Revealing the role of honokiol in human glioma cells by RNA-seq analysis

Background:Glioma is a kind of tumor that easily deteriorates and originates from glial cells in nerve tissue.Honokiol is a bisphenol compound that is an essential monomeric compound extracted from the roots and bark of Magnoliaceae plants.It also has anti-infection,antitumor,and immunomodulatory effects.In this study,we found that honokiol induces cell apoptosis in the human glioma cell lines U87-MG and U251-MG.However,the mechanism through which honokiol regulates glioma cell apoptosis is still unknown.Methods:We performed RNA-seq analysis of U251-MG cells treated with honokiol and control cells.Protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis was performed,and the 10 top hub unigenes were examined via real-time quantitative PCR.Furthermore,MAPK signaling and ferroptosis were detected via western blotting.Results:332 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were found,comprising 163 increased and 169 decreased genes.Analysis of the DEGs revealed that various biological processes were enriched,including‘response to hypoxia’,‘cerebellum development cellular response to hypoxia,’‘iron ion binding,’‘oxygen transporter activity,’‘oxygen binding,’‘ferric iron binding,’and‘structural constituent of cytoskeleton.’Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in the following pathways:‘mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)’,‘Hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1)’,‘ferroptosis,’‘Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR),’‘Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase(PI3K)-protein kinase B(Akt),’and‘phagosome.’Among these pathways,the MAPK signaling pathway and ferroptosis were verified.Conclusion:This study revealed the potential mechanism by which honokiol induces apoptosis and provided a comprehensive analysis of DEGs in honokiol-treated U251-MG cells and the associated signaling pathways.These data could lead to new ideas for future research and therapy for patients with glioma.

Effect of honokiol regulating SIRT3 on chronic hypoxia-induced microglia and astrocyte polarization

Objective:To investigate the effect of honokiol on microglia polarization and the underlying mechanism.Methods:Inflammatory factors were detected using ELISA to determine the optimal concentration of cobalt chloride to induce,and that of honokiol to treat chronic hypoxia(48 h)in microglia cell line BV2 cells.BV2 cells were divided into four groups:control,chronic hypoxia,chronic hypoxia+honokiol,chronic hypoxia+honokiol+3-TYP(SIRT3 inhibitor).ELISA was used to measure the concentration of supernatant TNFαand IL-1βproteins,qPCR was used to detect the expression of cellular M1 and M2 polarization markers,and biochemical assays were used to detect the level of reactive oxygen species in each group.Western Blot was used to detect protein levels of SIRT3 and upstream inflammatory molecules NLRP3 and caspase1.Results:Chronic cobalt chloride stimulation of BV2 cells at an optimal concentration of 100μmol/L significantly increased the release of inflammatory fac-tors TNFαand IL-1βafter stimulation compared with the control group(P<0.05);compared with the control group,cells in the chronic hypoxia group had down-regulation of SIRT3 protein expression,whereas the ROS levels,NLRP3 and caspase1 protein levels,the M1 polarization marker CD86,iNOS mRNA levels and CD16/32 ratio were upregulated.and honokiol(10μmol/L)significantly up-regulated the SIRT3 protein and mRNA levels of M2 markers Arg-1 and CD206 in chronic hypoxic cells(P<0.05)and down-regulated levels of ROS,NLRP3/caspase1 protein,and mRNA levels of M1 markers(P<0.05),and this anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect was able to be reversed by SIRT3 inhibitor.Conclusion:Honokiol inhibits chronic hypoxia-induced microglia M1 polarization and inflammatory pathway activation,and its anti-inflammatory effects are SIRT3-de-pendent.

