Objective: To describe the different characteristicsbetween full-time sex workers (FTSW) and part-timesex workers (PTSW) in Guangzhou, China, and to de-termine the risk factors which lead to the significantlyhigher pr...Objective: To describe the different characteristicsbetween full-time sex workers (FTSW) and part-timesex workers (PTSW) in Guangzhou, China, and to de-termine the risk factors which lead to the significantlyhigher prevalence of gonorrhea and trichomoniasisamong FTSW. Methods: From March 1998 to October 1999 femalesex workers were recruited through various outreachmethods, and were interviewed and tested for the pres-ence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In termsof additional regular salary female sex workers weredivided into FTSW who didn't have additional regularsalary and PTSW who had additional regular salary.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analy-ses were used to identify risk factors for gonorrhea/trichomoniasis and to determine the confounders inthe relationship between no regular salary and gonor-rhea/ trichomoniasis. Results: A total of 442 FTSW and 524 PTSW en-tered this study. Prevalence of gonorrhea and tri-chomoniasis was significantly higher inFTSW compared to PTSW. FTSW were more likely tohave a lower education level, have a history of inject-ing drugs use since 1990, to recruit clients in a mas-sage/sauna, have businessmen as their clients and nothave a steady partner compared to PTSW. In bivariateanalyses models, age leaving education, main types ofclients and recruitment locations appeared to be thestrongest links between no regular salaried positionand gonorrhea. A history of injecting drugs and hav-ing no steady partner (past 12 months) appeared to bethe strongest links in the relationship between no regu-lar salaried position and trichomoniasis. Conclusion: Different education levels, clients, andrecruitment locations between FTSW and PTSW mayaccount for the different gonorrhea prevalence amongsex workers. The higher prevalence of trichomonia-sis among FTSW may be related to the larger propor-tion of women having no steady partner or a history ofinjecting drugs. The results suggest strategies toprevent HIV/STDs among female sex workers shouldinclude condom negotiation with clients and aware-ness of seeking health care.展开更多
Bacterial vaginosis(BV) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. Since the initial work of Leopoldo in 1953 and Gardner and Dukes in 1955, researchers have not been able to identify the causative eti...Bacterial vaginosis(BV) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. Since the initial work of Leopoldo in 1953 and Gardner and Dukes in 1955, researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiologic agent of BV. There is increasing evidence, however, that BV occurs when Lactobacillus spp., the predominant species in healthy vaginal flora, are replaced by anaerobic bacteria, such as Gardenella vaginalis, Mobiluncus curtisii, M. mulieris, other anaerobic bacteria and/or Mycoplasma hominis. Worldwide, it estimated that 20%–30% of women of reproductive age attending sexually transmitted infection(STI) clinics suffer from BV, and that its prevalence can be as high as 50%–60% in high-risk populations(e.g., those who practice commercial sex work(CSW). Epidemiological data show that women are more likely to report BV if they: 1) have had a higher number of lifetime sexual partners; 2) are unmarried; 3) have engaged in their first intercourse at a younger age; 4) have engaged in CSW, and 5) practice regular douching. In the past decade, several studies have provided evidence on the contribution of sexual activity to BV. However, it is difficult to state that BV is a STI without being able to identify the etiologic agent. BV has also emerged as a public health problem due to its association with other STIs, including: human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), herpes simplex virus type 2(HSV-2), Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae(NG). The most recent evidence on the association between BV and CT/NG infection comes from two secondary analyses of cohort data conducted among women attending STI clinics. Based on these studies, women with BV had a 1.8 and 1.9-fold increased risk for NG and CT infection, respectively. Taken together, BV is likely a risk factor or at least an important contributor to subsequent NG or CT infection in high-risk women. Additional research is required to determine whether this association is also present in other low-risk sexually active populations, such as among women in the US military. It is essential to conduct large scale cross-sectional or population-based case-control studies to investigate the role of BV as a risk factor for CT/NG infections. These studies could lead to the development of interventions aimed at reducing the burden associated with bacterial STIs worldwide.展开更多
