Artificial dermis combined with skin grafting for the treatment of hand skin and soft tissue defects and exposure of bone and tendon

BACKGROUND The recovery time of hand wounds is long,which can easily result in chronic and refractory wounds,making the wounds unable to be properly repaired.The treatment cycle is long,the cost is high,and it is prone to recurrence and disability.Double layer artificial dermis combined with autologous skin transplantation has been used to repair hypertrophic scars,deep burn wounds,exposed bone and tendon wounds,and post tumor wounds.AIM To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of autologous skin graft transplantation in conjunction with double-layer artificial dermis in treating finger skin wounds that are chronically refractory and soft tissue defects that expose bone and tendon.METHODS Sixty-eight chronic refractory patients with finger skin and soft tissue defects accompanied by bone and tendon exposure who were admitted from July 2021 to June 2022 were included in this study.The observation group was treated with double layer artificial dermis combined with autologous skin graft transplantation(n=49),while the control group was treated with pedicle skin flap transplantation(n=17).The treatment status of the two groups of patients was compared,including the time between surgeries and hospital stay.The survival rate of skin grafts/flaps and postoperative wound infections were evaluated using the Vancouver Scar Scale(VSS)for scar scoring at 6 mo after surgery,as well as the sensory injury grading method and two-point resolution test to assess the recovery of skin sensation at 6 mo.The satisfaction of the two groups of patients was also compared.RESULTS Wound healing time in the observation group was significantly longer than that in the control group(P<0.05,27.92±3.25 d vs 19.68±6.91 d);there was no significant difference in the survival rate of skin grafts/flaps between the two patient groups(P>0.05,95.1±5.0 vs 96.3±5.6).The interval between two surgeries(20.0±4.3 d)and hospital stay(21.0±10.1 d)in the observation group were both significantly shorter than those in the control group(27.5±9.3 d)and(28.4±17.7 d),respectively(P<0.05).In comparison to postoperative infection(23.5%)and subcutaneous hematoma(11.8%)in the control group,these were considerably lower at(10.2%)and(6.1%)in the observation group.When comparing the two patient groups at six months post-surgery,the excellent and good rate of sensory recovery(91.8%)was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group(76.5%)(P<0.05).There was also no statistically significant difference in two point resolution(P>0.05).The VSS score in the observation group(2.91±1.36)was significantly lower than that in the control group(5.96±1.51),and group satisfaction was significantly higher(P<0.05,90.1±6.3 vs 76.3±5.2).CONCLUSION The combination of artificial dermis and autologous skin grafting for the treatment of hand tendon exposure wounds has a satisfactory therapeutic effect.It is a safe,effective,and easy to operate treatment method,which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Role of adipose tissue grafting and adipose-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve surgery

The application of autologous fat grafting in reconstructive surgery is commonly used to improve functional form.This review aims to provide an overview of the scientific evidence on the biology of adipose tissue,the role of adipose-derived stem cells,and the indications of adipose tissue grafting in peripheral nerve surgery.Adipose tissue is easily accessible through the lower abdomen and inner thighs.Non-vascularized adipose tissue grafting does not support oxidative and ischemic stress,resulting in variable survival of adipocytes within the first 24 hours.Enrichment of adipose tissue with a stromal vascular fraction is purported to increase the number of adipose-derived stem cells and is postulated to augment the long-term stability of adipose tissue grafts.Basic science nerve research suggests an increase in nerve regeneration and nerve revascularization,and a decrease in nerve fibrosis after the addition of adipose-derived stem cells or adipose tissue.In clinical studies,the use of autologous lipofilling is mostly applied to secondary carpal tunnel release revisions with promising results.Since the use of adipose-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve reconstruction is relatively new,more studies are needed to explore safety and long-term effects on peripheral nerve regeneration.The Food and Drug Administration stipulates that adipose-derived stem cell transplantation should be minimally manipulated,enzyme-free,and used in the same surgical procedure,e.g.adipose tissue grafts that contain native adipose-derived stem cells or stromal vascular fraction.Future research may be shifted towards the use of tissue-engineered adipose tissue to create a supportive microenvironment for autologous graft survival.Shelf-ready alternatives could be enhanced with adipose-derived stem cells or growth factors and eliminate the need for adipose tissue harvest.