Determination of magnolol and honokiol in traditional Chinese medicine Magnolia officinalis and its preparations by liquid-phase microextraction-back extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography

Liquid-phase microextraction with back extraction （LPME-BE） combined with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was investigated for the extraction and determination of magnolol and honokiol in Magnolia officinalis, a traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）, and its pharmaceutical preparations, Huo Xiang Zheng Qi peroral liquid and Xiang Sha Yang Wei pellet. Organic solvent, donor and acceptor phases, stirring rate and extraction limes were all factors which can influence the efficiency of extraction and were all optimized during the course of this work. Linear calibration curves were obtained in concentration ranges of 1,56-156 μg/mL for magnolol and 1.10-110 μg/mL for honokiol. Detection limits （S/N = 3） were 0.10 and 0.07 μg/mL, respectively. The relative recoveries were both in the range of 98.3% - 105.1% and RSD was lower than 2.5% .

Honokiol:a promising small molecular weight natural agent for the growth inhibition of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

Honokiol （HNK） is a small organic molecule purified from magnolia species and has demonstrated anticancer activities in a variety of cancer cell lines; however, its effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma （OSCC） cells is unknown. We investigated the antitumor activities of HNK on OSCC ceils in vitro for the first time. The inhibitory effects of HNK on the growth and proliferation of OSCC cells were demonstrated via in vitro 3-（4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） and propidium iodide （PI） assays, and the apoptotic cells were investigated by the observation of morphological changes and detection of DNA fragmentation via PI, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling （TUNEL）, and DNA ladder assays, as well as flow cytometry assay. The results showed that HNK inhibited the growth and proliferation of OSCC cells in vitro in a time and dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was associated with the cell apoptosis induced by HNK, evidenced by the morphological features of apoptotic cells, TUNEL-positive cells and a degradation of chromosomal DNA into small internucleosomal fragments. The study also demonstrated here that the inhibition or apoptosis mediated by 15 μg.mL-1 or 20 μg.mL-1 of HNK were more stronger compared with those of 20 μg-mL-1 5-fluorouracil （5-Fu, the control） applied to OSCC cells, when the ratio of OSCC cell numbers were measured between the treatment of different concentrations of HNK to the 5-Fu treatment for 48 h. HNK is a promising compound that can be potentially used as a novel treatment agent for human OSCC.

Supplemental magnolol or honokiol attenuates adverse effects in broilers infected with Salmonella pullorum by modulating mucosal gene expression and the gut microbiota

Background:Salmonella pullorum is one of the most harmful pathogens to avian species.Magnolol and honokiol,natural compounds extracted from Magnolia officinalis,exerts anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant and antibacterial activities.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental magnolol and honokiol in broilers infected with S.pullorum.A total of 360 one-day-old broilers were selected and randomly divided into four groups with six replicates:the negative control group(CTL),S.pullorum-infected group(SP),and the S.pulloruminfected group supplemented with 300 mg/kg honokiol(SPH)or magnolol(SPM).Results:The results showed that challenging with S.pullorum impaired growth performance in broilers,as indicated by the observed decreases in body weight(P<0.05)and average daily gains(P<0.05),along with increased spleen(P<0.01)and bursa of Fabricus weights(P<0.05),serum globulin contents,and the decreased intestine villus height and villus/crypt ratios(P<0.05).Notably,supplemental magnolol and honokiol attenuated these adverse changes,and the effects of magnolol were better than those of honokiol.Therefore,we performed RNA-Seq in ileum tissues and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of ileum bacteria.Our analysis revealed that magnolol increased the α-diversity(observed species,Chao1,ACE,and PD whole tree)and β-diversity of the ileum bacteria(P<0.05).In addition,magnolol supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus(P<0.01)and decreased unidentified Cyanobacteria(P<0.05)both at d 14 and d 21.Further study confirmed that differentially expressed genes induced by magnolol and honokiol supplementation enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions,in the intestinal immune network for IgA production,and in the cell adhesion molecule pathways.Conclusions:Supplemental magnolol and honokiol alleviated S.pullorum-induced impairments in growth performance,and the effect of magnolol was better than that of honokiol,which could be partially due to magnolol’s ability to improve the intestinal microbial and mucosal barrier.

