The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Co...The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae-like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp-waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure： infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea （Karatavitidae ＋ Paroryssidae ＋ Orussidae）, infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea （Ephialtitidae ＋ Stephanidae）, infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamih＇es Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov, Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov, Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus sp. nov., Asiephialtites lini sp. nov., Praeproapocritus vulgatus gen. et sp. nov., Sinaulacogastrinus solidus gen. et sp. nov., Sinevania speciosa gen. et sp. nov., Eonevania robusta gen. et sp. nov., Kuafua polyneura gen. et sp. nov. （all from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou）, as wall as Kuafuidae fam. nov. including Kuafua gen. nov. as wall as Arthrogaster Rasnitsyn, 1975, and Leptogastrella Rasnitsyn, 1975 from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan.展开更多
Three well-preserved fossil Pelecinids from the Late Mesozoic Yixian Formation,Liaoning Province,China are described and assigned to two new species,Eopelecinus huangi sp.nov.and Eopelecinus tumidus sp.nov.in Eopeleci...Three well-preserved fossil Pelecinids from the Late Mesozoic Yixian Formation,Liaoning Province,China are described and assigned to two new species,Eopelecinus huangi sp.nov.and Eopelecinus tumidus sp.nov.in Eopelecinus Zhang,Rasnitsyn and Zhang,2002.As of now,17 species have been included in this genus,which is the most diverse in the Pelecinidae family.With new information and characters obtained from these new specimens,the diagnosis of Eopelecinus Zhang, Rasnitsyn and Zhang,2002 is emended.展开更多
Objective Symphyta, as an ancestral and paraphyletic group, are mainly phytophagous lineages. In order to truly elucidate their natural history and the development trends, we need to cover more species, including the ...Objective Symphyta, as an ancestral and paraphyletic group, are mainly phytophagous lineages. In order to truly elucidate their natural history and the development trends, we need to cover more species, including the extinct and extant species. In general, fossils sometimes appear to be necessary since extinct species usually have the so-called transitional states, which play important roles in their early evolution. It is well known that the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation and the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formations of Northeastern China have yielded well- preserved insects, including sawflies and some woodwasps. The great morphological diversity of symphytan fbssils, especially those transitional character states, will make significant contributions to our understanding of the developmental trends of this basal group, as well as the evolution of hymenopterans.展开更多
Anatomical studies in the leaflet globoid galls of Caryocar brasiliense, the “pequi”, aimed to answer how oviposition and the feeding behavior of the galling herbivores altered the morphogenical patterns of the host...Anatomical studies in the leaflet globoid galls of Caryocar brasiliense, the “pequi”, aimed to answer how oviposition and the feeding behavior of the galling herbivores altered the morphogenical patterns of the host plant. C. brasiliense globoid gall was 1.28 ± 0.20 mm × 0.90 ± 0.25 mm, with hairy surface;it is sessile and projected to the abaxial surface. Young galls were red while the mature ones were green. Preferentially, they were formed next to leaf margin and possessed one larval chamber containing a single galling specimen. Gall epidermis was uniseriate, with thicker cuticle and more hairy. In some spots, epidermis was substituted by periderm, which indicated the expression of a character usually absent in the leaf laminas. Morphological and anatomical features of these gall morphotype, such as its position in leaf lamina, the fact of being truly closed galls, with typical nutritive tissue involved by sclerenchyma, made them next to the pattern proposed for galls induced by some Hymenoptera.展开更多
Teratocytes are specialized cells released by parasitoid wasps into their hosts.They are known for producing regulatory molecules that aid the development of imma-ture parasitoids.We have recently reported the primary...Teratocytes are specialized cells released by parasitoid wasps into their hosts.They are known for producing regulatory molecules that aid the development of imma-ture parasitoids.We have recently reported the primary structures of cystine-rich peptides,including some containing inhibitor cystine knot(ICK)motifs,produced by teratocytes of the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes(Hymenoptera:Braconidae).ICKs are known for their stability and diverse biological functions.In this study,we produced four putative ICK peptides from the teratocytes of C.Jlavipes using solid-phase peptide synthesis or recom-binant expression in E.coli,and investigated their functions on host immune modulation as well their potential to impair the development of two lepidopterans after ingestion of the peptides.In addition,the peptides were assayed against pathogens and human cells.The peptides did not influence total hemocyte count but suppressed cellular immunity,detectable as a reduction of hemocyte encapsulation(CtICK-I,CftICK-II,CtICK-I)and spread indexes(CftICK-IV)in the host.None of the peptides influenced the activi-ties of prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase in the hemolymph of larval Diatraea sacchar-alis(Lepidoptera:Crambidae).CftICK-I and CftICK-II with previously unknown function showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans but were non-toxic to human cells.CtICK-I,CftICK-II,and CftICK-II increased larval mortality and reduced leaf consump-tion of D.saccharalis,a permissive host for C.flavipes.The CftICK-III also increased larval mortality and reduced leaf consumption of Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),a non-permissive host for C.flavipes.This study highlights biological func-tions and biotechnological potential of ICK peptides from the teratocytes of C.flavipes.展开更多