Micro-compound tissue grafting for repairing linear scars

This study explored the clinical application and therapeutic effect of micro-compound tissue grafting(MCTG)for linear scars.In February 2019,one patient received MCTG treatment and the recovery at 20 months postoperative was observed.The patient was completely satisfied with the results.The MCTG technique is simple and reliable and can significantly improve scar appearance.This technique may be an effective method for treating linear scars,but it requires further validation in large samples.

Characteristics and mechanisms of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue aging

Aging is one of the most significant health challenges worldwide and is a primary cause of chronic diseases and physiological decline.Among the myriad changes that occur with aging,alterations in adipose tissue distribution and function have gained considerable attention because of their profound impact on metabolic health and overall well-being.Subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT)and visceral adipose tissue(VAT)are the two major depots of white adipose tissue,each with distinct roles in metabolism and health.Understanding the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of SAT and VAT is crucial for elucidating the aging process and developing strategies to promote healthy aging.This review focuses on delineating and analyzing the characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms underlying the aging of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue during the aging process,which can contribute to a better understanding of the aging process and enhance healthy aging.

Pre-operative visceral adipose tissue radiodensity is a potentially novel prognostic biomarker for early endoscopic post-operative recurrence in Crohn’s disease

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests inflammatory mesenteric fat is involved in post-operative recurrence(POR)of Crohn’s disease(CD).However,its prognostic value is INTRODUCTION Crohn’s disease(CD)is a debilitating chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease(IMID)of the gastrointestinal tract that is increasing in incidence and prevalence globally[1].CD patients often undergo surgery for disease-related complic-ations and/or medically refractory disease.Unfortunately,surgery is not curative,and many patients develop post-operative recurrence(POR)of CD with a significant proportion eventually requiring additional surgeries.With advances in early detection and therapeutics,the contemporary 10-year risk of surgery has improved from 50%to 26%,but the risk of recurrent surgery has remained unchanged at 30%,suggesting a need to improve post-operative management strategies[2].Presently,there are two accepted strategies to mitigate POR,but each have potential limitations.Firstly,patients start early post-operative pharmacologic prophylaxis within 4-6 wk after surgery.This strategy can potentially overtreat a subset of patient who may not develop long-term disease recurrence off therapy.Consequently,these patients are at risk of medication-related adverse events and the direct and indirect costs associated with therapy with little or no benefit[3].The second strategy is performing early colonoscopy within 6-12 months after surgery and escalating therapy based on FOOTNOTES Author contributions:Gu P is the guarantor of the article and was involved in concept and design,data collection,statistical analysis,drafting of manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Dube S and Choi SY were involved in statistical analysis,drafting of the manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Gellada N,Win S,Lee YJ and Yang S were involved in the data collection,drafting of the manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Haritunians T and Li D were involved in data analysis and interpretation,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript;Melmed GY,Yarur AJ,Fleshner P,Kallman C and Devkota S were involved in study concept and design,data interpretation,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript;Vasiliauskas EA,Bonthala N,Syal G,Ziring D and Targan SR were involved in data interpretation,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript;Rabizadeh S was involved in study concept and design,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript;McGovern DPB was involved in concept and design,statistical analysis,drafting of manuscript and final approval of manuscript.

Rare incidence of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma presenting as buccal fat pad tumor:A case report

BACKGROUND Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)lymphoma,a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma,originates in the mucosal lining of body organs and internal cavities,including the nose,mouth,lungs,and digestive tract.The lymphoma develops when the body produces abnormal B lymphocytes.These lymphomas develop at the edge of the lymphoid tissue,called the marginal zone,and,hence,are classified as a type of marginal zone lymphomas.They are the most common type of marginal zone lymphomas although their occurrence is rare.To date,no previous cases of MALT lymphoma in the buccal fat pad have been reported.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a patient who presented with a mass on the frontal cheek.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor in the buccal fat pad,and histopathological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma.The patient had a history of Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis C virus infection,suggesting an association between these infective agents and MALT lymphoma.CONCLUSION Consideration of MALT lymphoma is essential in the differential diagnosis of frontal cheek masses.