AIM To determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) and Neisseria gonorrhea(GC) in young men seeking care in the emergency department(ED) for non-sexually transmitted infection(STI) related symptoms.METHODS T...AIM To determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) and Neisseria gonorrhea(GC) in young men seeking care in the emergency department(ED) for non-sexually transmitted infection(STI) related symptoms.METHODS This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in an urban ED. The main outcome was the rate of positive CT and GC on urine nucleic acid amplification testing in males aged 16-21 presenting with non-STI related complaints. RESULTS Two hundred and eighty-four patients were enrolled, 271 were included in the final data analysis [age range 16-21, median: 18(quartiles 16-18, 19-21)]. Overall, 17(6.3%, 95%CI: 4%-10%) tested positive for CT and 0%(95%CI: 0%-2%) were found to have GC. The proportion of sexually active subjects was 71%(95%CI: 65%-76%) and 2%(95%CI: 0.6%-4%) reported sex with men. Previous STI testing was reported in 46%(95%CI: 43%-54%) and 13%(95%CI: 8%-20%) of those patients previously tested had a history of STI. Of the patients who tested positive for CT in the ED, 88%(95%CI: 64%-98%) were successfully followed up. CONCLUSION The prevalence of CT infection found by screening was 6.3%. Screening and follow-up from the ED was successful. The findings justify routine STI screening in male adolescents presenting to the ED with non-STI related complaints.展开更多
Background: Historically, sexually transmitted infections have affected the health of the U.S. military. To determine whether gonorrhea, bacterial vaginosis, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis are predictors of repeat...Background: Historically, sexually transmitted infections have affected the health of the U.S. military. To determine whether gonorrhea, bacterial vaginosis, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis are predictors of repeat chlamydia diagnoses among U.S. Army women, medical data reported into the Defense Medical Surveillance System during the 2006–2012 period were analyzed.Methods: For all inpatient and outpatient medical records, the first and second International Classification of Diseases,version 9(ICD-9) diagnostic positions were reviewed for each chlamydia case to determine the occurrence of repeat diagnoses. The Andersen-Gill regression model, an extension of the Cox model for multiple failure-time data, was used to study associations between predictors and repeat chlamydia diagnoses.Results: Among 28,201 women with a first chlamydia diagnosis, 5145(18.2%), 1163(4.1%), 267(0.9%), and 88(0.3%)had one, two, three, and four or more repeat diagnoses, respectively. Overall, the incidence of repeat chlamydia was8.31 cases per 100 person-years, with a median follow-up time of 3.39 years. Gonorrhea(hazard ratio(HR)=1.58, 95%CI: 1.44–1.73) and bacterial vaginosis(HR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.09–1.79) were significant predictors for repeat chlamydia.These estimated hazard ratios were attenuated, but remained significant, after controlling for age, race/ethnicity,marital status, and military rank. No significant association was found for genital herpes(HR=1.13, 95% CI: 0.55–2.29)and trichomoniasis(HR=1.43, 95% CI: 0.43–4.68).Conclusions: This large cohort study suggests that gonorrhea and bacterial vaginosis were associated with repeat chlamydia diagnoses among U.S. Army women. These findings can be used in formulating new interventions to prevent repeat chlamydia diagnoses.展开更多
In this paper, the author studies the stability of the solution to a three-dimension-al gonorrhea discrete mathematical model by Liapunoy method. The parameter es-timator of the slability domain is obtained and the ra...In this paper, the author studies the stability of the solution to a three-dimension-al gonorrhea discrete mathematical model by Liapunoy method. The parameter es-timator of the slability domain is obtained and the rationality of the model is ex-plained in a theoretic way.展开更多
The sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia are known to disproportionately affect impoverished communities and communities of color, especially in urban areas. Moreover, socioeconomic and demog...The sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia are known to disproportionately affect impoverished communities and communities of color, especially in urban areas. Moreover, socioeconomic and demographic factors such as poverty and race/ethnicity may contribute to a difference in treatment setting choice as well as a delay in care seeking. In an urban metropolitan area such as Boston, the overall gonorrhea and chlamydia rates are higher than national rates, and such differences are even more marked in certain neighborhoods with greater proportions of individuals who are impoverished, young, and of color. Using a retrospective analysis of city wide data, we highlight the effects of socioeconomic and demographic variables on urban STI prevalence. High poverty rates, race/ethnicity and younger adult populations are linked to disproportionately high STI rates. Interestingly, STI rates do not appear to be influenced by the universal health care coverage offered to the whole Massachusetts’ resident populations. We examine the effects of these variables in Boston neighborhoods in conjunction to STI rates and hypothesize that the observed rates are underestimates of the true prevalence of infection. Future studies will investigate how these same socioeconomic and demographic factors influence which treatment settings are chosen and subsequently lead to a delay in treatment.展开更多
