Prediction model of interval grey number based on DGM(1,1)

In grey system theory,the studies in the field of grey prediction model are focused on real number sequences,rather than grey number ones.Hereby,a prediction model based on interval grey number sequences is proposed.By mining the geometric features of interval grey number sequences on a two-dimensional surface,all the interval grey numbers are converted into real numbers by means of certain algorithm,and then the prediction model is established based on those real number sequences.The entire process avoids the algebraic operations of grey number,and the prediction problem of interval grey number is usefully solved.Ultimately,through an example＇s program simulation,the validity and practicability of this novel model are verified.

A New Modified GM (1,1) Model: Grey Optimization Model

Based on the optimization method, a new modified GM (1,1) model is presented, which is characterized by more accuracy prediction for the grey modeling.

Grey GM(1,1) Model with Function-Transfer Method for Wear Trend Prediction and its Application

Trend forecasting is an important aspect in fault diagnosis and work state supervision. The principle, where Grey theory is applied in fault forecasting, is that the forecast system is considered as a Grey system; the existing known information is used to infer the unknown information's character, state and development trend in a fault pattern, and to make possible forecasting and decisions for future development. It involves the whitenization of a Grey process. But the traditional equal time interval Grey GM (1,1) model requires equal interval data and needs to bring about accumulating addition generation and reversion calculations. Its calculation is very complex. However, the non equal interval Grey GM (1,1) model decreases the condition of the primitive data when establishing a model, but its requirement is still higher and the data were pre processed. The abrasion primitive data of plant could not always satisfy these modeling requirements. Therefore, it establishes a division method suited for general data modeling and estimating parameters of GM (1,1), the standard error coefficient that was applied to judge accuracy height of the model was put forward; further, the function transform to forecast plant abrasion trend and assess GM (1,1) parameter was established. These two models need not pre process the primitive data. It is not only suited for equal interval data modeling, but also for non equal interval data modeling. Its calculation is simple and convenient to use. The oil spectrum analysis acted as an example. The two GM (1,1) models put forward in this paper and the new information model and its comprehensive usage were investigated. The example shows that the two models are simple and practical, and worth expanding and applying in plant fault diagnosis.

Application of Grey System GM (1,1) model and unary linear regression model in coal consumption of Jilin Province

The data on the coal production and consumption in Jilin Province for the last ten years were collected,and the Grey System GM( 1,1) model and unary linear regression model were applied to predict the coal consumption of Jilin Production in 2014 and 2015. Through calculation,the predictive value on the coal consumption of Jilin Province was attained,namely consumption of 2014 is 114. 84 × 106 t and of 2015 is 117. 98 ×106t,respectively. Analysis of error data indicated that the predicted accuracy of Grey System GM( 1,1) model on the coal consumption in Jilin Province improved 0. 21% in comparison to unary linear regression model.

Prediction of syphilis incident rate and number in China based on the GM(1,1)grey model

Objective:To explore the feasibility of using grey model GM(1,1)model to predict syphilis,and to provide a theoretical basis for the health sector to develop corresponding strategies.Methods:GM(1,1)model was used to construct and simulate the incident rate and case number of syphilis in China from 2009 to 2018 to predict the change trend.Results:The GM(1,1)prediction model of syphilis incident rate was x^(1)(k+1)=929.367901 e(0.029413k)-906.297901.The GM(1,1)prediction model for the number of syphilis patients was x^(1)(k+1)=1060.278025 e(0.034280k)-1029.639925.For syphilis incidence model,the posterior difference ratio was 0.19819 and the probability of small error was 1.For the syphilis incident number model,the posterior difference ratio was 0.18450 and the probability of small error was 1.The above models have good fitting accuracy with excellent grade level and can be predicted by extrapolation and predicted that the syphilis incidence in 2019-2021 may be 36.15 per 100,000,37.23 per 100,000 and 38.34 per 100,000,respectively.From 2019 to 2021,the number of incident syphilis cases in China may be 503,406,520,962 and 539,130,respectively.Conclusion:The GM(1,1)model can well fit and predict the change trend of syphilis incidence in time series.The prediction model showed that the incidence of syphilis may continue to increase and the number of syphilis cases per year may continue to increase substantially.More effort is needed to strengthen the prevention and treatment of venereal disease,reduce venereal harm to the population and improve the early detection rate of syphilis.

The Modified GM( 1 , 1) Grey Forecast Model

Because the impacts of the factors such as some disturbances are graduallyadded into the system, the grey forecast results will deviate from the systemtrue value. To improve the forecast precision, Pro-Dens Julons provided twomethfor-But they had not consider the impact of artificial disturbance. LiZhihua et al. of Qinghua Univ. presented another method. This paper revisesthe method and make it be a spocial case.

PROGRESS OF GREY SYSTEM MODELS

The progress of grey system models is reviewed, and the general grey numbers, the grey sequence op- erators and several most commonly used grey system models are introduced, such as the absolute degree of grey incidence model, the grey cluster model based on endpoint triangular whitenization functions, the grey cluster model based on center-point triangular whitenization functions, the grey prediction model of the model GM （ 1,1）, and the weighted multi-attribute grey target decision model.

