Narrative Empathy and Patriotism--An Analysis of the Chinese“Main-Melody”Film My People,My Country

Narrative empathy is a relatively new theory and it can guide researchers in the studies of main-melody films so as to promote the communication of the core values of the society.The rhetorical mechanism of narrative empathy can be illustrated from five rhetorical elements,including rhetor,rhetorical goal,rhetorical situation,rhetorical strategy and audience.The theory of narrative empathy can be applied to the case study of the film My People,My Country.In the production of this film,the directors are the rhetors.The rhetors uphold the tenet of closeness,choose the right rhetorical situation as the 70th birthday of the People’s Republic of China,and use appropriate rhetorical strategies in order to realize the rhetorical goals of evoking empathy and inspiring patriotic feelings in the audience’s minds.An exploration and application of narrative empathy can be conducive to the empathic communication of Chinese main-melody films in order to achieve better communication effect.

Investigating the customer trust in artificial intelligence: The role of anthropomorphism, empathy response, and interaction

Artificial intelligence(AI)applications are observed in different industries including the services,where the impressive changing pace is boosted by the technological advances in AI.The use of AI in the daily work of individuals and in shaping the relationship between firms and customers has resulted in increased efficiency and a higher degree of fascination in interaction.There are,however,customers'fears related to the use of AI.Therefore,understanding how AI affects customer trust is worth investigating.This study focuses on the AI applications and their impact on communication quality and customer trust.The features of AI applications investigated in this study include anthropomorphism,empathy response and interaction.A model was first empirically validated through Confirmatory Factor Analysis and tested using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling.Data were then collected from a survey of 507 customers of two banks and two big telecommunication firms in Vietnam.Empirical results indicate that anthropomorphism and interaction do not play critical roles in generating customer trust in AI unless they create communication quality with customers.The ability of empathy response makes customers trust in various service situations.AI application seems to be a good solution for service firms to enhance their relationship with customers in difficult circumstances,including a pandemic crisis.This study delivers implications for enhancing AI adoption in the service firms that intend to innovate their future operations.

Regulating Empathy: Exploring the Process through Agents and Strategies

Empathy is a complex emotional phenomenon that plays a crucial role in promoting cooperation and social cohesion within human society.However,there is ongoing debate regarding the mechanisms that underlie the generation of empathy.While the importance of biological emotional resonance in empathy is widely recognized,the influence of cognitive regulation on empathetic responses cannot be disregarded.This article seeks to review the agents and strategies involved in regulating empathy to construct a dynamic model depicting the process.The model highlights that the impact of specific goals on empathy regulation is not definitive;rather,it depends on an individual’s interpretation and pursuit of goals,which can either enhance or hinder empathy.To effectively regulate empathy,individuals employ various emotion regulation strategies,the effectiveness and frequency of which can vary depending on individual and contextual factors.This context provides a specific pathway for understanding the generation of empathy.Further research should be conducted to systematically investigate the regulatory mechanisms of empathy by integrating contextual factors and individual characteristics.Furthermore,it is incredibly important to enhance the impact of empathy on social interactions by utilizing its ability to be controlled for intervention and prediction purposes.

Levels of Empathy among Dental Students in Five Chilean Universities

Aim: To compare empathic levels among dental students of five Dental Faculties in Chile. Material and Methods: Empathic orientation of dental students was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, the Spanish version for students (S version), validated in Chile and culturally adapted to dental students. The data were compared using analysis of variance trifactorial (model III) and by a discriminant analysis. Results: It was found that differences exist between universities empathic orientation, courses, and gender. Conclusions: The results showed a great variability of empathetic guidance values on the factors studied. Discriminant test confirm the similarity and differences found among faculties from the data matrix provided by the scale used. It is not possible in this investigation to explain the variability found.

Empathy译名的商榷

Empathy是心理卫生工作中的一个重要的概念,它有特殊的、来自美学领域的历史渊源。如何翻译这个术语,几十年来一直没有定论。表面上的翻译问题,背后是概念,特别是不同领域内概念内涵的变迁。本次讨论从empathy的翻译谈起,逐渐展开到心理治疗中的内涵介绍,不仅为了讨论译名问题,更重要的是希望有助于澄清这个基本、又容易混淆的概念。本次讨论由许又新教授的一篇文章发端,继而得到其他几位作者的积极回应,在此一并致谢。今后,我们希望不同专业背景的研究者针对心理(精神)卫生领域的不同主题,进行类似形式的讨论,以活跃学术空气,激发学术创新。

Are parental rearing patterns and learning burnout correlated with empathy amongst undergraduate nursing students?