Honokiol-enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against cholangiocarcinoma cells mediated by dendritic cells pulsed with damage-associated molecular patterns

BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma or biliary tract cancer has a high mortality rate resulting from late presentation and ineffective treatment strategy. Since immunotherapy by dendritic cells (DC) may be beneficial for cholangiocarcinoma treatment but their efficacy against cholangiocarcinoma was low. We suggest how such antitumor activity can be increased using cell lysates derived from an honokioltreated cholangiocarcinoma cell line (KKU-213L5). AIM To increase antitumour activity of DCs pulsed with cell lysates derived from honokiol-treated cholangiocarcinoma cell line (KKU-213L5). METHODS The effect of honokiol, a phenolic compound isolated from Magnolia officinalis, on choangiocarcinoma cells was investigated in terms of the cytotoxicity and the expression of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DCs were loaded with tumour cell lysates derived from honokiol-treated cholangiocarcinoma cells their efficacy including induction of T lymphocyte proliferation, proinflammatory cytokine production and cytotoxicity effect on target cholangiocarcinoma cells were evaluated. RESULTS Honokiol can effectively activate cholangiocarcinoma apoptosis and increase the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. DCs loaded with cell lysates derived from honokiol-treated tumour cells enhanced priming and stimulated T lymphocyte proliferation and type I cytokine production. T lymphocytes stimulated with DCs pulsed with cell lysates of honokiol-treated tumour cells significantly increased specific killing of human cholangiocarcinoma cells compared to those associated with DCs pulsed with cell lysates of untreated cholangiocarcinoma cells. CONCLUSION The present findings suggested that honokiol was able to enhance the immunogenicity of cholangiocarcinoma cells associated with increased effectiveness of DC-based vaccine formulation. Treatment of tumour cells with honokiol offers a promising approach as an ex vivo DC-based anticancer vaccine.

Effects of magnolol and honokiol derived from traditional Chinese herbal remedies on gastrointestinal movement

AIM： To study the effects of magnolol and honokiol on isolated smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract and their relationship with Ca^2＋, and on the gastric emptying and the intestinal propulsive activity in mice.METHODS： Routine experimental methods using isolated gastric fundus strips of rats and isolated ileum segments of guinea pigs were adopted to measure the smooth muscle tension, The effects of magnolol 10^-3, 10^-4, 10^-5 mol/L, and honokiol 10^-4, 10^-5, 10^-6 mol/L on the contractility of gastric fundus strips of rats and ileum of guinea pigs induced by acetylcholine （Ach） and 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） was assessed respectively, The method using nuclein and pigment methylene blue was adopted to measure the gastric retention rate of nuclein and the intestinal propulsive ratio of a nutritional semi-solid meal for assessing the effect of magnolol and honokiol （0.5, 2, 20 mg/kg） on gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion.RESULTS： Magnolol and honokiol significantly inhibited the contractility of isolated gastric fundus strips of rats treated with Ach or 5-HT and isolated ileum guinea pigs treated with Ach or CaCl2, and both of them behaved as non-competitive muscarinic antagonists. Magnolol and honokiol inhibited the contraction induced by Ach in Ca^2＋-free medium and extracellular Ca^2＋-dependent contraction induced by Ach, Each group of magnolol and honokiol experiments significantly decreased the residual rate of nudein in the stomach and increased the intestinal propulsive ratio in mice.CONCLUSION： The inhibitory effect of magnolol and honokiol on contractility of the smooth muscles of isolated gastric fundus strips of rats and isolated ileum of guinea pigs is associated with a calcium-antagonistic effect. Magnolol and honokiol can improve the gastric emptying of a semi-solid meal and intestinal propulsive activity in mice.

