Urbanization in China Based on International Comparison:A Discussion with Two Prevalent Views

Two prevalent views are reviewed on China's urbanization firstly.Then,this article highlights the characteristics and pattern of urbanization in the world based on the quadrants map,using data of 118 countries or areas.The results indicate that the process of urbanization in the world excluding the data of China has slowed down gradually.A further exploration examines China's urbanization process and economic development over time,which reveals that both urbanization level and the level of economic development belong to the low-grade coordination pattern.The low level of urbanization is closely connected with the low level of economic development.Actually,China's urbanization gap appeared during 1985-1995,but it has been eliminating this urbanization gap since 1995 as a result of rapid urbanization growing.The complicated realities revealed in this analysis challenge the existing two prevalent views.

An International Comparison on Academic Profession＇ Management Mode

Academic profession＇s management modes in western developed countriesinclude three types： American-German mode,French mode and British mode. They have obvious Features and Experience. Their standards of qualification and consummate the engagement system for faculty are clear; training system is consummate; academic profession develops fast and performance evaluation is very solid. Therefore, it is worthy to learn from such modes to Ameliorate the management and promote the development of academic profession in our country

How Digital Economy Affects High-Quality Economic Development:Based on International Comparison

This paper estimates the size of the digital economy in 38 countries between 2005 and 2018 and conducts an empirical study on this foundation.The results show that the digital economy has a significant role in promoting highquality economic development,primarily through industrial digitalizaion.Further research shows regional heterogeneity in the impact of the digital economy,which is greater in developed countries.Analysis of the underlying mechanisms shows that the digital economy promotes high-quality economic development in both developed and developing countries by improving technological eficiency and technological progress.However,the effect of technological progress in developing countries is clearly weaker than that in developed countries.In addition,scale efficiency in developing countries are not strengthened by the digital economy.Therefore,high-quality economic development requires the digital transformation of traditional industries and promoting their integration with digital technologies.

Dynamic Changes of China’s Functional Specialization in Export and International Comparison under Global Value Chains

The functional specialization in export of a country(and its sectors)in different activities,such as fabrication,R&D,management and marketing,is crucial to its governance and control on the value chains,which magnifies the shortage of the existing aggregate value added studies on our understanding of global value chains(GVCs).Considering production fragmentation at both the spatial and functional levels,this paper defines the modified functional specialization indicators at the national and sectoral levels from the forward linkage(rather than backward linkage).Based on the World Input-Output Database together with the newly compiled Labor Occupations Database,this paper re-estimates and analyzes the functional specialization and changes in China and major developed economies’exports.The results show that China’s export is mainly specialized in fabrication activity,which is among the world leading level,while it is weak in headquarter activities(especially R&D and management),which is almost locked at the lowest level in the world and could not pose an export threat to the developed economies.China’s manufacturing basically follows the functional development path of“relying on fabrication,entering market,targeting management and R&D”,featuring the coexistence of“strong”fabrication and“weak”management and R&D.The fabrication specialization of the typical processing sector“electronic and optical equipment”has reached the international leading level.The level of functional specialization of China’s service industry is generally lower than that of manufacturing and generally lags behind in the world,indicating that China still has a long way to go before becoming a major power of service in the world.Finally,this paper proposes policy implications and further researches that can be extended.

Problems and Solutions of China’s Real Estate Market Based on International Comparison

On the basis of determining the international comparison method and framework of the real estate market, this paper makes a comparative analysis on the development of China’s real estate market and those of some comparable countries (or regions). The prominent problem of the real estate market in our country is the rapid rise of urban house price and the high ratio of house price to income. The direct reason is that the social funds, especially the excessive credit funds flow into the real estate market. The indirect reason is that the land supply mode makes the land price increase too fast and account for high proportion in house price, which leads to the result that the development of real estate industry is beyond the stage of economic development. These problems are not isolated, but related to each other. The rapid rise of house prices in most of the cities, especially in the first-tier cities, is the comprehensive reflection of a large amount of credit funds promoting and the drawbacks of the land supply system in essence. The main ideas to solve the problem are correctly understanding the status, role and influence of the real estate market, stabilizing and improving the short-term control policy of the real estate market, and accelerating the establishment of a long-term mechanism for the healthy development of the real estate market.

Competitiveness Comparison of International Trade in Creative Industries： China trends and features

This article first summarizes the concept systems and models of creative industries, then compares China＇s international competitiveness index, import and export value, sub-sector indicators with developed countries and other world economics from 2002 to 2008, analyzes the present trends, features and problems, and discusses irrational structure of China＇ s creativity goods and services export, imbalance value between import and export, insufficient generating and consuming of original creativities through the international creative industries trade statistics at last.