Objective:Empathy can help establish harmonious nurse-patient relationships.We aimed to assess the status of empathy,and explore the relationship between learning burnout,parental rearing patterns and empathy amongst nursing students.Method:A questionnaire survey that employed the Learning Burnout Scale,the Short-Form Egna Minnenav Barndoms Uppfostran(s-EMBU)and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy was conducted amongst 562 nursing students.The data were analysed on the basis of descriptive statistic and correlation analysis was used.Results:Empathy is negatively correlated with learning burnout,parental rejection and overprotection and showed no positive correlation with parental emotional warmth.Conclusions:Educators should pay attention to nursing students'feelings and learning burnout status and take positive measures to improve the empathy level of the students.Positive parental rearing patterns also help cultivate empathy.

Assessing Empathy in Anesthesia Residents with the Chinese Version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy: A Pilot Standardized Patient Program

Objectives To validate the reliability of the Chinese version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy(CARE)in physician-standardized patient(SP)encounter.We also tried to examine the agreement between video-based ratings and in-room ratings,as well as the agreement between the faculty ratings and SP ratings.Methods The CARE was translated into Chinese.Forty-eight anesthesia residents were recruited to make preoperative interview in SP-counter.Performance of each resident was graded by in-room raters,video raters and SP raters.Consistency between different raters was examined.Results The Chinese-CARE measure demonstrated high scale reliability with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.95 and high consistency in the in-room ratings in intraclass correlation(coefficient=0.888,P<0.001).Despite a good consistency in intraclass correlation,video ratings were significantly higher than in-room ratings(39.6±7.1 vs.24.0±10.0,P<0.001),and Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that the pass/fail rate was significantly higher based on video ratings than based on in-room ratings(45/48 vs.22/48,P<0.001).SP ratings had a moderate consistency with in-room faculty ratings(coefficient=0..568,P<0.001),and there was no significant difference between the pass/fail rates based on the in-room ratings and SP ratings(22/48vs.28/48,P=0.12).Conclusions The Chinese-CARE measure is reliable in the assessment of empathy during preoperative anesthesia interview.In-room and video ratings are not equivalent,while SP may provide a feasible alternative for the faculty rater in the assessment of communication skills with an appropriate measure.

Importance of communication in medical practice and medical education:An emphasis on empathy and attitudes and their possible influences

BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals need to be prepared to promote healthy lifestyles and care for patients.By focusing on what students should be able to perform one day as clinicians,we can bridge the gap between mere theoretical knowledge and its practical application.Gender aspects in clinical medicine also have to be considered when speaking of personalized medicine and learning curricula.AIM To determine sets of intellectual,personal,social,and emotional abilities that comprise core qualifications in medicine for performing well in anamnesis-taking,in order to identify training needs.METHODS An analysis of training clinicians’conceptions with respect to optimal medical history taking was performed.The chosen study design also aimed to assess gender effects.Structured interviews with supervising clinicians were carried out in a descriptive study at the Medical University of Vienna.Results were analyzed by conducting a qualitative computer-assisted content analysis of the interviews.Inductive category formation was applied.The main questions posed to the supervisors dealt with(1)Observed competencies of students in medical history taking;and(2)The supervisor’s own conceptions of"ideal medical history taking".RESULTS A total of 33 training clinicians(n=33),engaged in supervising medical students according to the MedUni Vienna’s curriculum standards,agreed to be enrolled in the study and met inclusion criteria.The qualitative content analysis revealed the following themes relevant to taking an anamnesis:(1)Knowledge;(2)Soft skills(relationship-building abilities,trust,and attitude);(3)Methodical skills(structuring,precision,and completeness of information gathering);and(4)Environmental/contextual factors(language barrier,time pressure,interruptions).Overall,health care professionals consider empathy and attitude as critical features concerning the quality of medical history taking.When looking at physicians’theoretical conceptions,more general practitioners and psychiatrists mentioned attitude and empathy in the context of"ideal medical history taking",with a higher percentage of females.With respect to observations of students’history taking,a positive impact from attitude and empathy was mainly described by male health care professionals,whereas no predominance of specialty was found.Representatives of general medicine and internal medicine,when observing medical students,more often emphasized a negative impact on history taking when students lacked attitude or showed non-empathetic behavior;no gender-specific difference was detected for this finding.CONCLUSION The analysis reveals that for clinicians engaged in medical student education,only a combination of skills,including adequate knowledge and methodical implementations,is supposed to guarantee acceptable performance.This study’s findings support the importance of concepts like relationship building,attitude,and empathy.However,there may be contextual factors in play as well,and transference of theoretical concepts into the clinical setting might prove challenging.

