盐胁迫对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗生长和离子分布的影响

盐胁迫环境抑制植物的生长,影响植物组织的离子分布,不同的盐分组成对植物的抑制伤害存在差异,为了研究上海市临港新城滨海盐渍土的生态恢复和重建,模拟该地区的盐分组成,进行了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗的盐胁迫试验。高羊茅种子在非盐胁迫条件下萌发,出苗5d后,进行了不同浓度NaCl:0、50、100、150、200、300、400mmol/L处理,15d后测定生长情况、组织含水量和Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等离子含量。研究结果表明:盐分对高羊茅幼苗的抑制作用随NaCl浓度增加而加剧,低盐胁迫环境下,幼苗地上部分和根系的鲜重、干重和含水量都与对照没有显著性差异,但是高盐环境严重影响了高羊茅幼苗的生长,而且对地上部分的抑制作用大于根部;盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布,Na+浓度持续增加,Ca2+和K+浓度下降,Mg2+含量的影响不大;各组织中K/Na、Ca/Na和Mg/Na随盐胁迫增加而下降。

高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)对土壤中菲和芘的修复作用研究

采用盆栽试验法，研究了高羊茅对污染土壤中菲、芘的去除效果与修复机制．结果显示：在试验浓度范围（0～322mg／kg）内，植物-微生物系统对土壤中芘、菲的去除效果明显．种植高羊茅60d后，土壤-高羊茅系统（TD3）对土壤中菲、芘去除率分别为52．82％～82．27％（m=67．96％）、47．27％～75．4％（m=60．06％）；平均去除率分别比对照组TD1（无植物，不加NaN3）高45．41％，41．63％，比对照组TD2（无植物，加0．1％NaN3）高62．89％，57．5％．高羊茅能吸收积累土壤中的菲和芘，根部和茎叶部菲、芘含量随土壤中菲、芘浓度的提高而增大；生物浓缩系数随土壤中菲、芘含量的增加而减小，且根部大于茎叶部、芘大于菲．修复过程中，非生物因子、植物积累对菲、芘的去除率分别只有5．07％，0．017％和2．56％，0．11％；微生物降解、高羊茅-微生物间的交互作用对菲、芘的平均去除率分别为19．21％，62．87％和15．87％，57．5％．说明微生物降解作用、植物-微生物交互作用是土壤中菲、芘去除的主要途径．

热锻炼对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)抗高温能力的影响

夏季高温胁迫已成为限制冷季型草坪草生长和发育的一个主要问题。以两种耐热性不同的冷季型草坪草高羊茅和多年生黑麦草(前者较耐热)为材料,经过3d 30℃的热锻炼预处理后,分别在38、42、46℃的高温下处理14h。在这些高温条件下,研究了经过热锻炼预处理的高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化剂含量以及叶绿体超微结构的变化。结果表明:(1)热锻炼提高了高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐热性,显著缓减了高温条件下两种草坪草叶片膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,降低了叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O2.-)的产生速率。(2)高温条件下,热锻炼使高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片中抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量下降程度有所缓减。(3)热锻炼减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片叶绿体超微结构的损伤。这些结果说明热锻炼能够减轻高温对草坪草叶绿体的伤害可能与其在高温胁迫下和对照相比具有较高的抗氧化剂含量有关,这也可能是冷季型草坪草对高温的适应机制之一。

Effects of Microbial Inoculants from Sewage Sludge on Initial Growth of Festuca arundinacea L.

Microbial inoculants were isolated from sewage sludge and applied to turfgrass medium. Effects of microbial inoculants on seed germination and initial growth of Festuca arundinacea L. were analyzed to investigate the optimal proportion of compound microbial inoculants. Significant differences were found in various growth indices and chlorophyll content of F. arundinacea between microbial treatment and control The combination of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Trichoderma reesei exhibited the best results. Compared with the control, seed germination rate, seedling height, shoot dry weight, root weight, chlorophyll a content and chlorophyll b content of F. arundinacea treated with the combination of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Trichoderma reesei were improved by 11.60%, 43.47%, 148%, 159%, 144% and 136%, respectively. Based on comprehensive analysis of various indicators, the optimal proportion （V/V） of microbial combination was Pseudomonas stutzeri： Tfichoderma reesei = 1： 1, which was the most conducive to plant growth and development.

Advances in Breeding of Festuca arundinacea Schreb.