Determination of Magnolol and Honokiol by Non-aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis

Two active principles in traditional Chinese medicine Magnolia officinalis, magnolol and honokiol, were successfully separated by means of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. The effect of the composition of a nonaqueous buffer on column efficiency and resolution, and the effect of acid additives on peak shapes were researched. The separation was conducted with a running buffer in a mixture of methanol/aeetonitrile/formamide （ volume ratio ： 1 ： 2 ： 2 ）, in which the concentrations of Tris, acetic acid, and water were 60 retool/L, 0. 04 mmol/L and 5% （ volume fration）, respectively, and the pH^＊ （apperent pH） of the running buffer was 8.96. Magnolol and honokiol were separated on baseline within 20 min. The relative standard deviation of the analytes＇ concentrations in the sample is 1.32% for magnolol and 1.60% for honokiol, and the recoveries of the spiked sample are 98.4% for magnolol and 98. 0% for honokiol, respectively.

Simultaneous Determination of Magnolol and Honokiol by Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy

A simple sensitive and quick assay for simultaneously determining magnolol （MOL） and honokiol （HOL） has been described based on their natural fluorescence. This method is based on the fact that synchronous fluorometry could resolve the overlapping of fluorescence spectra, which was aroused by their similar molecular structures. In this work, the synchronous spectrum, maintaining a constant difference of Aλ =10 nm between the emission and excitation wavelengths, has been selected for the determination of HOL and MOL. Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of MOL and HOL in solution over the range 0.075-0.7 μg/mL and 0.05-0.9 μg/mL with the detection limit of 0.029 μg/mL and 0.019 μg/mL, respectively. The method was applied to the simultaneous determination of MOL and HOL in pharmaceutical dosage with satisfactory results.

Honokiol attenuates oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes via activating AMPK signaling

Objective:To investigate the effect of honokiol on oxidative damage in HaCaT human keratinocytes.Methods:HaCaT cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),following pretreatment with various concentrations of honokiol.The alleviating effects of honokiol on HaCaT cell viability and cell death,reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,DNA damage,mitochondrial dynamics,and inhibition of adenosine triphoaphate production against H_(2)O_(2)were investigated.Western blotting analysis was used to analyze the expression levels of specific proteins.Results:Honokiol suppressed H_(2)O_(2)-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage by blocking abnormal ROS accumulation.Honokiol also prevented apoptosis by inhibiting loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol,decreasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio,and reducing the activity of caspase-3 in H_(2)O_(2)-stimulated HaCaT cells.In addition,honokiol attenuated H_(2)O_(2)-induced reduction of adenosine triphosphate content,and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)was markedly promoted by honokiol in H_(2)O_(2)-stimulated cells.Importantly,the anti-apoptosis and anti-proliferative activity of honokiol against H_(2)O_(2)was further enhanced by adding an activator of AMPK,indicating that honokiol activated AMPK in HaCaT keratinocytes to protect against oxidative damage.Conclusions:The present results indicate that honokiol may be useful as a potential therapeutic agent against various oxidative stress-related skin diseases.

Synthesis, characterization and in vivo evaluation of honokiol bisphosphate prodrugs protects against rats’ brain ischemia-reperfusion injury

Honokiol(HK)usage is greatly restricted by its poor aqueous solubility and limited oral bioavailability.We synthesized and characterized a novel phosphate prodrug of honokiol(HKP)for in vitro and in vivo use.HKP greatly enhanced the aqueous solubility of HK(127.54±15.53 mg/ml)and the stability in buffer solution was sufficient for intravenous administration.The enzymatic hydrolysis of HKP to HK was extremely rapid in vitro(T 1/2=8.9±2.11 s).Pharmacokinetics studies demonstrated that after intravenous administration of HKP(32 mg/kg),HKP was converted rapidly to HK with a time to reach the maximum plasma concentration of^5 min.The prodrug HKP achieved an improved T 1/2(7.97±1.30 h)and terminal volume of distribution(26.02±6.04 ml/kg)compared with direct injection of the equimolar parent drug(0.66±0.01 h)and(2.90±0.342 ml/kg),respectively.Furthermore,oral administration of HKP showed rapid and improved absorption compared with the parent drug.HKP was confirmed to maintain the bioactivity of the parent drug for ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury by decreasing brain infarction and improving neurologic function.Taken together,HKP is a potentially useful aqueous-soluble prodrug with improved pharmacokinetic properties which may merit further development as a potential drug candidate.