Is Facebook Linked to Selfishness? Investigating the Relationships among Social Media Use, Empathy, and Narcissism

The rise of social networking sites have led to changes in the nature of our social relationships, as well as how we present and perceive ourselves. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship among the following in adults: use of a highly popular social networking site—Facebook, empathy, and narcissism. The findings indicated that some Facebook activities, such as chatting, were linked to aspects of empathic concern, such as higher levels of Perspective Taking in males. The Photo feature in Facebook was also linked to better ability to place themselves in fictional situations. For only the females, viewing videos was associated with the extent to which they could identify with someone’s distress. The data also indicated that certain aspects of Facebook use, such as the photo feature, were linked to narcissism. However, the overall pattern of findings suggests that social media is primarily a tool for staying connected, than for self-promotion.

Self-Compassion and Empathy: Impact on Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress in Medical Training

Objective: To determine how self-compassion and empathy might influence the degree of burnout, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction among medical students and residents. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of medical students and select residency programs at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. Respondents completed the Professional Quality of Life Scale (burnout, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction), Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale, and the empathic concern and personal distress subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Results: The response rate was 28.6%. 23.9% and 27.3% of medical trainees reported high levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress, respectively. Females reported greater empathy but lower self-compassion than males. Greater concern for others and oneself and lower personal distress predicted greater pleasure derived from professional work. Less concern for others and lower concern for oneself predicted greater burnout. Conclusions: Compassion for oneself and for others within their care appears to ameliorate burnout and can increase professional satisfaction. Initiatives to foster empathy and self-compassion may enhance individual well-being.

Pragmatic Empathy and Its Effect in Translation

In this paper,the author is going to discuss about the pragmatic empathy and its effect in translation.The concept of pragmatic empathy is to be presented;the principles of pragmatic empathy are to be discussed.They are equality principle,appropriateness principle,politeness principle and information principle.Examples are to be given to illustrate each principle and explain how pragmatic empathy plays its part in translation.

Empathy and Cognitive Schema:The Ways of Chinese Culture Going Global Reconsidered

In spite of its acknowledged achievements and contributions in recent years,it is still necessary to review the diplomacy of Chinese culture going global.Approached from the perspective of cognition and affection,the main reason leading to the low efficiency of Chinese official cross-cultural communication is that the collectivism implied in the governmental institutes is in conflict with the individualism schema in Western mainstream discourse,making it difficult to invoke empathy from Western audience.By contrast,some popular culture spread through the Internet is empathy-provoking only because it contains two schemata of nostalgia and individualism that have been embedded in many Western netizens’cognition.In other words,popular culture has little communicating power to transmit the essence of Chinese culture.Given the limitations of these two ways,China should at least make adjustments on four aspects to improve the effect of its culture going out:(1)integrate more mutually shared schemata into the selected Chinese culture;(2)modernize the cultural contents and transmission methods;(3)reduce the role of the government and insist on diversifying and individualizing communication subjects;(4)encourage the creation of fine culture.

Empathy Levels of Dental Students of Central America and the Caribbean

Objective: The aim of this study is to check whether there are differences in the distribution of empathy levels in dental students from nine faculties of dentistry Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica and Dominican Republic. Methods: The levels of empathy and matrices of empathy construct matrices are estimated dental students by using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, the Spanish version for students (S version) culturally validated in Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica and Dominican Republic measured by arbitrator criteria. Cronbach α is estimated. Data of empathic orientation of the studied factors between faculties are analyzed and compared by ANOVA and Duncan test and matrices of empathy construct using discriminant analysis. Results: We find that there are differences in levels of empathy between universities, courses, gender and interaction between the Dental Faculty (University) and Course. The comparison between matrices shows unexplained variances and differences observed between the levels of empathy in student populations. Conclusions: Variability in empathy is observed in the studied factors and among student populations. The variability is an empirical finding, but is not possible in this work, to explain why.

Measures of empathy in children and adolescents:A systematic review of questionnaires

BACKGROUND Empathy has long been considered a multidimensional construct,encompassing cognitive,affective and behavioral domains.Deficits in empathic competences in early childhood contribute to psychopathology,and have been variably implicated in several clinical conditions,such as autism spectrum disorders(ASD)and conduct disorders.AIM To identify and describe empirically validated questionnaires assessing empathy in children and adolescents and to provide a summary of related theoretical perspectives on empathy definitional issues.METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted.Three bibliographic databases were searched.A total of 47 studies were selected for final analysis and 16 distinct measures were identified and described.RESULTS Questionable to excellent levels of internal consistency were observed,while few studies assessed test-retest reliability.Although construct definitions only partially overlapped,affective and cognitive domains of empathy were the commonest internal factors that were often separately evaluated.New facets of the construct(i.e.,somatic empathy and sympathy)and specific clinical populations(i.e.,ASD)could be specifically addressed through more recent instruments.CONCLUSION The combination of different assessment methods is recommended in order to foresee further improvements in this field and try to overcome the problem of limited convergence with more objective measures.