Haploid chromosome numbers （n） of parasitic Hymenoptera （= traditional Parasitica ＋ Chrysidoidea） vary from 2 to 23. However, this range can be subdivided into three intervals with n = 14-23 （less derived parasi...Haploid chromosome numbers （n） of parasitic Hymenoptera （= traditional Parasitica ＋ Chrysidoidea） vary from 2 to 23. However, this range can be subdivided into three intervals with n = 14-23 （less derived parasitic wasps, e.g., some Ichneumonidae and Braconidae as well as Gasteruptiidae）, 8-13 （many other parasitic Hymenoptera） and 2-7 （Dryinidae, the majority of Chalcidoidea and some advanced Braconidae, e.g. Aphidiinae）. The symmetric karyotype with a relatively high chromosome number （n -- 14-17） and the prevalence of biarmed chromosomes must be considered as a groundplan feature of parasitic Hymenoptera. Independent reductions of chromosome numbers （n ≤ 10-11） occurred in some groups of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea as well as in the common ancestor of the Proctotrupoidea sensu lato, Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea and Chalcidoidea. Further mul- tiple decreases in chromosome numbers （n ≤ 4-6） took place in some Braconidae, various lineages of the superfamily Chalcidoidea as well as in the family Dryinidae. Two main trends prevailed in the karyotype evolution of parasitic wasps： the reduction of chromosome numbers （mainly due to tandem fusions and less frequently due to centric ones） and karyotypic dissymmetrization （through an increase in size differentiation of chromosomes and/or in the share of acrocentrics in a chromosome set）. Although karyotypic features of parasitic Hymenoptera can be used for solving taxonomic problems at various levels, this method is the most effective at the species level.展开更多
The East Palaearctic genus Latuspina Monzen is reviewed. Four species are recognized： L. acutissima Wang, Pujade-Villar ＆ Guo, sp. nov., L. shaanxinensis Wang, Pujade-Villar ＆ Guo, sp. nov., L. stirps （Monzen） an...The East Palaearctic genus Latuspina Monzen is reviewed. Four species are recognized： L. acutissima Wang, Pujade-Villar ＆ Guo, sp. nov., L. shaanxinensis Wang, Pujade-Villar ＆ Guo, sp. nov., L. stirps （Monzen） and L. manmiaoyangae Melika ＆ Tang. An illustrated key to Latuspina species and host information are provided.展开更多
The genus Ufens Girault （Hymenoptera： Trichogrammatidae） is reported from Xinjiang, including one newly recorded species for China, U. pallidus Owen, and U. foersteri （Kryger）, U. similis （Kryger）. Ufensia xinj...The genus Ufens Girault （Hymenoptera： Trichogrammatidae） is reported from Xinjiang, including one newly recorded species for China, U. pallidus Owen, and U. foersteri （Kryger）, U. similis （Kryger）. Ufensia xinjiangensis Hu ＆ Lin is synonymized under U. foersteri. A key to males of six species of Ufens from China is provided. All the specimens examined are deposited in the Insect Collection of College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China （ICXU）.展开更多
The genus Batozonellus（Pompilidae： Pompilinae） from China is reviewed. A new species, B. flavithoracicus Li ＆ Li, sp. nov. from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. A key to the Chinese species of Batozone...The genus Batozonellus（Pompilidae： Pompilinae） from China is reviewed. A new species, B. flavithoracicus Li ＆ Li, sp. nov. from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. A key to the Chinese species of Batozonellus, modified from Tsuneki（1989）, is provided.展开更多
The pteromalid genus Coelopisthia from China is studied with eight species including four new species and two newly recorded species： C. dasycladus sp. nov., C. gracilentus sp. nov., C. pseudaletia sp. nov., C. conde...The pteromalid genus Coelopisthia from China is studied with eight species including four new species and two newly recorded species： C. dasycladus sp. nov., C. gracilentus sp. nov., C. pseudaletia sp. nov., C. condensus sp. nov., C. areolata Askew and C. caledonica Askew. A key to Chinese species is provided. All the specimens are deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.展开更多
Two new species of the genus Basalys Westwood, 1833, B. sinensis sp. nov. and B, leleji sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, China. A key to Chinese species of the genus is provided. Types are...Two new species of the genus Basalys Westwood, 1833, B. sinensis sp. nov. and B, leleji sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, China. A key to Chinese species of the genus is provided. Types are deposited in the Hymenopteran Collection of South China Agricultural University （SCAU）.展开更多