In Canada,Gonorrhea infection ranks as the second most prevalent sexually transmitted infection.In 2018,Manitoba reported an incidence rate three times greater than the national average.This study aims to investigate ...In Canada,Gonorrhea infection ranks as the second most prevalent sexually transmitted infection.In 2018,Manitoba reported an incidence rate three times greater than the national average.This study aims to investigate the spatial,temporal,and spatio-temporal patterns of Gonorrhea infection in Manitoba,using individual-level laboratory-confirmed administrative data provided by Manitoba Health from 2000 to 2016.Age and sex patterns indicate that females are affected by infections at younger ages compared to males.Moreover,there is an increase in repeated infections in 2016,accounting for 16%of the total infections.Spatial analysis at the 96 Manitoba regional health authority districts highlights significant positive spatial autocorrelation,demonstrating a clustered distribution of the infection.Northern districts of Manitoba and central Winnipeg were identified as significant clusters.Temporal analysis shows seasonal patterns,with higher infections in late summer and fall.Additionally,spatio-temporal analysis reveals clusters during high-risk periods,with the most likely cluster in the northern districts of Manitoba from January 2006 to June 2014,and a secondary cluster in central Winnipeg from June 2004 to November 2012.This study identifies that Gonorrhea infection transmission in Manitoba has temporal,spatial,and spatio-temporal variations.The findings provide vital insights for public health and Manitoba Health by revealing high-risk clusters and emphasizing the need for focused and localized prevention,control measures,and resource allocation.展开更多
The phenomena of disease spread are unpredictable in nature due to random mixing of individuals in a population.It is of more significance to include this randomness while modeling infectious diseases.Modeling epidemi...The phenomena of disease spread are unpredictable in nature due to random mixing of individuals in a population.It is of more significance to include this randomness while modeling infectious diseases.Modeling epidemics including tlieir stochastic behavior could be a more realistic approach in many situations.In thus paper,a stochastic gon orrhea epidemic model with treatment effect has been analyzed numerically.Numerical solution of stochastic model is presented in comparison with its deterministic part.The dynamics of the gonorrhea disease is governed by a threshold quantity Ai called basic reproductive number.If.A1<1.then disease eventually dies out while A1>1 shows the persistence of disease in population.The standard numerical schemes like Euler Maruyaina.stochastic Euler and stochastic Rurige Kutta are highly dependent on step size and do not behave well in certain scenarios.A competitive non-standard finite dif ference numerical scheme in stochastic setting is proposed,which is independent of step size and remains consistent with the corresponding deterministic model.展开更多
Gonorrhea is one of the main sexually transmitted diseases in China.It mainly affects the genitourinary tract,and its clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic to complicated types.The diagnosis of gonorrhea shou...Gonorrhea is one of the main sexually transmitted diseases in China.It mainly affects the genitourinary tract,and its clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic to complicated types.The diagnosis of gonorrhea should be based on the patient's epidemiologicai history,clinical manifestations,and laboratory examination results.Treatment should be prompt and standardized and should involve the recommended treatment regimens.Patients should be appropriately followed up after treatment.The antimicrobial resistance of gonococcal isolates has become a severe problem of clinical concern.In order to provide technical guidance of the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea for health care workers,the authors developed the guidelines based on the version of 2014,which will be of important in the standardizing medical care of gonorrhea,and further facilitating control and prevention of the disease.展开更多
Objective:Gonorrhea is a globally widespread sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.This study is aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of gonorrhea cases reported in China in 20...Objective:Gonorrhea is a globally widespread sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.This study is aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of gonorrhea cases reported in China in 2018 and provide evidence for strategies making in the gonorrhea prevention and control programme.Methods:Gonorrhea cases were extracted from National Notifiable Disease Report System (NNDRS) covering 31 provinces,autonomous regions,arnd municipalities in the mainland of China.The overall incidence rate was calculated,as were rate per province,sex,age group,and occupation group.ResultS:in 2018,133,156 new cases of gonorrhea were reported in China,corresponding to an incidence rate of 9.59 cases per 100,000 population and having a 36.03% increase from 2014 (7.05 cases per 100,000 population).Zhejiang,Hainan,Guangdong,Fujian provinces,and Shanghai city had a higher reported rate (14.05-28.00 per 100,000 population).Hebei,Tianjin,Tibet,Heilongjiang,and Jilin provinces had a lower rerted rate (1.56-5.19 per 100,000 population).The males had a much higher incidence than the females (15.81 per 100,000 vs.3.08 per 100,000) and a faster rising rate (38.32% vs.27.27%).The highest rate was detected in the aged 25-29 years both of male and female (46.37 and 6.60 per 100,000,respectively),followed by those aged 30-34 years (41.12 and 6.39 per 100,000,respectively).The largest proportion of gonorrhea cases was among the farmers accounting for 27.74%,followed by the unemployed persons (24.67%),business persons (17.02%) and industrial workers (9.50%).Conclusion:In general,gonorrhea has an increasing trend from 2014 and remains a common notifiable disease in China in 2018.Young males who are sexually active are high risk populations for gonococ~ infection.The southeast coastal areas with developed economy have a higher rate of gonorrhea reported.Corresponding strategies on disease prevention and control should be performed on the high risk populations and regions.展开更多