Honokiol Prevents Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Mice with Severe Acute Pancreatitis and Inhibits JAK/STAT1 Pathway and Acetylation of HMGB1

Objective To investigate the effect of honokiol(HON)and the role of high-mobility group protein B1(HMGB1)on the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).Methods Thirty mice were numbered according to weight,and randomly divided into 5 groups using a random number table,including control,SAP,SAP and normal saline(SAP+NS),SAP and ethyl pyruvate(SAP+EP),or SAP+HON groups,6 mice in each group.Samples of pancreas,intestine,and blood were collected 12 h after SAP model induction for examination of pathologic changes,immune function alterations by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and Western blot.In vitro experiments,macrophages were divided into 5 groups,the control,lipopolysaccharide(LPS),LPS+DMSO(DMSO),LPS+anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody(mAb),and LPS+HON groups.The tight connection level was determined by transmission electron microscopy and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled.The location and acetylation of HMGB1 were measured by Western blot.Finally,pyridone 6 and silencing signal transducer and activator of the transcription 1(siSTAT1)combined with honokiol were added to determine whether the Janus kinase(JAK)/STAT1 participated in the regulation of honokiol on HMGB1.The protein expression levels of HMGB1,JAK,and STAT1 were detected using Western blot.Results Mice with SAP had inflammatory injury in the pancreas,bleeding of intestinal tissues,and cells with disrupted histology.Mice in the SAP+HON group had significantly fewer pathological changes.Mice with SAP also had significant increases in the serum levels of amylase,lipase,HMGB1,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,diamine oxidase,endotoxin-1,and procalcitonin.Mice in the SAP+HON group did not show these abnormalities(P<0.01).Studies of Caco-2 cells indicated that LPS increased the levels of occludin and claudin-1 as well as tight junction permeability,decreased the levels of junctional adhesion molecule C,and elevated intercellular permeability(P<0.01).HON treatment blocked these effects.Studies of macrophages indicated that LPS led to low nuclear levels of HMGB1,however,HON treatment increased the nuclear level of HMGB1(P<0.01).HON treatment also inhibited the expressions of JAK1,JAK2,and STAT1(P<0.01)and increased the acetylation of HMGB1(P<0.05).Conclusion HON prevented intestinal barrier dysfunction in SAP by inhibiting HMGB1 acetylation and JAK/STAT1 pathway.

Honokiol attenuates mitochondrial fission and cell apoptosis by activating Sirt3 in intracerebral hemorrhage

Background:Sirtuin-3(Sirt3)has been documented to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.Honokiol(HKL)is a Sirt3 pharmacological activator with reported neuroprotective effects in multiple neurological disorders.The present study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of HKL and the role of Sirt3 following intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH).Methods:An in vivo ICH model in rats was established by injecting autologous blood into the right basal ganglia.PC12 cells were stimulated with hemin.For the in vivo investigation,the modified Neurological Severity Scores and the Morris water maze test were performed to assess neurological deficits.Hematoxylin-Eosin and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining were employed to evaluate the histopathology and apoptosis.Immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate the expression of Sirt3.Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)levels were quantified to assess mitochondrial dysfunction.Cell counting kit-8,lactate dehydrogenase assay,and flow cytometry were used to analyze cell vitality and apoptosis in vitro.Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe mitochondrial morphology and dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1)localization to mitochondria.Western blot was applied to quantify the expression of Sirt3,Bax,Bcl-2,cleaved-caspase-3,Drp1,phosphorylation of Drp1 at serine-616,and phosphorylation of Drp1 at serine-637 in vivo and in vitro.Results:HKL treatment alleviated neurological deficits,attenuated the histopathological damage and cell apoptosis,and restored the decreased ATP levels in ICH rats.HKL improved cell survival rate,reduced cell apoptosis,and inhibited mitochondrial fission in PC12 cells.Moreover,both in vivo and in vitro models showed increased phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser616,and reduced phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser637.Meanwhile,immunofluorescence co-localization analysis revealed that hemin increased the overlap of Drp1 and mitochondria in PC12 cells.The phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of Drp1 were effectively reversed by HKL treatment.Importantly,the selective Sirt3 inhibitor 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine suppressed these effects.Conclusion:Our findings demonstrated that HKL ameliorated ICH-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial fission by Sirt3,suggesting that HKL has immense prospects for the treatment of ICH.