In this paper, domestic and foreign advances in breeding situation and conventional breeding methods of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and the applica- tion of modem biological techniques （ somaclonal variation, somatic cell hybridization, genetic map construction, genetic diversity, gene cloning and expression, ge- netic engineering） in breeding of new varieties of F. arundinacea were summarized, which proposed new ideas for the development of F. arundinacea breeding and provided reference for breeding of new varieties of F. arundinacea.

Study on Sterilization Method of Endophytic Fungi in Tall Fescue(Festuca arundinacea)and Ryegrass(Lolium perenne)Seeds

[Objectives]This study was conducted to obtain the best solution for sterilizing tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea)and ryegrass(Lolium perenne)seeds by heating in a water bath for a short time.[Methods]The tall fescue and ryegrass seeds infected with endophytic fungi were sterilized by heating in a water bath to compare seed germination and initial growth of turfgrass seedlings under different treatment time.[Results]Sterilization in a 60℃water bath for 20 and 30 min both inhibited the germination of tall fescue and ryegrass seeds,while the 20 min treatment did not significantly affect the lengths of stems,leaves and roots of seedlings.The 20 min water bath sterilization treatment had no effects on the plant heights and biomass of the two turfgrass seedlings and the tiller number of ryegrass,but sterilization for 30 min significantly reduced the aboveground and total biomass of seedlings and the tiller number of ryegrass.[Conclusions]Sterilization in a water bath at 60℃ for 20 min achieved rapid sterilization in a short time,without significantly negatively affecting the growth of seedlings.

Comparative Study on the Effects of Three Carbon Nanomaterials on the Growth of Festuca arundinacea in Compost Substrate

[Objectives] This study was conducted to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of municipal solid waste resources, the remediation of contaminated substrates and the ecological safety of urban lawn planting. [Methods] Graphene, multi-layer graphene oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were added to municipal solid waste(MSW) compost as turf substrate to determine the morphological indicators such as turfgrass biomass, chlorophyll contents and plant height. [Results] There were no significant differences in the plant height of Festuca arundinacea between different treatment groups in the first 30 d. The effects of adding different carbon nanomaterials on the fresh and dry weights of F. arundinacea were not significantly different. The aboveground biomass of F. arundinacea was the largest after adding graphene oxide, and the underground fresh weight decreased significantly in the hydroxyl multi-walled carbon nanotube treatment compared with the control. As to the chlorophyll content, the graphene oxide treatment was the highest, but there were no significant differences between all the treatment groups and the control group. [Conclusions] This study can provide data support for MSW compost substrate, lawn planting system and heavy metal pollutant passivating agents.

Physiological Response of Space Flight Mutation New Strains of Festuca arundinacea to High Temperature Stress and Comprehensive Evaluation

[Objective] The paper was to understand the physiological response of space flight mutation new strains of Festuca arundinacea to high temperature stress. [Method] The influence of high temperature stress on eco-physiological characteristics of 11 F. arundinacea materials was studied in a pot experiment.Physiological and biochemical indexes,including soluble protein content,superoxide dismutase( SOD),peroxidase( POD) and catalase( CAT) activities,were measured and analyzed once every 4 d for a total of three times. Subordinate function and grey rational analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the heat resistance of 11 materials. [Result] The soluble protein content decreased with the extension of heat resistance stress,while SOD,POD and CAT activities showed an upward trend. The high temperature resistance of 11 F. arundinacea materials was evaluated by subordinate function method. The resistance order was SP5-85> SP5-60 > SP5-71 > SP5-42 > SP5-94 > SP5-7 > SP5-88 > F. arundinacea cv Shuicheng > SP5-5 > SP5-89 = F. arundinacea cv Qiancao No. 1. The relational order of various heat resistance indexes and heat resistance obtained by grey rational analysis was SOD > CAT > POD > soluble protein content. [Conclusion]The result provides a theoretical basis for stress physiology and stress breeding of cold season grass in southwest region.

Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of FaPHYC Gene in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

The cDNA of PHYC gene of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) was cloned by RT-PCR,named FaPHYC.The sequence was analyzed by bioinformatic software,and the results showed that the full-length cDNA(3816 bp) was obtained with an open reading frame predicated to be 3 411 bp,which encoded 1 136 amino acids.By BLASTP analysis,the N-terminal of FaPHYC was composed of GAF and pPhytochrome domains,and its C-terminal included two repeated PAS domains,one histidine kinase A domain and one histidine kinase-like ATPase domain.The phylogenetic analysis showed that FaPHYC was closely related to PHYCs from other Gramineae plants.The qRT-PCR results showed that FaPHYC expression was regulated by drought stress,heat stress,salt stress and nitrogen stress.The real-time quantitative PCR assay showed the expression of FaPHYC in tall fescue seedlings was continuously up-regulated during the light period and down-regulated in the dark.The results suggest that FaPHYC is photoperiod sensitive and plays a functional role in flowering regulation by photoperiod in tall fescue.The FaPHYC gene was cloned and reported from tall fescue for the first time,which lays a foundation for the investigation of the stress mechanism of FaPHYC in tall fescue plant.