Study on the Prediction of Rice Blast Based on the Unbiased GM (1,1) Model

To create a new prediction model, the unbiased GM （1,1） model is optimized by the five-point slide method in this paper. Then, based on the occurrence areas of dce blast in Enshi District during 1995 -2004, the new model and unbiased GM （1, 1 ） model are applied to predict the occurrence areas of rice blast during 2005 -2010. Predicting outcomes show that the prediction accuracy of five-point unbiased sliding optimized GM （1, 1 ） model is higher than the unbiased GM （1,1） model. Finally, combined with the prediction results, the author provides some suggestion for Enshi District in the prevention and control of rice blast in 2010.

Study on the Yield Prediction Model of Processing Tomato Based on the Grey System Theory

[Objective] The research aimed to study the yield prediction model of processing tomato based on the grey system theory.[Method] The variation trend of processing tomato yield was studied by using the grey system theory,and GM（1,1）grey model of processing tomato yield prediction was established.The processing tomato yield in Xinjiang during 2001-2009 was as the example to carry out the instance analysis.[Result] The model had the high forecast accuracy and strong generalization ability,and was reliable for the prediction of recent processing tomato yield.[Conclusion] The research provided the reference for the macro-control of tomato industry,the processing and storage of tomato in Xinjiang.

HIERARCHIC GREY QUASI-PREFERRED ANALYSIS MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION

The grey quasi-preferred analysis (GQPA) is one of important methods for realizing system analysis to conquer the limitations of the existing GQPA model, without any considerations to the difference of the different behavioral factor′s importance. It could not be used to analyze the complex system with multi-hierarchy correlation factors, the weighted synthetic method for calculating abstract incidence degrees between the system beha-vioral characteristics and correlative factors in different hierarchies is given out,and the hierarchic grey quasi-preferred analysis (HGQPA) model is established. The effectiveness of the HGQPA model is tested by the scientific-technical system of Jiangsu Province. The depth and the range of the application of GQPA are developed, and the HGQPA model is regarded as a new approach to systemically analyze the complex systems with multi-hierarchy correlation factors.

The quantified analysis of China's GM cotton yield capacity by C-D function and stochastic frontier model

Using a modified C D function and stochastic frontier model, the paper analyzed China's cotton yield capacity and found that the yield and technical efficiency of China's cotton planting system can be increased by the use of genetically modified (GM) varieties.

基于灰色GM(1,1)模型的我国医院感染患病率变化趋势及预测

目的了解我国医院感染患病率变化趋势,并采用灰色GM(1,1)模型对我国不同规模医院的医院感染患病率进行预测,为医院感染防控提供数据支持和新思路。方法采用描述性流行病学方法分析我国医院感染患病率变化趋势,2008—2016年我国医院感染患病率数据进行灰色GM(1,1)模型构建,2018—2020年数据进行模型验证。采用构建的灰色GM(1,1)模型对2022—2024年我国医院感染患病率进行预测。结果我国医院感染患病率呈下降趋势,随着医院规模的增加医院感染患病率升高。医院感染患病率灰色GM(1,1)模型的精度良好、拟合效果较高。2024年全国、<300张床位医院、300~599张床位医院、600~899张床位医院和≥900张床位医院的医院感染患病率可降为1.00%、0.49%、0.90%、1.13%和2.05%。结论我国医院感染防控效果明显,灰色GM(1,1)模型对我国医院感染患病率有较好的预测效果。

TIME SERIES AND GREY MODEL DIAGNOSIS METHOD USED TO CRACK PROBLEMS

In this paper,the vibration signals in the fatigue crack growth process in a chinese steel used in a mining machinery were analyzed by the frequency spectrum, the time series and grey system model,and the critical criterion for crack initiation was proposed.

GM(1,1)模型在安徽省城镇化水平预测中的应用

为了推进安徽省城镇化建设,制定正确的城镇发展方针政策是十分必要的.而对安徽省未来城镇化水平进行合理预测则可为政府制定城镇发展方针政策提供理论依据.现选取2010~2021年的安徽省城镇化率作为研究数据,采用GM(1,1)模型对安徽省城镇化水平建立动态预测模型,并对建立的模型进行了检验.研究表明:GM(1,1)模型具有较好的拟合精度,建模精度达到99.38%.运用GM(1,1)模型对2022~2026年安徽省城镇化率进行预测,预测结果显示未来几年安徽省城镇化水平将呈上升趋势.

