A method for fairing a surface composed of a set of discrete data points distributed in a nonrectangular topological mesh is presented.All curves are expressed by nonuniform cubic B-spline curves.The fairing method is...A method for fairing a surface composed of a set of discrete data points distributed in a nonrectangular topological mesh is presented.All curves are expressed by nonuniform cubic B-spline curves.The fairing method is minimizing the elastic strain energy of mesh curves and of springs at- tached to the data points.The fairing surface can be generated by interpolating through the mesh curves.The generation and fairing of a ship hull surface is given as an example.展开更多
A method of fairing B spline surfaces by wavelet decomposition is investigated. The wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of quasi uniform bicubic B spline surfaces are described in detail. A method is introduce...A method of fairing B spline surfaces by wavelet decomposition is investigated. The wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of quasi uniform bicubic B spline surfaces are described in detail. A method is introduced to approximate a B spline surface by a quasi uniform one. An error control approach for wavelet based fairing is suggested. Samples are given to show the feasibility of the algorithms presented in this paper. The practice showed that the wavelet based fairing is better than energy based one in case where the number of vertices of the B spline surface is greater than 1000. The quantitative variance of the approximation error in accordance with the change of decomposition levels needs to be further explored.展开更多
In this paper, proportional fairness(PF)-based energy-efficient power allocation is studied for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) systems. In our schemes, statistical channel st...In this paper, proportional fairness(PF)-based energy-efficient power allocation is studied for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) systems. In our schemes, statistical channel state information(CSI) is utilized for perfect CSI is impossible to achieve in practice. PF is used to balance the transmission efficiency and user fairness. Energy efficiency(EE) is formulated under basic data rate requirements and maximum transmitting power constraints. Due to the non-convex nature of EE, a two-step algorithm is proposed to obtain sub-optimal solution with a low complexity. Firstly, power allocation is determined by golden section search for fixed power. Secondly total transmitting power is determined by fractional programming method in the feasible regions. Compared to the performance of MIMO-NOMA without PF constraint, fairness is obtained at expense of decreasing of EE.展开更多
End-to-end TCP (transmission control protocol) congestion control can cause unfairness among multiple TCP connections with different RTT (Round Trip Time). The throughput of TCP connection is inversely proportional to...End-to-end TCP (transmission control protocol) congestion control can cause unfairness among multiple TCP connections with different RTT (Round Trip Time). The throughput of TCP connection is inversely proportional to its RTT. To resolve this problem, researchers have proposed many methods. The existing proposals for RTT-aware conditioner work well when congestion level is low. However, they over-protect long RTT flows and starve short RTT flows when congestion level is high. Due to this reason, an improved method based on adaptive thought is proposed. According to the congestion level of networks, the mechanism can adaptively adjust the degree of the protection to long RTT flows. Extensive simulation experiments showed that the proposed mechanism can guarantee the bandwidth fairness of TCP flows effectively and outperforms the existing methods.展开更多
The problem of real-time trajectory optimization for small solid launch vehicle of operational responsive space (ORS) was studied by using pseudospectral method. According to the characteristic of the trajectory desig...The problem of real-time trajectory optimization for small solid launch vehicle of operational responsive space (ORS) was studied by using pseudospectral method. According to the characteristic of the trajectory design, the dynamics model was set up in the inertia right-angled reference frame, and the equation and parameter at the orbit injection point were simplified and converted. The infinite dimension dynamic optimal control problem was converted to a finite dimension static state optimization problem and the algorithm reduced the complexity so as to become a general algorithm in trajectories optimization. With the trajectories optimization of a three-stage solid vehicle with a liquor upper stage as example, the model of the trajectory optimization was set up and simulations were carried out. The results demonstrated the advantage and validity of the pseudospectral method. The rejection time of fairing was also analyzed by the simulation results, and the optimal flight procedure and trajectory were obtained.展开更多
