sudden changes in strain rate.Stress rotation induces spatially directional deformation,resulting in fractures of different degrees and orientations,and increasing the degree of deformation anisotropy.The correlation between the degree of induced fracture and the unloading magnitude of minimum principal stress,as well as its initial level is significant and positive.The process of mechanical response during transient unloading exhibits clear nonlinearity and directivity.After transient unloading,both the minimum principal stress and minimum principal strain rate decrease sharply and then tend to stabilize.This occurs from the edge to the interior and from the direction of the minimum principal stress to the direction of the maximum principal stress on theε1-ε3 plane.Transient unloading will induce a tensile stress wave.The ability to induce fractures due to changes in principal stress magnitude,orientation and rotation paths gradually increases.The analysis indicates a positive correlation between the abrupt change amplitude of strain rate and the maximum unloading magnitude,which is determined by the magnitude and rotation of principal stress.A high tensile strain rate is more likely to induce fractures under low minimum principal stress.

基于局部DEM重构的城市内涝模拟研究

为了提高城市内涝模拟精度,以福州市杨桥中路片区为例,利用InfoWorks ICM软件构建了基于局部DEM重构的精细化内涝耦合模型,并采用3场历史降雨对模型进行率定和验证,验证结果表明模型模拟精度较高。采用相同的模型结构,在进行网格化2D区间时分别使用重构DEM、原始DEM以及单一反距离权重插值DEM,对模型的模拟结果进行对比。结果表明:基于局部DEM重构的内涝模型相较于原始DEM模拟水深相对误差平均降低了25.83%,相较于单一反距离权重插值DEM,模拟水深与范围更符合实际情况。

DEM数据坐标转换和成果质量的检查方法

针对数字高程模型(DEM)数据三维坐标转换和转换成果质量检查的需求,本文研究了基于阿尔克·吉斯(ArcGIS)开发引擎平台的DEM数据的平面和高程坐标转换技术方法;同时根据DEM数据本身的特点,研究确定了合理的DEM数据转换成果质量检查内容和指标,解决了DEM数据转换成果质量检查标准的实际生产应用问题。本项目研究成果可保障北京市DEM数据在统一的基准下应用,推动与测绘地理信息相关的规划、建设和管理工作。

DEM-Based GIS Algorithms and 3D Geospatial Mapping for Creation of Hydrogeological Models Data in Foussana Basin (Central Tunisia)

There are many factors which affect the hydrological, geomorphologic and hydrogeological condition of the area. In order to better comprehend all processes, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was developed based on Geographical Information System. This latter appears as an essential tool to facilitate the decision support and can provide very important geological information. In fact, the use of the DEM is growing dramatically with the use of the GIS and the improvement of information extracted from elevation data such as mapping of floods, forest areas, erosion, and lineaments. The spatial distribution of topographic attributes can often be used as an indirect measure of the spatial variability of these processes and allows them to be mapped using relatively simple techniques. The main purpose of this study is to model the natural surface of the earth as the most accurate and the most precise. For this end we have tried in this work to develop various types of Digital Elevation Models DEM of the Foussana rift in Central Tunisia and to demonstrate the role of these models in geological, hydrogeological and hydrological study. The 3D model is also coupled in this study with piezometric and hydrochemistry study, so a new information’s plan was mapped by multiple GIS techniques like Spatial analysis and interpolation;in order 1) to comprehend the hydrodynamic of the aquifer, 2) to quantify surface and subsurface water resources and 3) to generate water management scenarios in the study area. To this end, several groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from wells and piezometers. Examining the corresponding physical and chemical parameters showed an increase in the concentrations of hydraulic conductivity in the center of the study area and it coincided with zones with high nutrient concentration. Recommendations are proposed in this zone.

Reconstructing DEM using TLS point cloud data and NURBS surface

Underground coal mining inevitably results in land surface subsidence.Acquiring information on land surface subsidence is important in the detection of surface change.However,conventional data acquisition techniques cannot always retrieve information on whole subsidence area.This study focuses on the reconstruction of a digital elevation model（DEM） with terrestrial laser scanning（TLS） point cloud data.Firstly,the methodology of the DEM with terrestrial 3-dimensional laser scanning is introduced.Then,a DEM modeling approach that involves the application of curved non-uniform rational B-splines（NURBS） surface is put forward.Finally,the performance of the DEM modeling approach with different surface inverse methods is demonstrated.The results indicate that the DEM based on the point cloud data and curved NURBS surface can achieve satisfactory accuracy.In addition,the performance of the hyperbolic paraboloid appears to be better than that of the elliptic paraboloid.The reconstructed DEM is continuous and can easily be integrated into other programs.Such features are of great importance in monitoring dynamic ground surface subsidence.

结合潮位与DEM的红树林遥感识别研究

以广西北部湾为研究区,针对潮位周期性变化导致稀疏低矮红树林难以被准确提取的问题,基于多潮位Landsat8 OLI图像和数字高程模型(DEM)数据,通过构建红树林识别决策树模型,并以支持向量机(SVM)为对照,评价结合潮位和DEM信息的决策树法提取红树林信息的可行性.研究结果表明:1)不同高度、不同密度以及不同潮位红树林之间光谱差异均较大,稀疏低矮红树林也与阴坡林地、水体-陆生植被混合像元光谱存在严重“异物同谱”效应;2)无论是基于低潮位、高潮位图像,还是多潮位图像,相比未区分高度和密度,在SVM中将细分为高密红树林和稀矮红树林,其总体精度(分为红树林和非红树林两类)可分别提高4.65、4.41和7.22个百分点;3)基于多潮位图像及DEM的决策树模型识别的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为98.80%和0.973,比SVM中最佳值分别高出1.62个百分点和0.035.因此,通过同时考虑红树林高度、密度、潮位和DEM等特征,可明显提高红树林遥感识别的精度.

基于DEM-SPH流固耦合的冰区船舶快速性预报

船舶在冰区海域中航行会受到冰水环境阻力的影响,是冰区船舶快速性研究中的重要影响因素。为合理分析冰区船舶的快速性能,该文采用基于离散元(discrete element method,DEM)和光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法的流固耦合模型模拟船舶冰区航行过程,获得不同航速下的船舶阻力和推进力,进一步计算出螺旋桨的推力、扭矩以及定速航行所需的螺旋桨转速等参数。为研究船体结构、海冰与海水之间的流固耦合作用,文中通过SPH粒子与固定粒子边界相对运动的拟合项直接计算固体与流体之间的相互作用力,建立船体结构、海冰与海水耦合的DEM-SPH模型,并基于该模型分别对船舶在冰区的航行阻力和推进力进行模拟,通过拟合的方式匹配航行阻力和推进力,并考虑尾部流场导致的船体阻力增额,从而预报船舶在特定航速下实现自航所需的螺旋桨转速。此外,文中还模拟了DTMB 5415船模在浮冰区和层冰区中航行的阻力和不同螺旋桨转速下的推力,对船模在不同工况下实现特定航速航行所需的螺旋桨转速进行了预报。计算结果表明:DEM-SPH耦合模型对船-冰、桨-冰作用中的流固耦合过程模拟效果出色,可完整描述船体及尾部伴流场对海冰的拖曳作用;通过文中所述阻力-推力模拟算例及强制力的拟合分析,所形成的基于数值模拟方法的船舶自航下螺旋桨转速预报,可为进一步的试验验证和工程应用推广奠定基础。