6个苇状羊茅(型)品种在成都平原区的生产性能评价

为筛选适宜成都平原推广利用的优异牧草品种,对6个苇状羊茅(型)品种进行了生育期、主要农艺性状、鲜(干)草产量及牧草营养成分等指标的测定,并运用灰色关联度分析进行综合评价。结果表明,‘特沃’和‘科瑞’的生育期最长,均达275 d。各参试品种平均再生速度依次为‘马胡丽娜’>‘科瑞’>‘都脉’>‘特沃’>‘K31’>‘福泰’。品种‘马胡丽娜’年平均干草产量最高,可达12790.99 kg·hm-2,分别较国审品种‘特沃’和‘都脉’显著增加14.62%和4.28%(P<0.05),表现出明显的产量优势。‘科瑞’干草产量较‘特沃’显著增加6.59%(P<0.05),且植株自然高度可达100.15 cm,高于‘特沃’和‘都脉’(P<0.05)。‘都脉’的分蘖数最大,为47.33个·株^(-1),显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),其次是‘科瑞’和‘马胡丽娜’,分别达37.50和37.00个·株^(-1),较品种‘特沃’多6.25和5.75个·株^(-1)。‘K31’茎叶比为0.96,高于其他参试品种。对6个参试品种的营养成分测定表明,‘特沃’的粗蛋白含量最高,可达18.60%,‘科瑞’的粗脂肪含量最高,可达5.41%。通过灰色关联度法综合比较分析,‘科瑞’表现最优,‘特沃’和‘马胡丽娜’综合性状表现较优,适宜在成都平原地区推广种植利用。

施钾对苇状羊茅生长、生理特性及钾吸收的影响

【目的】明确钾肥施用对苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)生长、生理特性的影响,确定苇状羊茅适宜的钾肥用量和钾营养诊断指标。【方法】通过盆栽试验,研究苇状羊茅地上部生长、生理和钾素养分吸收对不同钾肥用量(K_(2)O分别为0、18、36、54 g/m^(2))的响应。【结果】随钾肥用量的增加,苇状羊茅各生育阶段的株高和地上部干物质量均呈先升后降的变化趋势,钾肥用量36 g/m^(2)时达最大值;出苗后50~137 d和0~50 d植株株高增量和干物质累积速率较大。施用钾肥36 g/m^(2)有利于促进植株地上部钾的吸收,提高植株叶片的光合色素含量、抗氧化酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。增加钾肥用量提高了苇状羊茅栽培体系的钾素损失风险。适宜苇状羊茅生长的钾肥用量范围为K_(2)O 7.0~49.9 g/m^(2),获得80%最大地上部干物质量的地上部钾临界浓度为10.8 g/kg。【结论】钾肥施用对苇状羊茅生长和生理特性影响显著,钾肥用量7.0 g/m^(2)和地上部钾浓度10.8 g/kg可分别作为苇状养护管理的钾肥用量推荐和植株钾营养诊断参考。

镉镍胁迫对3种草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为评价和比较草本植物杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)、黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)的耐镉镍特性,丰富镉镍污染土壤修复的物种库。本研究以3种草本植物种子为试验材料,通过种子萌发试验,研究不同质量浓度的镉镍单一及复合胁迫对3种草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)低浓度的镉镍单一及复合胁迫对3种植物具有促进作用。与对照组(仅添加蒸馏水)相比,3种草本植物在单一镉浓度为10 mg·L^(−1)时发芽率达到峰值,单一镍浓度为10 mg·L^(−1)时活力指数达到峰值,当镉镍复合胁迫浓度为10 mg·L^(−1)时杂交狼尾草的活力指数、高羊茅的发芽指数和黄花草木樨的总干重与对照组相比均显著增加(P<0.05)。2)随镉镍单一及复合浓度增加,3种草本植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均受到抑制。当单一镉浓度为200 mg·L^(−1)、镍浓度为300 mg·L^(−1)以及两者复合胁迫时对3种植物生长抑制效果最显著(P<0.05),其中活力指数和根长的下降幅度最大。3)通过对3种草本植物耐镉镍胁迫能力进行隶属函数综合评价,表明3种植物对镉镍胁迫均具备一定耐受能力,其中杂交狼尾草的耐性最强,可选作镉镍污染土壤的种植植物。