A new species and a new record subspecies of the genus Ceropales, C. （Priesnerius） pseudobogdanovi Lu ＆ Li, sp. nov. and C. （Bifodoceropales）pygmaea lehri Lelej, are reported in this paper. A key to the subgenus ...A new species and a new record subspecies of the genus Ceropales, C. （Priesnerius） pseudobogdanovi Lu ＆ Li, sp. nov. and C. （Bifodoceropales）pygmaea lehri Lelej, are reported in this paper. A key to the subgenus and species of the genus Ceropales from China is provided.展开更多
基金supported by NSFC(40872015)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-154),and,for ARP,in part by the integrative program"Origin and Evolution of the Biosphere"of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences
文摘The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae-like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp-waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure： infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea （Karatavitidae ＋ Paroryssidae ＋ Orussidae）, infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea （Ephialtitidae ＋ Stephanidae）, infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamih＇es Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov, Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov, Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus sp. nov., Asiephialtites lini sp. nov., Praeproapocritus vulgatus gen. et sp. nov., Sinaulacogastrinus solidus gen. et sp. nov., Sinevania speciosa gen. et sp. nov., Eonevania robusta gen. et sp. nov., Kuafua polyneura gen. et sp. nov. （all from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou）, as wall as Kuafuidae fam. nov. including Kuafua gen. nov. as wall as Arthrogaster Rasnitsyn, 1975, and Leptogastrella Rasnitsyn, 1975 from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40872022,31071964)Nature Science Foundation of Beijing(No.5082002)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Key Program(KZ200910028005)PHR Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education
文摘Three well-preserved fossil Pelecinids from the Late Mesozoic Yixian Formation,Liaoning Province,China are described and assigned to two new species,Eopelecinus huangi sp.nov.and Eopelecinus tumidus sp.nov.in Eopelecinus Zhang,Rasnitsyn and Zhang,2002.As of now,17 species have been included in this genus,which is the most diverse in the Pelecinidae family.With new information and characters obtained from these new specimens,the diagnosis of Eopelecinus Zhang, Rasnitsyn and Zhang,2002 is emended.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant no. 2012CB821906)he National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants no.31230065 and 41272006)Great Wall Scholar of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education,Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(Grant no. IRT13081)
文摘Objective Symphyta, as an ancestral and paraphyletic group, are mainly phytophagous lineages. In order to truly elucidate their natural history and the development trends, we need to cover more species, including the extinct and extant species. In general, fossils sometimes appear to be necessary since extinct species usually have the so-called transitional states, which play important roles in their early evolution. It is well known that the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation and the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formations of Northeastern China have yielded well- preserved insects, including sawflies and some woodwasps. The great morphological diversity of symphytan fbssils, especially those transitional character states, will make significant contributions to our understanding of the developmental trends of this basal group, as well as the evolution of hymenopterans.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30500056, 30330090） and partially by the National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research （J0030092）
基金thank CNPq,CAPES and FAPEMIG for the scholarships,and financial support for the development of this research.
文摘Anatomical studies in the leaflet globoid galls of Caryocar brasiliense, the “pequi”, aimed to answer how oviposition and the feeding behavior of the galling herbivores altered the morphogenical patterns of the host plant. C. brasiliense globoid gall was 1.28 ± 0.20 mm × 0.90 ± 0.25 mm, with hairy surface;it is sessile and projected to the abaxial surface. Young galls were red while the mature ones were green. Preferentially, they were formed next to leaf margin and possessed one larval chamber containing a single galling specimen. Gall epidermis was uniseriate, with thicker cuticle and more hairy. In some spots, epidermis was substituted by periderm, which indicated the expression of a character usually absent in the leaf laminas. Morphological and anatomical features of these gall morphotype, such as its position in leaf lamina, the fact of being truly closed galls, with typical nutritive tissue involved by sclerenchyma, made them next to the pattern proposed for galls induced by some Hymenoptera.
基金funded by the Wellcome Trust(UK)and The University of Queensland(Australia)support from the Australian National Health&Medical Research Council(Principal Research Fellowship APP1136889 to G.F.K.)+2 种基金the Australian Research Council(Centre of Excellence Grant CE200100012 to G.F.K.,Discovery Project DP200102867 to A.A.W.)financed in part by the"Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior"Brasil(CAPES,Finance Code 001)by"Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo"FAPESP(17/25258-1).