A comparison study of prevalence,awareness,treatment and control rates of hypertension and associated factors among adults in China and the United States based on national survey data

Objective:This study compared the prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of hypertension and associated factors in China and the United States(US).Methods:Adult data from nationally representative samples were derived from the Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance in 2010 and 2013 in China and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2010 and 2013 in the US.Multivariable logistic and Poisson regression analysis were conducted to assess associations of the four outcomes with body weight status and behavioral factors.Results:Age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension was 35.7%(95%confidence interval[CI]:35.4%to 36.1%)in 2010 and 29.8%(95%CI:29.4%to 30.2%)in 2013 in China,and 35.3%(95%CI:33.6%to 37.1%)in 2010 and 37.9%(95%CI:36.0%to 39.7%)in 2013 in the US.Among hypertensive participants,the age-standardized rates of treatment were 18.4%(95%CI:17.9%to 1&9%)in 2010 and 23.8%(95%CI:23.1%to 24.6%)in 2013 in China and 54.5%(95%CI:50.3%to 5&7%)in 2010 and 50.9%(95%CI:46.5%to 55.3%)in 2013 in the US;the age-standardized hypertension control rates were 3.2%(95%CI:3.0%to 3.5%)and 5.7%(95%CI:5.3%to 6.0%)in 2010 and 2013 in China and 50.6%(95%CI:46.2%to 55.0%)and 55.3%(95%CI:50.3%to 60.3%)in the US.Obesity was significantly associated with prevalence,awareness and control rates in both countries.Different from the US,obesity was negatively associated with hypertension control in China.Conclusion:Hypertension prevalence in China is similar to that in the US,but the control rate in China was significantly lower.Obesity was a critical risk factor for poor hypertension control in China.

The Rights of Persons Charged with Penal Offences to Access to Lawyers——A comparison between international and domestic laws

I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.

Comparison of Reconstruction System of the Queensland Flood and of the East Japan Great Earthquake

The natural disasters struck northeast Australia between November 2010 and February 2011. The QLD （Queensland） State Government has established the Queensland Reconstruction Authority within one month. Recovery works in QLD seem to be very smooth, and transfer phase to the normal civil works is going to start. Eastern Japan also attacked by the great earthquake and following Tsunami on March 11, 2011. Japanese Government, however, established the Reconstruction Agency almost one year after the event. The reconstruction of the disaster area is still on the halfway. This paper aims to find out the differences between two countries from the viewpoints of organization, planning process and financial conditions.

The International Experience of the Construction of Social Security System

Comparative Vision article from Social Security Intemational, discusses the need for international comparison focuses on the typical characteristics of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States established the developed capitalist countries and emerging East Asian countries social security model, and on this basis, summed up the country should learn fi＇om each experience, its essence, as I used to promote the construction of China＇s social security system towards healthy and sustainable direction.

China＇s Shifting Agricultural Development Policies：An International Comparative Research Perspective

The chronic problems of having a large population versus limited land resources and an urban-rural dual system are the premise for discussing China ＇s agricultural ontology. According to its natural properties, there are three main types of agriculture systems： large-farm agriculture, small-farm agriculture and household-based agriculture. China cannot pursue agricultural modernization based on the developed countries＇experiences with large-farm models regardless of its national conditions. Otherwise, it will suffer double negative externalities on the environment and food safety. In 2007, China made the policy shift towards modern agriculture. Current theoretical studies need to further explore new incentives and compensation mechanisms that are compatible with this new policy shift.

国际比对CCQM-P77a血清中氢化可的松测定

The concept of metrological traceability in laboratory medicine has increasingly received considerable recognition worldwide.The Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM) which concerned international comparisons and establishment of international equivalence between national laboratories had organized international comparison CCQM-P77a: determination of serum cortisol in 2006.National Institute of Metrology (NIM) took part in the comparison as the representative of China and received good performance according to the results published by CCQM.

Comparison of the Development of CDMO at Home and Abroad and Its Enlightment to China

Objective To analyze the development status of contract development manufacturing organization(CDMO)at home and abroad,and to make some suggestions for the development of CDMO in China.Methods The relevant literature was searched and reviewed,and the development status of CDMOs in the United States,France,Japan and China was compared from the aspects of market scale,development process,development focus,advantages and disadvantages,and policy support.Then,some suggestions for the development of CDMO enterprises in China were summarized.Results and Conclusion Through the comparison of CDMO development at home and abroad,it can be seen that China started CDMO late,there were many technical barriers and its globalization layout were not sufficient.However,the development trend was good and it focused on the field of chemical drugs and biological drugs to constantly develop innovative drugs.China needs to continuously improve its own technical capabilities to carry out innovative research.Therefore,cost reduction and efficiency increase will be the key elements for the development of CDMOs,and they are expected to have a rapid and comprehensive development in the future.