Honokiol alleviated neurodegeneration by reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function in mutant SOD1 cellular and mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting both upper and lower motor neurons(MNs)with large unmet medical needs.Multiple pathological mechanisms are considered to contribute to the progression of ALS,including neuronal oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.Honokiol(HNK)has been reported to exert therapeutic effects in several neurologic disease models including ischemia stroke,Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Here we found that honokiol also exhibited protective effects in ALS disease models both in vitro and in vivo.Honokiol improved the viability of NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells that expressed the mutant G93A SOD1 proteins(SOD1-G93A cells for short).Mechanistical studies revealed that honokiol alleviated cellular oxidative stress by enhancing glutathione(GSH)synthesis and activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)-antioxidant response element(ARE)pathway.Also,honokiol improved both mitochondrial function and morphology via fine-tuning mitochondrial dynamics in SOD1-G93A cells.Importantly,honokiol extended the lifespan of the SOD1-G93A transgenic mice and improved the motor function.The improvement of antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function was further confirmed in the spinal cord and gastrocnemius muscle in mice.Overall,honokiol showed promising preclinical potential as a multiple target drug for ALS treatment.

Honokiol attenuates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting hepatic CYP1A2 activity and improving liver mitochondrial dysfunction

Objective:Acetaminophen(APAP)overdose is a common cause of liver injury.This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of honokiol(Hon)against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and its potential mechanism.Methods:C57BL/6 mice were administrated with Hon(10 and 30 mg/kg)after APAP(300 mg/kg)treatment.On 1.5 h and 5 h after Hon treatment,mice were sacrificed.Serum and liver were collected.And then,liver injury-related indexes,APAP metabolism-related indexes,mitochondrial respiratory chain function-related indexes,and mitochondrial membrane function-related protein expression were evaluated.Results:It was found that Hon significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase(AST)activity and glutathione(GSH)depletion,increased hepatic catalase(CAT)and GSH peroxidase(GSH-Px)activities,reduced hepatic MDA and 3-nitrotyrosine contents,inhibited hepatic CYP1A2 activity and APAP protein adducts(APAP-CYS)formation.Meanwhile,oxidative phosphorylation capacity of complex I and electron transfer capacity of complex IV in mitochondrial respiratory chain was increased,whereas the release of H2O2 in the mitochondria was decreased following Hon treatment.Furthermore,Hon markedly down-regulated p-JNK in both cytosol and mitochondria,and obviously inhibited the release of apoptosis inducing factor(AIF)and endonuclease G(EndoG)from mitochondria to cytosol.Conclusion:Hon alleviated APAP-induced liver injury through the following pathways:Reducing the production of APAP-CYS by inhibiting CYP1A2 activity;Ameliorating hepatic oxidative stress by increasing the levels of hepatic CAT,GSH-Px and GSH;Improving mitochondrial respiratory chain function by promoting oxidative phosphorylation capacity of complex I and electron transfer capacity of complex IV;Improving the function of mitochondrial membrane by inhibiting p-JNK and its translocation to mitochondria,thereby reducing the release of AIF and EndoG.