基金This work was supported by UNAIDS and the World AIDS Foundation
文摘Objective: To describe the different characteristicsbetween full-time sex workers (FTSW) and part-timesex workers (PTSW) in Guangzhou, China, and to de-termine the risk factors which lead to the significantlyhigher prevalence of gonorrhea and trichomoniasisamong FTSW. Methods: From March 1998 to October 1999 femalesex workers were recruited through various outreachmethods, and were interviewed and tested for the pres-ence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In termsof additional regular salary female sex workers weredivided into FTSW who didn't have additional regularsalary and PTSW who had additional regular salary.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analy-ses were used to identify risk factors for gonorrhea/trichomoniasis and to determine the confounders inthe relationship between no regular salary and gonor-rhea/ trichomoniasis. Results: A total of 442 FTSW and 524 PTSW en-tered this study. Prevalence of gonorrhea and tri-chomoniasis was significantly higher inFTSW compared to PTSW. FTSW were more likely tohave a lower education level, have a history of inject-ing drugs use since 1990, to recruit clients in a mas-sage/sauna, have businessmen as their clients and nothave a steady partner compared to PTSW. In bivariateanalyses models, age leaving education, main types ofclients and recruitment locations appeared to be thestrongest links between no regular salaried positionand gonorrhea. A history of injecting drugs and hav-ing no steady partner (past 12 months) appeared to bethe strongest links in the relationship between no regu-lar salaried position and trichomoniasis. Conclusion: Different education levels, clients, andrecruitment locations between FTSW and PTSW mayaccount for the different gonorrhea prevalence amongsex workers. The higher prevalence of trichomonia-sis among FTSW may be related to the larger propor-tion of women having no steady partner or a history ofinjecting drugs. The results suggest strategies toprevent HIV/STDs among female sex workers shouldinclude condom negotiation with clients and aware-ness of seeking health care.
基金funded by the US Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center and its Division of Global Emerging Infectious Surveillance and Response(AFHSC-GEIS)
文摘Bacterial vaginosis(BV) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. Since the initial work of Leopoldo in 1953 and Gardner and Dukes in 1955, researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiologic agent of BV. There is increasing evidence, however, that BV occurs when Lactobacillus spp., the predominant species in healthy vaginal flora, are replaced by anaerobic bacteria, such as Gardenella vaginalis, Mobiluncus curtisii, M. mulieris, other anaerobic bacteria and/or Mycoplasma hominis. Worldwide, it estimated that 20%–30% of women of reproductive age attending sexually transmitted infection(STI) clinics suffer from BV, and that its prevalence can be as high as 50%–60% in high-risk populations(e.g., those who practice commercial sex work(CSW). Epidemiological data show that women are more likely to report BV if they: 1) have had a higher number of lifetime sexual partners; 2) are unmarried; 3) have engaged in their first intercourse at a younger age; 4) have engaged in CSW, and 5) practice regular douching. In the past decade, several studies have provided evidence on the contribution of sexual activity to BV. However, it is difficult to state that BV is a STI without being able to identify the etiologic agent. BV has also emerged as a public health problem due to its association with other STIs, including: human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), herpes simplex virus type 2(HSV-2), Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae(NG). The most recent evidence on the association between BV and CT/NG infection comes from two secondary analyses of cohort data conducted among women attending STI clinics. Based on these studies, women with BV had a 1.8 and 1.9-fold increased risk for NG and CT infection, respectively. Taken together, BV is likely a risk factor or at least an important contributor to subsequent NG or CT infection in high-risk women. Additional research is required to determine whether this association is also present in other low-risk sexually active populations, such as among women in the US military. It is essential to conduct large scale cross-sectional or population-based case-control studies to investigate the role of BV as a risk factor for CT/NG infections. These studies could lead to the development of interventions aimed at reducing the burden associated with bacterial STIs worldwide.