Governing Climate Change Adaptation in the EU and China:An Analysis of Formal Institutions

Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations.

Going Home, Staying or Emigrating： Former WWII-Forced Labourers in Ukraine, Great Britain and Germany

Former WWII-forced labourers have dealt with their experiences in various ways. Migrations before, during and after the war have made a lasting impact. So there are individual and collective ways of dealing with these experiences. In an internationally comparative approach, commonalities and differences of these ways will be analysed within the contexts of the respective societal structures, political systems and of the evolving cultures of commemoration since 1945 in three different countries： （1） Ukraine as it was the origin of one of the biggest single national groups of forced labourers; （2） Germany as it was the country that initiated and orchestrated the Europe-wide system of forced labour, but also coerced some of its own citizens to work; and （3） England as it was the most important immigration country for former forced labourers within Europe, while there were also British Prisoners of War who had to perform forced labour; the relation between individual and collective memories with regard to the specific experiences of the former forced labourers is also taken into consideration. Finally, the understanding of the term ＂forced labour＂ that has been developed within historiography is contrasted with the subjective evaluations of the people concerned.

A Comparative Study on the Education of Elderly University between China and Britain

The UK is one of the earliest countries in the world to set up an elderly university. There are many similarities and differences between Chinese and British elderly university. This paper makes a comparative study on the educational goals, curriculum, content and activities of elderly university in China and Britain, which is beneficial to the elderly university of our country for reference to the development experience of the elderly university in Britain. The elderly university in our country should also adhere to the value orientation of social adaptation and self-realization theory, further update the curriculum content, carry out diversified teaching activities, meet the diversified needs of the elderly for entertainment, learning and development, and ultimately improve the quality of life of the elderly.

The Construction of the Aged Carers under the Internationa Comparative Perspective

Objective： To explore how to learn from foreign experience to promote the construction of nursing staff in China.Methods：Based on the social background and the problems faced by nursing staffin China, we selected Germany and Japan as the social environment and problems of nursing staffin China. Germany, Japan and Japan to find out how to solve the dilemma of nursing service personnel to meet the pension needs of Germany and Japan to compare whether the strategy adopted by the current development of nursing staff in China, and finally combined with the analysis of China＇s aging care workers How to draw lessons from international experience to promote the construction of nursing staff in China.Conclusion： In drawing on the experience of foreign nursing service personnel, we must first analyze the reasons for such measures, whether our country has the conditions to implement such measures is not able to solve The experience of other countries must be suitable for our country, we must combine the social environment in which our country in contrast, selectivity and targeted research.

Main Content and Enlightenment of Western state retirement system

The retirement age policy adjustment is again sharing the cost of the aging process, incentives to delay retirement life expectancy means that workers work longer. Developed by the elastic mechanism into retirement system framework, improve the flexibility of the retirement system, in curbing early retirement incentives to delay retirement, improve the elderly labor force participation rate, and achieved some success. The reform of the retirement system gradually into public view. To adapt to China＇s national conditions for the establishment of flexible retirement mechanism, western countries need to discuss flexible retirement system, in-depth analysis of the establishment of the special constraints flexible retirement mechanism, good theoretical advance preparation for retirement Mechanism.

国内外生物类似药发展的立法比较与启示

概述美国、欧盟、日本、韩国、中国等国家和地区在生物类似药物发展的立法现状,运用比较分析的方法,对比上述国家和地区在生物类似药发展的关键环节中的立法共性和差异,初步论证我国生物类似药发展的立法必要性,探讨国内生物类似药立法可行性的法律启示与建议。

Analysis of the Impact of Unequal Distribution of Educational Resources in Rural Areas of China on Educational Equity

This paper examines the unequal distribution of educational resources in rural areas of China and its impact on educational equity.Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature,case studies,and statistical data,the research identifies key disparities in areas such as teacher-to-student ratios,educational infrastructure,and educational attainment.The study also explores the long-term effects of these disparities on social mobility and economic development in rural regions.Drawing on international experiences from countries like Finland,South Korea,and Brazil,the paper offers policy recommendations and a practical pathway for reform.These include enhancing investment in rural education,improving teacher recruitment and retention,standardizing the curriculum,leveraging technology,strengthening early childhood education,and promoting lifelong learning opportunities.The paper concludes with a call to action for policymakers,educators,and community leaders to work collaboratively towards achieving educational equity and social justice in China.