Transformed gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma originating in the colon and developing metachronously after Helicobacter pylori eradication:A case report

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication treatment for primary gastric mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue(MALT)lymphoma has already been established.However,t(11;18)(q21;q21)/API2-MALT1 translocation-positive lesions are a type of primary gastric MALT lymphoma in which a response to eradication treatment is difficult to achieve.In addition,trisomy 18 may be associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)transformation of gastric MALT lymphoma.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old man was diagnosed with MALT lymphoma in the ascending colon by colonoscopy and biopsy.Two years later,esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed chronic atrophic gastritis that was positive for H.pylori,and eradication treatment was administered.Two years and nine months later(at the age of 70),a new ulcerative lesion suggestive of MALT lymphoma appeared in the gastric body,and six months later,a similar lesion was also found in the fundus.One year later(4 years and 3 months after H.pylori eradication),at the age of 72,the lesion in the gastric body had become deeper and had propagated.A biopsy revealed a pathological diagnosis of DLBCL.Both MALT lymphoma lesions in the ascending colon and DLBCL lesions in the stomach were positive for the t(11;18)(q21;q21)/API2-MALT1 translocation,and trisomy 18q21 was also detected.After 6 courses of R-CHOP(rituximab,cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine and prednisone)chemotherapy,all of the above lesions disappeared[complete remission(CR)],and CR has been maintained for more than 3 years.In addition,both the colonic and gastric lesions were proven to have the same clonality.CONCLUSION Because the patient had a MALT1 translocation with trisomy 18q21,it was thought that this gastric MALT lymphoma developed independently of H.pylori infection and progressed.

“Grafting from”法制备高载量大孔弱阳离子交换层析介质

针对大孔聚合物层析介质孔径大、比表面积低而导致的蛋白结合容量低的问题,采用“graftingfrom”策略,以大孔聚丙烯酸酯微球为基质,通过氧化还原引发甲基丙烯酸在微球表面接枝聚合,制备了高载量弱阳离子交换层析介质.研究了单体浓度、过硫酸钾浓度及反应温度等因素对蛋白结合容量的影响.所得介质的蛋白静态结合容量和动态结合容量分别达到252.21和157.25mg/mL;同时发现具有一定离子交换容量的该类介质能够在0.2 mol/L NaCl缓冲液中保持100 mg/mL的蛋白结合容量.将该层析介质用于鸡卵清中溶菌酶的纯化,获得了较高的纯化效率.

Visceral adipose tissue predicts severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis in obese patients

Acute pancreatitis is a common systemic inflammatory disease, manifested by a spectrum of severity, ranging from mild in the majority of patients to severe acute pancreatitis. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis suffer from severe local and systemic complications and organ failure, leading to a poor prognosis. The early recognition of the severe condition is important to improve prognosis. Obesity has risen in tandem with an increase in the severity of acute pancreatitis in recent years. Studies have revealed that adipose tissue, particularly visceral adipose tissue is associated with the prognosis of acute pancreatitis. This review discussed the role of visceral adipose tissue in obese patients with acute pancreatitis and explored the possible mechanism involved.

Engineering vascularized organotypic tissues via module assembly

Adequate vascularization is a critical determinant for the successful construction and clinical implementation of complex organotypic tissue models. Currently, low cell and vessel density and insufficient vascular maturation make vascularized organotypic tissue construction difficult,greatly limiting its use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To address these limitations, recent studies have adopted pre-vascularized microtissue assembly for the rapid generation of functional tissue analogs with dense vascular networks and high cell density. In this article, we summarize the development of module assembly-based vascularized organotypic tissue construction and its application in tissue repair and regeneration, organ-scale tissue biomanufacturing, as well as advanced tissue modeling.

Interplay between mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages:Promoting bone tissue repair

The repair of bone tissue damage is a complex process that is well-orchestrated in time and space,a focus and difficulty in orthopedic treatment.In recent years,the success of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)-mediated bone repair in clinical trials of large-area bone defects and bone necrosis has made it a candidate in bone tissue repair engineering and regenerative medicine.MSCs are closely related to macrophages.On one hand,MSCs regulate the immune regulatory function by influencing macrophages proliferation,infiltration,and phenotype polarization,while also affecting the osteoclasts differentiation of macrophages.On the other hand,macrophages activate MSCs and mediate the multilineage differentiation of MSCs by regulating the immune microenvironment.The cross-talk between MSCs and macrophages plays a crucial role in regulating the immune system and in promoting tissue regeneration.Making full use of the relationship between MSCs and macrophages will enhance the efficacy of MSCs therapy in bone tissue repair,and will also provide a reference for further application of MSCs in other diseases.