Cultural Empathy and Its Cultivation in Cross-Cultural Communication

With the continuous development of global integration and frequent exchanges between countries,heterogeneous cultural conflicts grow as a result.A good ability of cross-cultural communication is playing an important part in resolving these contradictions and conflicts.Cultural empathy is an important factor of cross-cultural communication ability,and is the key factor to the smooth and successful cross-cultural communication.Cultural empathy needs to follow the moderate principle—neither"missing"nor"excessive".This article discusses the connotation of cultural empathy from the basic connotation of cross-cultural communication,i.e.following the principle of moderation will be helpful in multicultural communication across cultural differences through multi-channel cultivation and,with agreement to disagree,to achieve effective cross-cultural communication.

Study on Empathy among Undergraduate Students of the Medical Profession in Nepal

Background: The incumbent of medical professional is expected to be socially responsible and emotionally empathetic along with good communication propensity to fasten the doctor-patient relationship. Whilst doctor’s proficiency to recognize a patient’s perspectives, and convey such an understanding back to the patient;in our case, the empathy and compassion level of promising medical professional is unknown in Nepal. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the compassion and empathy score of final year’s undergraduate students of four medical colleges in Nepal. Methods: Self-reported empathy measures were obtained using the Jefferson Scale of Physician-Student version. Results: The degree of empathy for the participants was 97.28 (SD = 14.44) with a median score of 96.00 and a range of 44 (min) to 133 (max). There was a significant difference on scores of the Jefferson scale of physician empathy between NMC Nepalgunj and BPKIHS (p = 0.00) and between NMC Nepalgunj and Manipal Pokhara (p = 0.00), as well as between UCMS and Manipal Pokhara (p = 0.044). These results were significant at the 95% confidence interval. Conclusions: The mean empathy score for the Nepali students is lower than medical students from developed countries but almost similar to medical students from other Asian medical students. The female Nepali medical students scored slightly higher than their male counterparts. Thus colleges have to develop academic programs to improve empathy and compassion among medical students through providing adequate time to consult with patient and faculties.

Empathy assessment in healthcare students is highly heterogeneous: A systematic review and meta-analysis(2012-2016)

BACKGROUND Clinical empathy leads to improved patient satisfaction and better clinical outcomes. Currently, there are multiple empathy scales with minimal or no efforts to produce an integrated definition of clinical empathy which can be assessed sufficiently by only a few scales. Moreover, there is an unclear overall reliability of these empathy scales, hence limiting comparative evaluation.AIM To examine which empathy scales have been used in healthcare students and to estimate their overall internal consistency.METHODS A systematic review was performed with inclusion criteria any empirical study with quantitative data examining empathy of healthcare students toward patients between 2012 and 2016. A random effects model was used to produce a pooled estimate of the Cronbach's alphas. The Hakstian-Whalen transformation was used for analyses based on the Rodriguez-Maeda method. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic and further investigated with subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, Egger's test, Begg's test, and the trim and fill analysis.RESULTSThirteen scales have been used to assess clinical empathy in healthcare students from forty nine studies with total sample size 49384 students. The most frequently used scale is the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy followed by Davis' Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The overall reliability was 0.805(95%CI0.786-0.823), which is acceptable, but there was heterogeneity and publication bias. Some heterogeneity was explained by the different countries(regions) of the studies under investigation and student types but most heterogeneity remained unexplained.CONCLUSION The results indicate that scales have satisfactory internal consistency but there are a multitude of scales, definitions and empathy components. Future research should focus on standardizing scales and creating consensus statements regarding the definition of empathy and use of appropriate scales.

Empathy Gender in Dental Students in Latin America: An Exploratory and Cross-Sectional Study

Background: It is well-founded that empathy is an attribute that increases the likelihood of good communication between health professionals and patients, and it is usual that there is the conviction that empathy levels are higher in women than in men. Aims: A study comparing levels of empathy gender of students in 18 schools of dentistry from six Latin American countries was conducted. Method: An exploratory cross-sectional study of which empathy levels were measured by the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for dental students (S version) and these levels were compared between genders by t-student test, after verification of normal distribution and homoscedasticity. Results: Variability was found in the results of the comparisons. In some cases, empathy levels were higher in women, others in men and in most of them there were no differences between genders. Conclusions: The observed results do not support the belief that women are more empathetic than men. However, more studies must be performed in more powers and countries to verify that the results described constitute a scientific fact and not just a feature of dental students specifically in the countries studied.