抗菌、抗氧化和厚朴酚复合纳米纤维膜的制备及性能研究

目的满足新型天然食品活性包装材料的需求。方法天然植物苯酚和厚朴酚(HK)为活性成分,采用共混静电纺丝工艺制备PLGA-HK复合纳米纤维膜,避免食品氧化及受到微生物的侵袭。结果通过FT-IR、扫描电镜、TG、水接触角等表征手段,证明PLGA-HK复合纳米纤维膜具有均匀的纤维形貌,以及良好的热稳定性和表面疏水性。此外,PLGA-HK复合纳米纤维膜对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率均大于等于99%,抗氧化活性值达到(61.33±7.71)%,且活性成分在作用过程中不会溶出,其安全性较高。结论在食品保鲜应用中,PLGA-HK复合纳米纤维膜可有效保持食品品质,延长食品保质期,具有作为食品保鲜应用活性包装材料的潜力。

和厚朴酚调节BDNF-TrkB-CREB信号通路对脑出血小鼠神经损伤和认知功能的影响

目的探讨和厚朴酚对脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)小鼠神经损伤和认知功能的影响及其作用机制。方法将C57B L/6J小鼠随机分为假手术组,模型组,和厚朴酚低、中、高剂量组,以及和厚朴酚+抑制剂组。除假手术组外,其余组小鼠均通过自体血注入右侧基底神经节构建ICH模型。于ICH前15 mi n和I CH后1 h,和厚朴酚低、中、高剂量组分别腹腔注射10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg和厚朴酚,和厚朴酚+抑制剂组腹腔注射40 mg/kg和厚朴酚与5μg/kg脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)-酪氨酸激酶受体B(tyrosine kinase receptor B,TrkB)-环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein,CREB)信号通路抑制剂K252a,假手术组、模型组腹腔注射等量的二甲基亚砜和生理盐水。采用改良的神经功能缺损评分(modified neurological severity score,mNSS)评估小鼠神经功能;通过Morris水迷宫实验计算逃避潜伏期、跨越原平台次数、目标象限停留时间百分比3个指标用于评估小鼠空间学习和记忆能力;苏木精-伊红(hematoxyli n-eosin,HE)染色观察海马神经元病理学改变;原位末端转移酶标记(terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling,TUNEL)染色检测海马神经元凋亡率;酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清BDNF、TrkB水平;免疫印迹法检测海马组织BDNF、TrkB、CREB、磷酸化CREB(phosphorylated CREB,p-CREB)蛋白表达情况。结果与假手术组小鼠相比,模型组小鼠mNSS、海马神经元凋亡率升高,逃避潜伏期延长,跨越原平台次数减少,目标象限停留时间百分比降低,血清BDNF、Tr kB及海马组织BDNF、Tr kB、p-CREB/CREB水平降低(均P<0.001),海马神经元结构模糊、排列紊乱、数量减少、体积变小,且细胞核固缩;与模型组小鼠相比,和厚朴酚低、中、高剂量组小鼠mNSS(均P<0.01)、海马神经元凋亡率(均P<0.001)依次降低,逃避潜伏期(均P<0.001)依次缩短,跨越原平台次数(P=0.007、P<0.001、P<0.001)依次增多,目标象限停留时间百分比(P=0.004、P<0.001、P<0.001)依次升高,血清BDNF(均P<0.001)、TrkB(P=0.001、P<0.001、P<0.001)及海马组织BDNF(P=0.008、P<0.001、P<0.001)、Tr kB(P=0.001、P<0.001、P<0.001)、p-CREB/CREB(均P<0.001)水平依次升高,海马神经元损伤有所改善;与和厚朴酚高剂量组小鼠相比,和厚朴酚+抑制剂组小鼠mNSS、海马神经元凋亡率升高,逃避潜伏期延长,跨越原平台次数减少,目标象限停留时间百分比降低,血清BDNF、Tr kB及海马组织BDNF、Tr kB、p-CREB/CREB水平降低(均P<0.001),海马神经元损伤加重。结论和厚朴酚可能通过激活BDNF-TrkB-CREB信号通路减轻ICH小鼠海马神经元凋亡和损伤,改善认知功能障碍。

Specific oxidation of honokiol by Cunninghamella echinulata

Among 37 species of microbial strains, Cunninghamella echinulata AS 3.3400 were found to possess the ability to transform honokiol to （R）-magnolignan C （1） and （S）-magnolignan C （2） by regio-specific oxidation. Among them, 1 was a new compound. The structures of two compounds were determined by the analyses of CD, MS and NMR spectroscopic data.