In this study,we develop and empirically test a valuation model for a commonly encountered option in office leases:a tenant’s option to renew at future market rent(a fair market value)with lease termination as the ma...In this study,we develop and empirically test a valuation model for a commonly encountered option in office leases:a tenant’s option to renew at future market rent(a fair market value)with lease termination as the maturity date.The model integrates decision analysis with real options analysis and market risk with private risks.“Option value”is defined as the private value of the option to either party pre-contract,while“option price”assumes a fair agreement between transacting parties and can be positive(rental premium paid)or negative(rental discount offered).Without manifest expectations,an analysis of a sample of office leases supports the model’s logic with price estimates in a practical range.The tenants’option price/value is shown to have a negative relationship with the original/renewal lease term;conversely,the landlords’option value is positively related to the original/renewal term.Comparative analyses show that transaction costs have a positive effect on tenants’option value and on prices,while vacancy costs and the vacancy period are both positively related to the landlords’option value and negatively related to price.Market rent is found to have a negative relationship with option price.Overall,this study provides a theoretical analysis and empirical tests of the value of a real option that allows option holders to renew/extend their contracts at a fair market value.展开更多
道路网密度是反映交通与城市发展水平的综合性指标,已经纳入国土空间规划和城市体检的核心指标体系。但目前对路网密度的评价往往简单地引用规范推荐值或对标国际先进城市,存在不够精准,缺乏系统性的问题。为此,本文首先从路网核心功能...道路网密度是反映交通与城市发展水平的综合性指标,已经纳入国土空间规划和城市体检的核心指标体系。但目前对路网密度的评价往往简单地引用规范推荐值或对标国际先进城市,存在不够精准,缺乏系统性的问题。为此,本文首先从路网核心功能出发,提炼评价路网密度的4个维度,包括路网的结构、效率、公平性和韧性,以4个维度为基础构建涵盖10项指标的路网密度评价体系;然后,针对多维度多指标存在的量纲不一致和各维度权重不易确定等问题,采用改进的CRITIC(CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation)赋权法对指标体系进行分级赋权,通过求解一级权重和二级权重,得到最终的综合评价结果;最后,以广州市天河区珠江新城—金融城片区为例,设定3种典型的路网密度发展模式,构建路网模型开展实证研究。结果显示,对于CBD(中央商务区)地区,路网效率和公平性指标的权重最高;分维度的评价结果显示,路网密度过高对效率有所抑制,路网密度增加到一定程度后,对结构和韧性的提升呈现边际效用递减趋势。因此,对CBD地区而言,存在适宜路网密度,而非路网密度越高越好。本文提出的指标体系可避免单一评价指标的局限性,实现对不同功能区路网的差异化综合评价。展开更多
文摘A method for fairing a surface composed of a set of discrete data points distributed in a nonrectangular topological mesh is presented.All curves are expressed by nonuniform cubic B-spline curves.The fairing method is minimizing the elastic strain energy of mesh curves and of springs at- tached to the data points.The fairing surface can be generated by interpolating through the mesh curves.The generation and fairing of a ship hull surface is given as an example.
文摘A method of fairing B spline surfaces by wavelet decomposition is investigated. The wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of quasi uniform bicubic B spline surfaces are described in detail. A method is introduced to approximate a B spline surface by a quasi uniform one. An error control approach for wavelet based fairing is suggested. Samples are given to show the feasibility of the algorithms presented in this paper. The practice showed that the wavelet based fairing is better than energy based one in case where the number of vertices of the B spline surface is greater than 1000. The quantitative variance of the approximation error in accordance with the change of decomposition levels needs to be further explored.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61671252)
文摘In this paper, proportional fairness(PF)-based energy-efficient power allocation is studied for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) systems. In our schemes, statistical channel state information(CSI) is utilized for perfect CSI is impossible to achieve in practice. PF is used to balance the transmission efficiency and user fairness. Energy efficiency(EE) is formulated under basic data rate requirements and maximum transmitting power constraints. Due to the non-convex nature of EE, a two-step algorithm is proposed to obtain sub-optimal solution with a low complexity. Firstly, power allocation is determined by golden section search for fixed power. Secondly total transmitting power is determined by fractional programming method in the feasible regions. Compared to the performance of MIMO-NOMA without PF constraint, fairness is obtained at expense of decreasing of EE.