Implications of Elevated Serum Cortisol in the Onset of Postoperative Delirium Following Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Insights from a Bangladesh-Based Single Center Experience

Background: Following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), delirium emerges as a prevalent complication. This study aimed to assess the correlation between elevated serum cortisol levels and the occurrence of postoperative delirium subsequent to off-pump CABG. Methods: Conducted in the Department of Cardiac Surgery at BSMMU from October 2020 to September 2022, this comparative cross-sectional study included a total of 44 participants. Subjects, meeting specific criteria, were purposefully assigned to two groups based on off-pump CABG. Group A (n = 22) consisted of patients with normal serum cortisol levels, while Group B (n = 22) comprised individuals with high serum cortisol levels on the first postoperative day. Delirium onset was assessed at the bedside in the ICU on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th postoperative days using standard tools, namely the Richmond Agitation Sedation score (RASS) and The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM-ICU). Data were collected based on the presence or absence of delirium. Statistical analysis utilized SPSS version 26.0, employing an independent Student’s t-test for continuous data and chi-square and Fischer’s exact test for categorical data. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Group-A had a mean age of 54.50 ± 17.97, and Group-B had a mean age of 55.22 ± 15.45, both with a male predominance (81.81% and 86.36% respectively). The mean serum cortisol level was significantly higher in Group B (829.71 ± vs. 389.98 ± 68.77). Postoperative delirium occurred in 27.3% of Group B patients, statistically significant compared to the 4.5% in Group A. However, patients in Group B who developed delirium experienced significantly longer postoperative ICU and hospital stays (79.29 ± 12.27 vs. 11.44 ± 2.85, p ≤ 0.05). There was one mortality in Group B, which was statistically not significant. Conclusion: This study observed a significant association between elevated serum cortisol levels in the postoperative period and the occurrence of postoperative delirium after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Magnesium-incorporated biocomposite scaffolds:A novel frontier in bone tissue engineering

Nonunion represents a crucial challenge in orthopedic medicine,demanding innovative solutions beyond the scope of traditional bone grafting methods.Among the various strategies available,magnesium(Mg)implants have been recognized for their biocompatibility and biodegradability.However,their susceptibility to rapid corrosion and degradation has garnered notable research interest in bone tissue engineering(BTE),particularly in the development of Mg-incorporated biocomposite scaffolds.These scaffolds gradually release Mg2+,which enhances immunomodulation,osteogenesis,and angiogenesis,thus facilitating effective bone regeneration.This review presents myriad fabrication techniques used to create Mg-incorporated biocomposite scaffolds,including electrospinning,three-dimensional printing,and sol-gel synthesis.Despite these advancements,the application of Mg-incorporated biocomposite scaffolds faces challenges such as controlling the degradation rate of Mg and ensuring mechanical stability.These limitations highlight the necessity for ongoing research aimed at refining fabrication techniques to better regulate the physicochemical and osteogenic properties of scaffolds.This review provides insights into the potential of Mg-incorporated biocomposite scaffolds for BTE and the challenges that need to be addressed for their successful translation into clinical applications.

Endotoxin-induced alterations of adipose tissue function:a pathway to bovine metabolic stress

During the periparturient period, dairy cows exhibit negative energy balance due to limited appetite and increased energy requirements for lactogenesis. The delicate equilibrium between energy availability and expenditure puts cows in a state of metabolic stress characterized by excessive lipolysis in white adipose tissues(AT), increased production of reactive oxygen species, and immune cell dysfunction. Metabolic stress, especially in AT, increases the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Around parturition, cows are also susceptible to endotoxemia. Bacterial-derived toxins cause endotoxemia by promoting inflammatory processes and immune cell infiltration in different organs and systems while impacting metabolic function by altering lipolysis, mitochondrial activity, and insulin sensitivity. In dairy cows, endotoxins enter the bloodstream after overcoming the defense mechanisms of the epithelial barriers, particularly during common periparturient conditions such as mastitis, metritis, and pneumonia, or after abrupt changes in the gut microbiome. In the bovine AT, endotoxins induce a pro-inflammatory response and stimulate lipolysis in AT, leading to the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream. When excessive and protracted, endotoxin-induced lipolysis can impair adipocyte's insulin signaling pathways and lipid synthesis. Endotoxin exposure can also induce oxidative stress in AT through the production of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory cells and other cellular components. This review provides insights into endotoxins' impact on AT function, highlighting the gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying AT dysfunction, its connection with periparturient cows' disease risk, and the need to develop effective interventions to prevent and treat endotoxemia-related inflammatory conditions in dairy cattle.