镉胁迫对3种草坪草生理特性及叶片超微结构的影响

重金属胁迫是常见的环境胁迫之一,对植物的生长发育及其生产力和生态功能具有重大影响。为探究不同草坪草种对镉胁迫的生理差异及耐性机制,并将其合理应用至景观营造,本研究以白三叶(Trifolium repens)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为试验材料,采用盆栽试验法,将Cd2+处理浓度设置为:0,200,500,1 000,2 000 mg·kg^(-1)。经处理60 d后测定草坪草各项生理指标并观察叶片细胞超微结构。结果表明:随Cd2+浓度增加,3种草坪草的光合色素含量呈下降趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)活性和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde, MDA)含量总体上为上升趋势,过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性呈先升后降趋势;高浓度的镉胁迫对3种草坪草叶片超微结构造成损伤,其叶绿体内基粒片层结构模糊或溶解,部分细胞发生质壁分离。因此,建议在Cd污染较重的土壤选用高羊茅和黑麦草,Cd污染较轻的土壤选用白三叶。

低磷胁迫下高羊茅蛋白组学分析

对低磷胁迫下高羊茅叶片中蛋白差异化表达和生理指标进行研究,可为高羊茅低磷胁迫响应的关键基因和重要蛋白挖掘奠定基础。采用TMT标记、基于质谱的定量蛋白质组学技术、高效液相色谱分级技术分析低磷胁迫下高羊茅叶片蛋白组学,结果共筛选到差异表达蛋白432个(上调表达127个,下调表达305个);其中,氧化还原反应以及磷代谢、胁迫相关代谢等多个途径的基因上调表达。对差异蛋白的蛋白结构域进行富集,共富集到106个结构域,包括丙酮酸盐/磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸激酶样结构域、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶C-末端样、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶N-末端、天冬氨酸肽酶结构域。差异表达蛋白亚细胞结构定位显示,其主要定位于叶绿体和细胞质。差异蛋白总共富集到了99个通路,其中只有核糖体通路上调,其余都下调,下调通路集中在糖酵解/糖异生、丙酮酸代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢中。低磷胁迫处理后,高羊茅叶绿素总量下降,可溶性蛋白含量显著下降,谷胱甘肽还原酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均较对照显著下降。

镉胁迫对高羊茅和黑麦草光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探究镉胁迫对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以高羊茅和黑麦草为试验材料,通过人工盆栽,将Cd^(2+)设置为0(对照)、500、1 000、2 000 mg/kg 4个处理浓度,测定高羊茅和黑麦草的光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数等指标。结果表明,与对照相比,高羊茅的光合作用中净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、细胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)明显下降,其抑制强度随着Cd^(2+)浓度的升高而加强,但WUE逐渐上升;黑麦草的Pn逐步升高,Gs、Tr、WUE表现为先升后降,Ci明显下降;高羊茅大部分叶绿素荧光参数均明显下降;黑麦草的Fv/Fm显著上升,qP和ETR 2个荧光参数逐渐下降。在镉胁迫下,高羊茅各方面受到的影响都比黑麦草大,因此,在修复被镉污染的土壤中,可以优先选择耐镉能力更强的黑麦草。

基于EST-SSR标记的60份苇状羊茅遗传多样性分析

苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schred)是多年生冷季型禾草,作为草坪草、牧草、生态修复草种在温带有着广泛的应用。本研究以60份不同来源的苇状羊茅种质为材料,利用表达序列标签-简单序列重复(EST-SSR)引物对其进行遗传多样性分析,对其构建指纹图谱,对种质资源进行鉴定与评价。结果表明:20对EST-SSR引物共扩增出173条带,多态性条带163条,多态性位点百分率94.220%;所有引物均可识别种质,不同的引物组合可以区分60份种质;聚类结果与地理区划有一定的关联,但不明显;60份参试材料最佳亚群数为3。研究结果表明:60份种质的遗传多样性处于中等水平;SSR标记可以有效地鉴定苇状羊茅种质并评价其遗传差异,为苇状羊茅核心种质的构建、新品种的选育奠定基础。