文摘AIM To determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) and Neisseria gonorrhea(GC) in young men seeking care in the emergency department(ED) for non-sexually transmitted infection(STI) related symptoms.METHODS This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in an urban ED. The main outcome was the rate of positive CT and GC on urine nucleic acid amplification testing in males aged 16-21 presenting with non-STI related complaints. RESULTS Two hundred and eighty-four patients were enrolled, 271 were included in the final data analysis [age range 16-21, median: 18(quartiles 16-18, 19-21)]. Overall, 17(6.3%, 95%CI: 4%-10%) tested positive for CT and 0%(95%CI: 0%-2%) were found to have GC. The proportion of sexually active subjects was 71%(95%CI: 65%-76%) and 2%(95%CI: 0.6%-4%) reported sex with men. Previous STI testing was reported in 46%(95%CI: 43%-54%) and 13%(95%CI: 8%-20%) of those patients previously tested had a history of STI. Of the patients who tested positive for CT in the ED, 88%(95%CI: 64%-98%) were successfully followed up. CONCLUSION The prevalence of CT infection found by screening was 6.3%. Screening and follow-up from the ED was successful. The findings justify routine STI screening in male adolescents presenting to the ED with non-STI related complaints.
基金funded by the AFHSB and its Global Emerging Infectious Surveillance section
文摘Background: Historically, sexually transmitted infections have affected the health of the U.S. military. To determine whether gonorrhea, bacterial vaginosis, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis are predictors of repeat chlamydia diagnoses among U.S. Army women, medical data reported into the Defense Medical Surveillance System during the 2006–2012 period were analyzed.Methods: For all inpatient and outpatient medical records, the first and second International Classification of Diseases,version 9(ICD-9) diagnostic positions were reviewed for each chlamydia case to determine the occurrence of repeat diagnoses. The Andersen-Gill regression model, an extension of the Cox model for multiple failure-time data, was used to study associations between predictors and repeat chlamydia diagnoses.Results: Among 28,201 women with a first chlamydia diagnosis, 5145(18.2%), 1163(4.1%), 267(0.9%), and 88(0.3%)had one, two, three, and four or more repeat diagnoses, respectively. Overall, the incidence of repeat chlamydia was8.31 cases per 100 person-years, with a median follow-up time of 3.39 years. Gonorrhea(hazard ratio(HR)=1.58, 95%CI: 1.44–1.73) and bacterial vaginosis(HR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.09–1.79) were significant predictors for repeat chlamydia.These estimated hazard ratios were attenuated, but remained significant, after controlling for age, race/ethnicity,marital status, and military rank. No significant association was found for genital herpes(HR=1.13, 95% CI: 0.55–2.29)and trichomoniasis(HR=1.43, 95% CI: 0.43–4.68).Conclusions: This large cohort study suggests that gonorrhea and bacterial vaginosis were associated with repeat chlamydia diagnoses among U.S. Army women. These findings can be used in formulating new interventions to prevent repeat chlamydia diagnoses.
文摘In this paper, the author studies the stability of the solution to a three-dimension-al gonorrhea discrete mathematical model by Liapunoy method. The parameter es-timator of the slability domain is obtained and the rationality of the model is ex-plained in a theoretic way.
文摘The sexually transmitted infections (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydia are known to disproportionately affect impoverished communities and communities of color, especially in urban areas. Moreover, socioeconomic and demographic factors such as poverty and race/ethnicity may contribute to a difference in treatment setting choice as well as a delay in care seeking. In an urban metropolitan area such as Boston, the overall gonorrhea and chlamydia rates are higher than national rates, and such differences are even more marked in certain neighborhoods with greater proportions of individuals who are impoverished, young, and of color. Using a retrospective analysis of city wide data, we highlight the effects of socioeconomic and demographic variables on urban STI prevalence. High poverty rates, race/ethnicity and younger adult populations are linked to disproportionately high STI rates. Interestingly, STI rates do not appear to be influenced by the universal health care coverage offered to the whole Massachusetts’ resident populations. We examine the effects of these variables in Boston neighborhoods in conjunction to STI rates and hypothesize that the observed rates are underestimates of the true prevalence of infection. Future studies will investigate how these same socioeconomic and demographic factors influence which treatment settings are chosen and subsequently lead to a delay in treatment.