基于GM(1,1)-IPSO-BP的重载铁路小半径曲线钢轨磨耗预测方法

为实现重载铁路小半径曲线段钢轨磨耗量的精准预测,提出一种非等间距灰色模型GM(1,1)与改进粒子群算法(IPSO)优化BP神经网络相结合的钢轨磨耗预测方法。首先,根据积分原理优化GM(1,1)非等间距模型的背景值计算方法,基于改进的模型得到实测磨耗序列的初步预测结果;然后,利用IPSO算法对BP神经网络的权值和阈值进行自动寻优,对GM(1,1)模型初步预测序列的残差进行校正;最后,将优化后的两种模型组合构建基于GM(1,1)-IPSO-BP的重载铁路小半径曲线地段钢轨磨耗量预测模型。以某重载铁路桥上半径400 m曲线为例,利用长期的磨耗监测数据进行方法的适用性分析,研究结果表明:GM(1,1)-IPSO-BP模型克服了磨耗数据的非线性、随机性特征对计算结果的影响,预测精度优于单独使用GM(1,1)、IPSO-BP模型;背景值优化后的GM(1,1)模型预测准确性更可靠;IPSO优化算法提高了BP神经网络计算的精度和速度;预测结果和实测数据之间的相对误差不大于4%;在预测区间上的绝对误差小于0.4 mm,运用该方法能够较准确地得到钢轨磨耗的发展规律。研究结果可为重载铁路小半径曲线钢轨的精准维修和科学使用提供参考。

基于新陈代谢GM(1,1)++的疫情应急物资需求量预测研究

当大规模疫情发生时,应急物资的供给至关重要.在新陈代谢GM(1,1)模型的基础上提出了一种新陈代谢GM(1,1)++模型,即再加入新信息,移除原始数据中的旧信息的同时,将原始数据中与拟合值相对残差最大的数据项用拟合值替代.提出的方法既能够及时去掉意义逐渐降低的老信息,加入更能够反应系统目前特征的新信息,又能够降低其他因素对原始数据的扰动性,使原始数据更具规律性.为了检验新陈代谢GM(1,1)++模型的有效性,将其预测结果分别与传统GM(1,1)、新信息GM(1,1)、新陈代谢GM(1,1)的预测结果进行比较研究.试验结果显示,新陈代谢GM(1,1)++模型的误差平方和最小,预测准确性远优于另外3种预测模型.

Modeling mechanism and extension of GM (1,1)

Firstly, the research progress of grey model GM （1,1） is summarized, which is divided into three development stages： assimilation, alienation and melting stages. Then, the matrix analysis theory is used to study the modeling mechanism of GM （1,1）, which decomposes the modeling data matrix into raw data transformation matrix, accumulated generating operation matrix and background value selection matrix. The changes of these three matrices are the essential reasons affecting the modeling and the accuracy of GM （1,1）. Finally, the paper proposes a generalization grey model GGM （1,1）, which is a extended form of GM （1,1） and also a unified form of model GM （1,1）, model GM （1,1,α）, stage grey model, hopping grey model, generalized accumulated model, strengthening operator model, weakening operator model and unequal interval model. And the theory and practical significance of the extended model is analyzed.

Improvement and application of GM(1,1) model based on multivariable dynamic optimization

For the classical GM(1,1)model,the prediction accuracy is not high,and the optimization of the initial and background values is one-sided.In this paper,the Lagrange mean value theorem is used to construct the background value as a variable related to k.At the same time,the initial value is set as a variable,and the corresponding optimal parameter and the time response formula are determined according to the minimum value of mean relative error(MRE).Combined with the domestic natural gas annual consumption data,the classical model and the improved GM(1,1)model are applied to the calculation and error comparison respectively.It proves that the improved model is better than any other models.

Interval grey number sequence prediction by using non-homogenous exponential discrete grey forecasting model

This paper aims to study a new grey prediction approach and its solution for forecasting the main system variable whose accurate value could not be collected while the potential value set could be defined. Based on the traditional nonhomogenous discrete grey forecasting model（NDGM）, the interval grey number and its algebra operations are redefined and combined with the NDGM model to construct a new interval grey number sequence prediction approach. The solving principle of the model is analyzed, the new accuracy evaluation indices, i.e. mean absolute percentage error of mean value sequence（MAPEM） and mean percent of interval sequence simulating value set covered（MPSVSC）, are defined and, the procedure of the interval grey number sequence based the NDGM（IG-NDGM） is given out. Finally, a numerical case is used to test the modelling accuracy of the proposed model. Results show that the proposed approach could solve the interval grey number sequence prediction problem and it is much better than the traditional DGM（1,1） model and GM（1,1） model.

Improved unequal interval grey model and its applications

A new method to improve prediction precision of GM（1,1） model with unequal time interval is presented.The grey derivative is multiplied by a parameter to guarantee the time response function satisfying approximately exponential function distribution.To simplify the process of parametric estimation,an approximate value is taken for the multiplied parameter.Then the estimators of coefficient of development and grey action quantity can be derived.At the same time,the principle of the new information priority is also considered.We take the last item of the first-order accumulated generation operator（1-AGO） on raw data sequence as the initial condition in the time response function.Then the new information can be taken full advantage of through the improved initial condition.Some properties of this new model are also discussed.The presented method is actually a combination of improvement of grey derivative and improvement of the initial condition.The results of an example indicate that the proposed method can improve prediction precision prominently.