文摘End-to-end TCP (transmission control protocol) congestion control can cause unfairness among multiple TCP connections with different RTT (Round Trip Time). The throughput of TCP connection is inversely proportional to its RTT. To resolve this problem, researchers have proposed many methods. The existing proposals for RTT-aware conditioner work well when congestion level is low. However, they over-protect long RTT flows and starve short RTT flows when congestion level is high. Due to this reason, an improved method based on adaptive thought is proposed. According to the congestion level of networks, the mechanism can adaptively adjust the degree of the protection to long RTT flows. Extensive simulation experiments showed that the proposed mechanism can guarantee the bandwidth fairness of TCP flows effectively and outperforms the existing methods.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China ("863" Program)
文摘The problem of real-time trajectory optimization for small solid launch vehicle of operational responsive space (ORS) was studied by using pseudospectral method. According to the characteristic of the trajectory design, the dynamics model was set up in the inertia right-angled reference frame, and the equation and parameter at the orbit injection point were simplified and converted. The infinite dimension dynamic optimal control problem was converted to a finite dimension static state optimization problem and the algorithm reduced the complexity so as to become a general algorithm in trajectories optimization. With the trajectories optimization of a three-stage solid vehicle with a liquor upper stage as example, the model of the trajectory optimization was set up and simulations were carried out. The results demonstrated the advantage and validity of the pseudospectral method. The rejection time of fairing was also analyzed by the simulation results, and the optimal flight procedure and trajectory were obtained.
基金research grants(P0030199 and P0038209)from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University。
文摘In this study,we develop and empirically test a valuation model for a commonly encountered option in office leases:a tenant’s option to renew at future market rent(a fair market value)with lease termination as the maturity date.The model integrates decision analysis with real options analysis and market risk with private risks.“Option value”is defined as the private value of the option to either party pre-contract,while“option price”assumes a fair agreement between transacting parties and can be positive(rental premium paid)or negative(rental discount offered).Without manifest expectations,an analysis of a sample of office leases supports the model’s logic with price estimates in a practical range.The tenants’option price/value is shown to have a negative relationship with the original/renewal lease term;conversely,the landlords’option value is positively related to the original/renewal term.Comparative analyses show that transaction costs have a positive effect on tenants’option value and on prices,while vacancy costs and the vacancy period are both positively related to the landlords’option value and negatively related to price.Market rent is found to have a negative relationship with option price.Overall,this study provides a theoretical analysis and empirical tests of the value of a real option that allows option holders to renew/extend their contracts at a fair market value.
文摘道路网密度是反映交通与城市发展水平的综合性指标,已经纳入国土空间规划和城市体检的核心指标体系。但目前对路网密度的评价往往简单地引用规范推荐值或对标国际先进城市,存在不够精准,缺乏系统性的问题。为此,本文首先从路网核心功能出发,提炼评价路网密度的4个维度,包括路网的结构、效率、公平性和韧性,以4个维度为基础构建涵盖10项指标的路网密度评价体系;然后,针对多维度多指标存在的量纲不一致和各维度权重不易确定等问题,采用改进的CRITIC(CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation)赋权法对指标体系进行分级赋权,通过求解一级权重和二级权重,得到最终的综合评价结果;最后,以广州市天河区珠江新城—金融城片区为例,设定3种典型的路网密度发展模式,构建路网模型开展实证研究。结果显示,对于CBD(中央商务区)地区,路网效率和公平性指标的权重最高;分维度的评价结果显示,路网密度过高对效率有所抑制,路网密度增加到一定程度后,对结构和韧性的提升呈现边际效用递减趋势。因此,对CBD地区而言,存在适宜路网密度,而非路网密度越高越好。本文提出的指标体系可避免单一评价指标的局限性,实现对不同功能区路网的差异化综合评价。