Data-driven modeling on anisotropic mechanical behavior of brain tissue with internal pressure

Brain tissue is one of the softest parts of the human body,composed of white matter and grey matter.The mechanical behavior of the brain tissue plays an essential role in regulating brain morphology and brain function.Besides,traumatic brain injury(TBI)and various brain diseases are also greatly influenced by the brain's mechanical properties.Whether white matter or grey matter,brain tissue contains multiscale structures composed of neurons,glial cells,fibers,blood vessels,etc.,each with different mechanical properties.As such,brain tissue exhibits complex mechanical behavior,usually with strong nonlinearity,heterogeneity,and directional dependence.Building a constitutive law for multiscale brain tissue using traditional function-based approaches can be very challenging.Instead,this paper proposes a data-driven approach to establish the desired mechanical model of brain tissue.We focus on blood vessels with internal pressure embedded in a white or grey matter matrix material to demonstrate our approach.The matrix is described by an isotropic or anisotropic nonlinear elastic model.A representative unit cell(RUC)with blood vessels is built,which is used to generate the stress-strain data under different internal blood pressure and various proportional displacement loading paths.The generated stress-strain data is then used to train a mechanical law using artificial neural networks to predict the macroscopic mechanical response of brain tissue under different internal pressures.Finally,the trained material model is implemented into finite element software to predict the mechanical behavior of a whole brain under intracranial pressure and distributed body forces.Compared with a direct numerical simulation that employs a reference material model,our proposed approach greatly reduces the computational cost and improves modeling efficiency.The predictions made by our trained model demonstrate sufficient accuracy.Specifically,we find that the level of internal blood pressure can greatly influence stress distribution and determine the possible related damage behaviors.

The Role of Adipose Tissue-derived Exosomes in Chronic Metabolic Disorders

Excessive fat deposition in obese subjects promotes the occurrence of metabolic diseases,such as type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),cardiovascular diseases,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Adipose tissue is not only the main form of energy storage but also an endocrine organ that not only secretes adipocytokines but also releases many extracellular vesicles(EVs)that play a role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism.Exosomes are a subtype of EVs,and accumulating evidence indicates that adipose tissue exosomes(AT Exos)mediate crosstalk between adipose tissue and multiple organs by being transferred to targeted cells or tissues through paracrine or endocrine mechanisms.However,the roles of AT Exos in crosstalk with metabolic organs remain to be fully elucidated.In this review,we summarize the latest research progress on the role of AT Exos in the regulation of metabolic disorders.Moreover,we discuss the potential role of AT Exos as biomarkers in metabolic diseases and their clinical application.

Extra Renal Rhabdoid Tumor: A Rare Cause of Congenital Soft Tissue Tumor

Rhabdoid tumors (RTs) are a well-defined entity in the kidney or central nervous system of infants or children. However, soft-tissue involvement is uncommon. It’s an exceptional neonatal tumor of soft tissue. The imaging characteristics of this tumor are not specific. Biopsy allows diagnosis;the histomorphological characteristics of rhabdoid tumors, their immunoreactivity to epithelial markers and vimentin, and the INI-1 loss are important tools for diagnosis. RT tumors are aggressive and have a rapidly fatal clinical course in most cases. Despite multidisciplinary therapy, the survival rate is very low. We report a rare case occurring in a male neonate who presents at birth with a voluminous right axillary mass. A CT scan showed a well-limited tumor mass with lobulated contours. An ultrasound-guided biopsy was performed on day 8, showing the morphology and immunoprofile of RT. The mass showed rapid growth. The child was admitted for respiratory distress at 3 weeks. A thoraco-abdominal CT showed an increase in the size of the mass with the appearance of multiple lymph nodes and pleural, hepatic, and renal metastases. The child died two days later.