文摘Teratocytes are specialized cells released by parasitoid wasps into their hosts.They are known for producing regulatory molecules that aid the development of imma-ture parasitoids.We have recently reported the primary structures of cystine-rich peptides,including some containing inhibitor cystine knot(ICK)motifs,produced by teratocytes of the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes(Hymenoptera:Braconidae).ICKs are known for their stability and diverse biological functions.In this study,we produced four putative ICK peptides from the teratocytes of C.Jlavipes using solid-phase peptide synthesis or recom-binant expression in E.coli,and investigated their functions on host immune modulation as well their potential to impair the development of two lepidopterans after ingestion of the peptides.In addition,the peptides were assayed against pathogens and human cells.The peptides did not influence total hemocyte count but suppressed cellular immunity,detectable as a reduction of hemocyte encapsulation(CtICK-I,CftICK-II,CtICK-I)and spread indexes(CftICK-IV)in the host.None of the peptides influenced the activi-ties of prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase in the hemolymph of larval Diatraea sacchar-alis(Lepidoptera:Crambidae).CftICK-I and CftICK-II with previously unknown function showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans but were non-toxic to human cells.CtICK-I,CftICK-II,and CftICK-II increased larval mortality and reduced leaf consump-tion of D.saccharalis,a permissive host for C.flavipes.The CftICK-III also increased larval mortality and reduced leaf consumption of Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),a non-permissive host for C.flavipes.This study highlights biological func-tions and biotechnological potential of ICK peptides from the teratocytes of C.flavipes.
文摘Haploid chromosome numbers （n） of parasitic Hymenoptera （= traditional Parasitica ＋ Chrysidoidea） vary from 2 to 23. However, this range can be subdivided into three intervals with n = 14-23 （less derived parasitic wasps, e.g., some Ichneumonidae and Braconidae as well as Gasteruptiidae）, 8-13 （many other parasitic Hymenoptera） and 2-7 （Dryinidae, the majority of Chalcidoidea and some advanced Braconidae, e.g. Aphidiinae）. The symmetric karyotype with a relatively high chromosome number （n -- 14-17） and the prevalence of biarmed chromosomes must be considered as a groundplan feature of parasitic Hymenoptera. Independent reductions of chromosome numbers （n ≤ 10-11） occurred in some groups of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea as well as in the common ancestor of the Proctotrupoidea sensu lato, Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea and Chalcidoidea. Further mul- tiple decreases in chromosome numbers （n ≤ 4-6） took place in some Braconidae, various lineages of the superfamily Chalcidoidea as well as in the family Dryinidae. Two main trends prevailed in the karyotype evolution of parasitic wasps： the reduction of chromosome numbers （mainly due to tandem fusions and less frequently due to centric ones） and karyotypic dissymmetrization （through an increase in size differentiation of chromosomes and/or in the share of acrocentrics in a chromosome set）. Although karyotypic features of parasitic Hymenoptera can be used for solving taxonomic problems at various levels, this method is the most effective at the species level.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31472032,31071970)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(LR14C040002)+1 种基金Science Foundation of Zhejiang A&F Universitya scholarship under the Zhejiang Association for International Exchange of Personnel
文摘The East Palaearctic genus Latuspina Monzen is reviewed. Four species are recognized： L. acutissima Wang, Pujade-Villar ＆ Guo, sp. nov., L. shaanxinensis Wang, Pujade-Villar ＆ Guo, sp. nov., L. stirps （Monzen） and L. manmiaoyangae Melika ＆ Tang. An illustrated key to Latuspina species and host information are provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1170305,30560019)
文摘The genus Ufens Girault （Hymenoptera： Trichogrammatidae） is reported from Xinjiang, including one newly recorded species for China, U. pallidus Owen, and U. foersteri （Kryger）, U. similis （Kryger）. Ufensia xinjiangensis Hu ＆ Lin is synonymized under U. foersteri. A key to males of six species of Ufens from China is provided. All the specimens examined are deposited in the Insect Collection of College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China （ICXU）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31172138)
文摘The genus Batozonellus（Pompilidae： Pompilinae） from China is reviewed. A new species, B. flavithoracicus Li ＆ Li, sp. nov. from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. A key to the Chinese species of Batozonellus, modified from Tsuneki（1989）, is provided.
基金supported by the Presidential Foundation of the CAS,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012FY111100,2011FY120200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372238)the knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-EW-Z-8)
文摘The pteromalid genus Coelopisthia from China is studied with eight species including four new species and two newly recorded species： C. dasycladus sp. nov., C. gracilentus sp. nov., C. pseudaletia sp. nov., C. condensus sp. nov., C. areolata Askew and C. caledonica Askew. A key to Chinese species is provided. All the specimens are deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272351,U0936601)
文摘Two new species of the genus Basalys Westwood, 1833, B. sinensis sp. nov. and B, leleji sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, China. A key to Chinese species of the genus is provided. Types are deposited in the Hymenopteran Collection of South China Agricultural University （SCAU）.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31172138)
文摘A new species and a new record subspecies of the genus Ceropales, C. （Priesnerius） pseudobogdanovi Lu ＆ Li, sp. nov. and C. （Bifodoceropales）pygmaea lehri Lelej, are reported in this paper. A key to the subgenus and species of the genus Ceropales from China is provided.