基于SCoT分子标记的苇状羊茅品种遗传关系及指纹图谱分析

采用目标起始密码子多态性标记(SCoT)对13个苇状羊茅品种进行遗传多样性、遗传结构及指纹图谱分析,以期为苇状羊茅种质资源鉴定、野生种质资源驯化及新品种培育提供理论依据。从80个SCoT引物中筛选出多态性较好、条带清晰且重复性高的引物15个进行扩增,13个苇状羊茅品种共扩增出181条条带,平均每个引物扩增12.07条。其中,多态性条带共176条,不同引物扩增的多态性条带数在7~16条之间,平均每个引物扩增多态性条带为11.73条,多态性条带比率(PPB)为97.24%;有效等位基因数范围在1.311~1.642之间,平均为1.511;基因多样性指数范围在0.184~0.357之间,平均为0.294;Shannon指数范围在0.276~0.518之间,平均为0.435。供试的13个品种间的遗传距离在0.0444~0.1401之间,平均值为0.1003;基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类分析可将13个品种分为两类,与遗传结构分析结果一致。分子方差分析结果表明,总的遗传变异中有14%发生在品种间,有86%发生在品种内。引物SCoT10、SCoT56、SCoT80可以完全区分供试苇状羊茅品种,采用SCoT10引物扩增出的7个多态性位点成功构建了13个苇状羊茅品种的指纹图谱。

高羊茅FaGI基因在拟南芥中异源表达及蛋白互作分析

为探究高羊茅FaGI基因的生物学功能,本研究利用酵母双杂交、双分子荧光互补和免疫共沉淀探究与FaGI互作的蛋白;通过农杆菌介导法将过表达载体p1300-FaGI遗传转化拟南芥,获得转FaGI基因拟南芥株系,以拟南芥野生型Col-0、过表达FaGI基因株系和gi突变体为材料进行转录组学测序并观察其开花表型。结果表明,利用酵母双杂交方法筛选出与FaGI互作的FaCO蛋白,并通过双分子荧光互补和免疫共沉淀证明了FaGI和FaCO在体内和体外存在互作关系;过表达FaGI基因拟南芥植株的开花时间比野生型Col-0提前约1.24 d;将FaGI-OE、gi与野生型比对,分别筛选出1963和92个差异表达基因(DEGs),与野生型植株相比,过表达FaGI基因株系的差异基因富集在与生长发育、光周期途径、激素合成和信号传导、碳代谢等相关生物过程和代谢通路。综上,FaGI影响光周期途径相关基因的表达,在长日照条件下过表达FaGI基因促进了拟南芥开花,同时该基因的功能具有多样性与复杂性,可作为高羊茅调控分子育种的目标基因。本研究结果为揭示FaGI基因的功能及其调控网络奠定了基础。

氧化石墨烯对高羊茅光合固碳特征的影响

为了探究碳纳米材料对草坪植物光合固碳的影响,采用氧化石墨烯(GO)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb)为实验材料,通过向土壤中添加不同质量分数(1%、3%和5%)的GO进行高羊茅培植,分析了固碳相关指标,包括植物生长、光合参数、光合色素含量、糖含量、糖合成酶活性对GO的响应特征.结果表明:1%GO处理对高羊茅的光合固碳特征没有显著影响,而3%和5%处理显著抑制了植物生长,降低了光合参数、光合色素含量、糖含量和糖合成酶活性,且各指标随着GO质量分数的增加而降低.与对照组相比,5%GO处理下高羊茅的地下鲜重、净光合速率、蔗糖含量和蔗糖合成酶活性分别降低了57.9%、35.3%、56.5%和36.1%.由此可知,高浓度GO处理会显著抑制高羊茅的光合作用,阻碍植物生长,降低植物固碳能力.

碧护缓解低温对草坪草萌发及苗期胁迫的作用

为探明碧护(0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔可湿性粉剂)对草坪草种子和幼苗低温胁迫的缓解作用,以高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)为供试材料,研究两种草坪草种子在碧护2500~15000稀释倍液浸种24 h后,置于常温(25℃/25℃)和低温(15℃/10℃)下的种子萌发情况,观察两种草坪草幼苗期叶面喷施碧护2500~15000稀释倍液后,置于常温(25℃)和连续10 d户外低温(11℃/-5℃)下的生长情况。结果表明:两种草坪草种子在碧护7500~10000倍液浸种后均能显著提高其在常温和低温胁迫下的发芽势、发芽率、芽长及根长。低温胁迫前叶面喷施碧护5000~7500倍液后,两种草坪草的根长、根重及叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著提高,丙二醛含量和相对电导率显著降低。综上所述,碧护7500~10000倍液浸种后可提高常温和低温条件下草坪草种子萌发能力,叶面喷施碧护5000~7500倍可缓解低温胁迫对幼苗的伤害,提高其抗寒能力。