文摘In Canada,Gonorrhea infection ranks as the second most prevalent sexually transmitted infection.In 2018,Manitoba reported an incidence rate three times greater than the national average.This study aims to investigate the spatial,temporal,and spatio-temporal patterns of Gonorrhea infection in Manitoba,using individual-level laboratory-confirmed administrative data provided by Manitoba Health from 2000 to 2016.Age and sex patterns indicate that females are affected by infections at younger ages compared to males.Moreover,there is an increase in repeated infections in 2016,accounting for 16%of the total infections.Spatial analysis at the 96 Manitoba regional health authority districts highlights significant positive spatial autocorrelation,demonstrating a clustered distribution of the infection.Northern districts of Manitoba and central Winnipeg were identified as significant clusters.Temporal analysis shows seasonal patterns,with higher infections in late summer and fall.Additionally,spatio-temporal analysis reveals clusters during high-risk periods,with the most likely cluster in the northern districts of Manitoba from January 2006 to June 2014,and a secondary cluster in central Winnipeg from June 2004 to November 2012.This study identifies that Gonorrhea infection transmission in Manitoba has temporal,spatial,and spatio-temporal variations.The findings provide vital insights for public health and Manitoba Health by revealing high-risk clusters and emphasizing the need for focused and localized prevention,control measures,and resource allocation.
文摘The phenomena of disease spread are unpredictable in nature due to random mixing of individuals in a population.It is of more significance to include this randomness while modeling infectious diseases.Modeling epidemics including tlieir stochastic behavior could be a more realistic approach in many situations.In thus paper,a stochastic gon orrhea epidemic model with treatment effect has been analyzed numerically.Numerical solution of stochastic model is presented in comparison with its deterministic part.The dynamics of the gonorrhea disease is governed by a threshold quantity Ai called basic reproductive number.If.A1<1.then disease eventually dies out while A1>1 shows the persistence of disease in population.The standard numerical schemes like Euler Maruyaina.stochastic Euler and stochastic Rurige Kutta are highly dependent on step size and do not behave well in certain scenarios.A competitive non-standard finite dif ference numerical scheme in stochastic setting is proposed,which is independent of step size and remains consistent with the corresponding deterministic model.
基金This study was supported by the Union Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2016-I2M-3021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81772209 and No.81601804).
文摘Gonorrhea is one of the main sexually transmitted diseases in China.It mainly affects the genitourinary tract,and its clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic to complicated types.The diagnosis of gonorrhea should be based on the patient's epidemiologicai history,clinical manifestations,and laboratory examination results.Treatment should be prompt and standardized and should involve the recommended treatment regimens.Patients should be appropriately followed up after treatment.The antimicrobial resistance of gonococcal isolates has become a severe problem of clinical concern.In order to provide technical guidance of the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea for health care workers,the authors developed the guidelines based on the version of 2014,which will be of important in the standardizing medical care of gonorrhea,and further facilitating control and prevention of the disease.
基金supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.CIFMS-2017-I2M-1-017)
文摘Objective:Gonorrhea is a globally widespread sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.This study is aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of gonorrhea cases reported in China in 2018 and provide evidence for strategies making in the gonorrhea prevention and control programme.Methods:Gonorrhea cases were extracted from National Notifiable Disease Report System (NNDRS) covering 31 provinces,autonomous regions,arnd municipalities in the mainland of China.The overall incidence rate was calculated,as were rate per province,sex,age group,and occupation group.ResultS:in 2018,133,156 new cases of gonorrhea were reported in China,corresponding to an incidence rate of 9.59 cases per 100,000 population and having a 36.03% increase from 2014 (7.05 cases per 100,000 population).Zhejiang,Hainan,Guangdong,Fujian provinces,and Shanghai city had a higher reported rate (14.05-28.00 per 100,000 population).Hebei,Tianjin,Tibet,Heilongjiang,and Jilin provinces had a lower rerted rate (1.56-5.19 per 100,000 population).The males had a much higher incidence than the females (15.81 per 100,000 vs.3.08 per 100,000) and a faster rising rate (38.32% vs.27.27%).The highest rate was detected in the aged 25-29 years both of male and female (46.37 and 6.60 per 100,000,respectively),followed by those aged 30-34 years (41.12 and 6.39 per 100,000,respectively).The largest proportion of gonorrhea cases was among the farmers accounting for 27.74%,followed by the unemployed persons (24.67%),business persons (17.02%) and industrial workers (9.50%).Conclusion:In general,gonorrhea has an increasing trend from 2014 and remains a common notifiable disease in China in 2018.Young males who are sexually active are high risk populations for gonococ~ infection.The southeast coastal areas with developed economy have a higher rate of gonorrhea reported.Corresponding strategies on disease prevention and control should be performed on the high risk populations and regions.