Quantification and structural identification of related phenolic compounds in the raw medicinal material honokiol

High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to quantify magnaldehyde B （6）, magnaldehyde E （4） and 8＇,9＇-dihydroxyhonokiol （7） simultaneously in the raw Chinese medicinal material honokiol. The separation was performed on a reversed-phase Cl8 column by using a gradient elution with mobile phases of water （A） and methanol （B）. The mobile phase gradient was run from 40% B to 56.5% B in 55 min, 55-67 rain from 56.5% to 51.5%, 67-80 min from 51.5% to 70%, 80-170 min at 70%. The elution was carried out at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at the column temperature of 35 ~C with the UV detection wavelength at 256 am. Magnaldehyde B, magnaldehyde E and 8＇,9＇-dihydroxyhonokiol showed good linear relationships with peak areas in the range of 0.00864 to 0.07776 mg/mL, 0.01488 to 0.13392 mg/mL and 0.01568 to 0.10976 mg/mL, respectively. Their corresponding average recoveries were 100.30%, 99.63% and 98.29%, respectively. Our results showed that the established method is simple, rapid, and accurate with good reproducibility for evaluating the quality of raw Chinese medicinal material honokiol. Moreover, another five phenolic compounds, namely erythro-7-O-methylhonoldtriol （1）, threo-7-O-methylhonokitriol （2）, 7-O-ethylhonokitriol （3）, magnaldehyde C （5）, honokiol （8）, together with compounds 4, 6 and 7, were isolated and purified from the remaining substance in the process of preparing the raw material honokiol by silica gel column and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were characterized by ID and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were reported to have common planar structures and their relative configurations were identified for the first time. Compounds 3 and 7 were not only obtained from the raw medicinal material for the first time but also novel compounds.

和厚朴酚通过PI3K/AKT信号通路调节线粒体凋亡对小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响及机制研究

目的探讨和厚朴酚(HK)对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(MIRI)小鼠心脏的保护作用及其机制。方法2022年6月—2023年7月于陕西中医药大学基础医学院中医诊断实验中心进行实验。78只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)组、MIRI组和MIRI+HK组,每组26只。术前对MIRI+HK组小鼠给予HK(0.2 mg·kg-1·d-1)腹腔注射,Sham组和MIRI组给予等量溶剂,连续14 d。造模术中Sham组仅穿线不结扎,其余2组均结扎左前降支30 min后,解开缝线再灌注2 h,构建MIRI模型,再灌注结束后立即取血,剥离心脏。比较各组血清中肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)水平;超声心动图检测心功能;2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑染色法计算心肌梗死面积;原位末端标记技术检测细胞凋亡水平;电镜观察线粒体结构损伤情况;Western-blot检测线粒体凋亡和磷酸肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)通路相关蛋白表达。结果与Sham组比较,MIRI组小鼠血清CK-MB、cTnT和左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)水平及心肌梗死面积、细胞凋亡率升高,左心室射血分数(LVEF)和左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)降低(P<0.001),心肌细胞线粒体大多肿胀,内外双层膜模糊,嵴畸形且减少或缺失,线粒体凋亡相关蛋白细胞色素(Cyto)-C、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)和活化半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Cleaved Caspase-9)表达升高,B淋巴细胞瘤2基因(Bcl-2)、p-AKT/AKT和p-PI3K/PI3K表达降低(P<0.001);与MIRI组比较,MIRI+HK组小鼠血清CK-MB、cTnT和LVESD水平及心肌梗死面积、细胞凋亡率降低,LVEF和LVFS增加(P<0.001),心肌细胞线粒体超微结构有所好转,结构较为完整,Cyto-C、Bax和Cleaved Caspase-9蛋白表达降低,Bcl-2、p-AKT/AKT和p-PI3K/PI3K表达升高(P<0.001)。结论HK可通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制MIRI诱导的心肌细胞线粒体凋亡,从而发挥心肌保护作用。