Surgical Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Using Minimally Invasive Surgical Drilling and Cancellous Grafting at Brazzaville University Hospital

Introduction: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONTF) is a debilitating condition. Several treatments have been proposed with controversial results. The aim of our study was to evaluate treatment by surgical drilling coupled with in situ cancellous grafting. Materials and methods: Our study was a case-control study conducted at Brazzaville University Hospital from 1st January 2018 to 31 December 2023. It compared two groups of patients with ONTF: non-operated (13 patients, 20 hips) and operated (22 patients, 35 hips). We used the visual digital scale (VDS) for pain assessment, the Merle D’Aubigne-Postel (MDP) scoring system for clinical and functional assessment, and the evolution of necrosis. Results: The group of non-operated patients had a mean age of 35.69 ± 3.4 years, no improvement in pain with an EVN above seven at the last recoil and a mean global MDP score falling from 12.7 before offloading to 10.13 at one year. The group of patients operated on had a mean age of 37.86 ± 7.02 years, a significant reduction in pain (p = 0.00004) and a significantly increased MDP score (p = 0.0034). A comparison of the two groups of patients showed significant stabilization of the necrotic lesions in the operated patients (p = 0.00067), with better satisfaction in the same group. Conclusion: Surgical drilling combined with grafting in the treatment of early-stage ONTF has improved progress in our series. The technique is reproducible and less invasive. It has made it possible to delay unfavorable progression and, consequently, hip replacement surgery.

In vitro investigations on the effects of graphene and graphene oxide on polycaprolactone bone tissue engineering scaffolds

Polycaprolactone(PCL)scaffolds that are produced through additive manufacturing are one of the most researched bone tissue engineering structures in the field.Due to the intrinsic limitations of PCL,carbon nanomaterials are often investigated to reinforce the PCL scaffolds.Despite several studies that have been conducted on carbon nanomaterials,such as graphene(G)and graphene oxide(GO),certain challenges remain in terms of the precise design of the biological and nonbiological properties of the scaffolds.This paper addresses this limitation by investigating both the nonbiological(element composition,surface,degradation,and thermal and mechanical properties)and biological characteristics of carbon nanomaterial-reinforced PCL scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.Results showed that the incorporation of G and GO increased surface properties(reduced modulus and wettability),material crystallinity,crystallization temperature,and degradation rate.However,the variations in compressive modulus,strength,surface hardness,and cell metabolic activity strongly depended on the type of reinforcement.Finally,a series of phenomenological models were developed based on experimental results to describe the variations of scaffold’s weight,fiber diameter,porosity,and mechanical properties as functions of degradation time and carbon nanomaterial concentrations.The results presented in this paper enable the design of three-dimensional(3D)bone scaffolds with tuned properties by adjusting the type and concentration of different functional fillers.

Mesenteric adipose tissue B lymphocytes promote intestinal injury in severe acute pancreatitis by mediating enteric pyroptosis

Background:Visceral adipose tissue(VAT)has been linked to the severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)prognosis,although the underlying mechanism remains unclear.It has been reported that pyroptosis worsens SAP.The present study aimed to verify whether mesenteric adipose tissue(MAT,a component of VAT)can cause secondary intestinal injury through the pyroptotic pathway.Methods:Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were divided into six different groups.Twelve rats were randomly divided into the SAP and control groups.We monitored the changes of MAT and B lymphocytes infiltration in MAT of SAP rats.Twelve SAP rats were injected with MAT B lymphocytes or phosphate buffer solution(PBS).The remaining twelve SAP rats were first injected with MAT B lymphocytes,and then with MCC950(NLRP3 inhibitor)or PBS.We collected blood and tissue samples from pancreas,gut and MAT for analysis.Results:Compared to the control rats,the SAP group showed inflammation in MAT,including higher expression of tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6),lower expression of IL-10,and histological changes.Flow cytometry analysis revealed B lymphocytes infiltration in MAT but not T lymphocytes and macrophages.The SAP rats also exhibited intestinal injury,characterized by lower expression of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin,higher levels of lipopolysaccharide and diamine oxidase,and pathological changes.The expression of NLRP3 and n-GSDMD,which are responsible for pyroptosis,was increased in the intestine of SAP rats.The injection of MAT B lymphocytes into SAP rats exacerbated the inflammation in MAT.The upregulation of pyroptosis reduced tight junction in the intestine,which contributed to the SAP progression,including higher inflammatory indicators and worse histological changes.The administration of MCC950 to SAP+MAT B rats downregulated pyroptosis,which subsequently improved the intestinal barrier and ameliorated inflammatory response of SAP.Conclusions:In SAP,MAT B lymphocytes aggravated local inflammation,and promoted the injury to the intestine through the enteric pyroptotic pathway.